Physicochemical Characterization of Airborne. Particulate Matter at a Mainline Underground

Transcription

1 Supporting information: Physicochemical Characterization of Airborne Particulate Matter at a Mainline Underground Railway Station Matthew Loxham 1,5 *, Matthew J. Cooper 2, Miriam E. Gerlofs-Nijland 3, Flemming R. Cassee 3,4, Donna E. Davies 1.5, Martin R. Palmer 2,5, Damon A.H. Teagle 2,5 1 The Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, United Kingdom, SO16 6YD 2 Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton, United Kingdom, SO14 3ZH 3 Centre for Environmental Health (MGO), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, P.O. Box 1, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands 4 Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Jenalaan 18d, 3584 CK, The Netherlands

2 5 Institute for Life Sciences, Life Sciences Building, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ *Corresponding author ( - These authors contributed equally to the paper) Contents 10 Pages (2 Tables, 2 Figures).

3 Element Standard Manufacturer Limit of Detection (PPT) Li Romil (Cambridge, UK) 78 B Romil 3119 Na Inorganic Ventures 3879 (Christiansburg, VA, USA) Mg Inorganic Ventures 108 Al Inorganic Ventures 282 K Inorganic Ventures Ca Inorganic Ventures 2426 Sc Romil 5 Ti Inorganic Ventures 210 V Romil 17 Cr Romil 22 Mn Romil 11 Fe Inorganic Ventures 730 Co Romil 5 Ni Romil 8 Cu Inorganic Ventures 55 Zn Inorganic Ventures 42 Ga Romil 6 As Romil 99 Se Romil 816 Rb Romil 6 Sr Inorganic Ventures 3 Y Romil 2 Zr Romil 4 Nb Romil 7 Mo Romil 18 Pd Inorganic Ventures 2 Cd Romil 5 S1

4 Element Standard Manufacturer Limit of Detection (PPT) Sn Romil 19 Sb Romil 14 Cs Romil 2 Ba Romil 4 La Romil 2 Ce Romil 2 Yb Romil 1 Hf Spex Certiprep (Metuchen, 2 NJ, USA) Pt Romil 5 Au Romil 31 Hg Romil 151 Pb Inorganic Ventures 3 Bi Romil 5 Table S1. Particulate elements analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Table shows element and the supplier of the respective standard. Third column shows limit of detection based on digestion blank reading (element counts from acid digestion performed in the absence of particulate matter). S2

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7 Figure S1. Concentrations of analyzed elements found in particulate matter of coarse (C), fine (F), and ultrafine (UF) fractions collected from a woodstove (WS), roadwear generator (RW), underground station (UG), and road tunnel (RT). All S5

8 analyses by ICP-MS. Values expressed as single values (RT) or mean±1se of 2 (WS, RW) or 3 (UG) individual samples. S6

9 Element DEP1 (µg/g) DEP2 (µg/g) DEP3 (µg/g) DEP4 (µg/g) Li B ND 12.6 ND ND Na Mg Al K Ca Sc ND 0.2 Ti V ND 2.6 Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As 0.2 ND Se ND ND ND ND Rb Sr Y ND 0.3 Zr Nb ND ND ND 0.6 Mo 13.6 ND ND ND Pd ND ND ND ND Cd Sn ND Sb Cs S7

10 Ba La Ce Yb ND 0.03 Hf ND ND 0.05 Pt 0.02 ND ND ND Au ND ND ND ND Hg ND ND ND ND Pb Bi Table S2. Concentrations of analyzed elements found in diesel exhaust particulate matter from four different sources. DEP1 was collected from the outflow pipe of a diesel exhaust generator; DEP2 was collected from the roof of an inhalation chamber used for DEP exposure studies; DEP3 was collected from a diesel exhaust filter set; DEP4 was collected from a diesel-powered generator. - Zn in DEP1 potentially elevated by contamination from galvanized exhaust pipe. S8

11 Figure S2. The correlation of Fe concentration with concentrations of Mn, Cu, V, and Ni in 3 daily samples of each size fraction of underground PM, assessed by Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Each point represents an individual sample of underground PM. S9