Read Part A Oxidation of Fruits and Vegetables and Part B DNA Extraction. Complete Activities in Parts A and B.

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1 UNIT: TYPE: BIOO211Biochemistry for Complementary Therapists Written Assignment DUE DATE: Session 12 Week 5 WEIGHT: 30% WORD LIMIT: TASK: 1500 words Read Part A Oxidation of Fruits and Vegetables and Part B DNA Extraction. Complete Activities in Parts A and B. Instructions The assessment should be completed in your own words, usinhg correct spelling and grammer.the information must be clear, concise and easy to understand, appropriate to scientific English. For assistance with writing style please refer to Chapter 1, sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.6 of the Communication Skills Handbook, Summers and Smith these sections will give you an overview on the nuts-and-bolts of writing; formal writing in third person grammar will be expected in this assignment: you can use headings and/or paragraphs only to give cohesion and flow to your text, extensive editing, referral to your literary devices and cohesion within headings, will earn higher on professional writing. Also read Chapter 5 of the Communication Skills Handbook, Summers and Smith this chapter will lead you to think about how to research the 2 required primary research article All information presented in this laboratory assessment must be correctly referenced according to the Endeavour College style, which is based on Harvard style. Please follow the styles exactly as directed by the college Library handout Direct quote(s) should only be used only to illustrate a point and not to explain a concept. No are awarded for quotes; you are only awarded for explaining the significance of the quote in your own words (paraphrasing). Turnitin similarity score requirements of less than 25% will limit the number and size of quotes that you can use. Remember, when paraphrasing is used, this must be referenced appropriately. Any diagrams must also be properly referenced as separate pieces of information. Always give a page number or for public domain electronic diagrams, click the <properties> and follow the author s directions for giving the reference. You must use the Endeavour College, Harvard- based system though. Information on how to complete assignments or to use Mendeley referencing software can be obtained in the Endeavour College of Natural Health Study and Learning Guide available at student administration or the library This is a take home project to provide practice in the process of science (experimentation), to engage in the scientific method and to present your results and explanations in a scientific style. For information about the scientific method, please read Module 1 of the Enabling Chemistry course for understanding the role of the control and variables in experimental design. Complete both experiments early in the semester, for example, about Weeks 6 and 9; then work through the questions. The DNA experiment is available as a small screencast so that you can review it whenever you need to. As this is a take home project and you have access to external resources the level of research required in your answers is high and the expectation is that information is sourced from more than just your set text. The Marking grid has penalties regarding appropriateness of references. Word limits are given to allow you to concentrate on answering the core concepts of the question asked, making sure the information supplied is relevant; and not just delivering information with no explanation or understanding. You must follow the word limit for each question and include the word count for each of your answers.see the Marking grid for the penalties regarding word limits. Please read and follow the Marking grid carefully to understand the assessment criteria, and ask your Lecturer or Librarian if you have further queries. Last updated on 25-Nov-16 Page 1 of 14

2 Presentation This assessment must be typed. (Arial [11] font; single or 1½ line spaced) Please remember to clearly label each answer for ease of marking and to follow the word limit 1500 words. Do not include the question unless you paraphrase the wording. Answers should be within 10% of the word limit. The Materials and Method list is not required in Part A Antioxidants, except where you uniquely adapted the experiment. In Part B DNA Extraction, the Materials and Method list, unique to your experimental design, is required and counts towards the word limit. Innovative design earns (see the Marking grid). The use of correct spelling and grammar is expected. See the Marking grid on presentation. Acquisition and Submission of the Project This project will be available for downloading via the subject website on the Endeavour LMS, and it will remain available electronically until the submission date. Do not use a cover page. Save your own file using your full name in the document name as BIOO211_LabAssignment_<your fullname>.doc. For administrative purposes ensure your name and student number are in the HEADER on each page. The completed assessment is due no later than Week 13 (second last week of the semester Please consult your Endeavour LMS subject website for the exact closing time and date. Any draft or final document must be submitted through Turnitin. You are expected to check your draft and similarity report and to only submit a final document with a Turnitin score of less than 25% similarity. Please see the Assessment Policy and Student Integrity Policy for consequences of not attaining a similarity score of less than 25%. Please also note that assignments which use websites similar to Wikipedia as a reference will be returned for resubmission using more appropriate references. On this assignment, inability to paraphrase can only earn at the Low or Very low Standard (see the marking grid = few original ideas). If you require an extension, then this should be applied for as soon as possible in advance of the due date by completing the required Application for Extension form including the required documentation of circumstances. Five (5) days extension can be given by your lecturer. Late assessments without previously arranged extensions will incur College stipulated penalties. Last updated on 25-Nov-16 Page 2 of 14

3 PART A - OXIDATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES Introduction: Imagine you are making a bowl of fruit salad for your friends. You would like to present them with a fresh and colourful platter. You know though that retaining the colour of the fruit until the guests arrive is always a challenge. These fruit pieces turn brown on their cut surfaces. Have you ever wondered why? Freshly cut surfaces of fruits and vegetables discolour when exposed to oxygen in the air. One familiar example is the browning of an apple when it is cut. A cell wall is a rigid layer surrounding the cell membrane that provides support and protection to the components of the plant cell. When some fruits and vegetables are cut, the cell walls and cell emmbranes are broken and enzymes are then released. A chemical reaction called oxidation occurs and hence a brown colour is formed. Enzymes are proteins that function as catalysts. Use the following link to download an experiment on the enzyme which causes the browning of apples periments/apple_browning.pdf Last updated on 25-Nov-16 Page 3 of 14

4 ACTIVITIES Part A Objectives: To observe and record the colour of the cut fruit at various intervals with / without various test solutions to discover which function as anti-oxidants to discover the effects of temperature and ph on polyphenol oxidase in the cut fruit to extract red pigments from fruit or vegetable sources List of Items required: Fruits: Choose any one (1) of the fruits from the following list: apple, avocado banana ph Indicator paper (available from Scientific Supplies companies) OR ph Indicator solution made from Red cabbage / Red cranberries. See Figure 10.5 (c) in Timberlake (2010, p. 388; Timberlake, 2013, p. 385; 2016, p.449) where red cabbage leaves have been used. Red cranberry needs to be frozen or dried (Timberlake 2010, p. 393; Timberlake, 2013, p. 390, Tmberlake,2016.p ) Treatment solutions: Choose from at least three of the following: Lemon freshly squeezed and strained juice to be used. 2 x Vitamin C tablets to be crushed and dissolved in 50 ml or ¼ cup of water (plain tap water, rain water if available, room temperature) indole supplement in 50 ml or ¼ cup of water (plain tap water, rain water in available, room temperature). Look at the label to identify the indole compound compound or other potential anti-cancer chemicals in the supplement vinegar undiluted 1 level teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) dissolved in 50 ml of ¼ cup of water (plain tap water, rain water if available, room temperature) Plastic drinking cups A kitchen knife (stainless steel) 2 x Plates- one large, one small To extract the ph indicator solution: Finely chop red cabbage or red cranberries and transfer to a blender, cover with water and then blend. Strain the liquid from the solids. Keep the ph indicator solution and discard the solids. Use freshly prepared ph indicator in your experiment or store it in the fridge for use within 24 hours Last updated on 25-Nov-16 Page 4 of 14

5 Use about 10 drops of the ph indicator (cabbage/cranberry extract) to test the ph of the test solutions and tap water: Record your results in Table A. TABLE A: Which substances and treatments will prevent browning of fruit by polyphenol oxidase? Name of the food item tested Apple/ Avocado / Banana Test for antioxidant action (depending on availability of these material to you) 1. Plain tap water or rain water ph = Observation Colour of the cut surface soon after cutting Colour after 15 minutes Colour after 30 minutes Colour after 1 hour Colour after 3 hours Colour After 6 hours Colour after 24 hours (whichev er fruit you have chosen) 2. Lemon juice. ph = 3. Vitamin C tablet solution. ph = 4. Undiluted vinegar ph = 5. H 2O 2 Caution wear PPE, gloves (ph = 6. Bicarbonat e solution ph = 7. Plastic cling wrap 8. Plastic cling wrapped slice in the refrigerato r. Key: 5 = completely dark brown 2 = some light brown sections (less than half) 4 = fully covered light brown 1 = very slight brown sections 3 = half-covered light brown 0 = no browning Last updated on 25-Nov-16 Page 5 of 14

6 If and when the red cabbage ph indicator has changed colour, (wait only 10 minutes) this is how to interpret the ph of your test solutions (including tap water)your results in your results and discussion. Also use Figure 10.5 (c) for colour interpretation (Timberlake, 2010, p. 388; 2013, p. 385; 2016, p. 449) o red and pink indicate strongly acidic solutions (ph 1-4); o pink to lavender colours indicate weaker acidic solutions (ph 5-6); o o o if the red cabbage/cranberry extract ph indicator has not changed from its original colour (purple) after about 10 minutes, then this is a neutral solution (ph 7). if the colour change is blue to green (ph 8-11) then this is a weakly basic solution; a yellow colour (ph 12-13) indicates a strongly basic solution. Method: Testing anti-oxidants Choose you three test solutions. Test the ph of tap water and your three test solutions (10mL) using ph paper or your prepared indicator solution (cabbage extract or cranberry extract) (about 10 drops). Record these data in your Table Part A. Cut, using a stainless steel kitchen knife, five to seven (5-7) equal slices of the fruit that you have chosen. The number you need depends on the number of solutions you have available to test. Each slice is covered with a different test solution The first slice of fruit is the control. Cover it liberally in plain tap water. It needs to be left on the plate exposed to air. On separate slices of fruit, spread each of the test solutions, taking care to ensure that excess juices does not contact another slice. On another slice, spread the lemon juice (if available to you) liberally all over the cut surface and leave it on the same plate. Do not allow excess juice to touch the control slice. On another slice, spread the vitamin C solution (if the tablets are available to you) liberally all over the cut surface and leave it on the same plate. Do not allow excess liquid to touch the other slices. On another slice spread vinegar (if available to you) all over the cut surface and leave it on the same plate. Once again do not allow excess liquid to touch any other slice. On another slice spread the indole solution containing potential anti-cancer chemicals (if available to you) all over the cut surface and leave it on the same plate. Once again do not allow excess liquid to touch any other slice. On another slice, spread the hydrogen carbonate solution (sodium bicarbonate or baking soda or bicarbonate of soda, if available to you) all over the cut surface. Leave it on the same plate. Once again, ensure that no excess liquid mixes with others. Your technique will be tested here because you will see bubbles if you have not been able to isolate each of the liquids from each other. Cover the second last slice with a piece of cling wrap and place it on the same plate as the previous slices. Cover the last slice with a piece of cling wrap but place it on its own plate and place it in the refrigerator. Observe the colour of the slices after 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 3hr, 6hr, and after a day. Last updated on 25-Nov-16 Page 6 of 14

7 Enter your observations in a data table and give your data table a heading. You may use a key to enter data in your table (e.g. no browning = 0; slight browning (10% of the surface area) = 1; etc.) You may include photographs if you include a caption and number the figures; however, photographs alone are not sufficient (5 sub-total Part A for conducting the experiment, constructing a data table and filling in the results). ACTIVITY QUESTIONS: (15 MARKS SUBTOTAL Part A) Many of the body functions involve oxidation reactions which produce free radicals. These free radicals support some immune cells of the body. However, prolonged high levels of free radicals can cause problems for the body. Antioxidants protect the body from the damaging effects of free radicals. The experiment tested the antioxidant properties of a variety of vitamins, physical treatments, acids or bases and compared anti-oxidation to a control, tap water. Answer the following questions using scientific English. Please number the answer but DO NOT type the questions into your document 1. Briefly summarize your observations systematically comparing your results to the control. Do not merely repeat data that is in the table but look for trends or patterns for all of the substances tested. ( 100 words) 2. Discuss how well at least three (3) of these chemicals functioned as anti-oxidants compared to the control. Do not merely repeat your summary from Activity 1 but research why these substances would or would not be anti-oxidants affecting polyphenol oxidase or the reaction that it catalyzes. lemon juice or vinegar vitamin C solution or an anti-cancer supplement or formulation containing indole or similar compounds bicarbonate solution ( 100 words) 3. Summarize your findings and research on the effect of ph and temperature on the actions of polyphenol oxidase. Do not merely repeat information from Activities 1 and 2 but research the underlying reasons behind your results ( 100 words) 4. What are free radicals? Where are they produced and how do they affect biological systems, including how biological systems can be protected from free radicals? Ensure you relate your research to the experimental findings in Part A (5-200 words) 5. Selenium is an essential trace element found primarily in plant foods, and is known to have powerful antioxidant activity. Research and report on at least one biochemical pathway where selenium has its anti-oxidant action. Research and report on at least one compound of selenium that has been found to be toxic in overdose e.g. to some clients taking vitamins or supplements. ( 100 words). (600 word subtotal) Last updated on 25-Nov-16 Page 7 of 14

8 PART B - EXTRACTION OF DNA Introduction: Nucleic acids are large molecules found in the nucleus of cells. They have the information and control activities for cell growth, reproduction and repair. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material found mainly in the nucleus of the cell.how tall a person grows, colour of their hair, physical appearance and all other cell activities in the body are determined by a set of directions contained in the DNA of cells. Extraction of DNA from Human cells and Vegetable sources 1. Observe this virtual laboratory on performing a cheek swab to extract DNA from human cells Use the following link to learn the procedure for extracting the DNA from frozen green peas, banana or strawberries: or < 3. Activity Part B: In Session 6 or 9, your lecturer demonstrated the extraction of DNA from green peas or other plant matter. Based on the notes that you had written, and the above University of Utah (2012) or Molecular Institute of Biology (2013) web link, write a brief report on the process of extraction of DNA from the material chosen. There is a screencast DNA extraction in the kitchen which you can also download. Last updated on 25-Nov-16 Page 8 of 14

9 a) Your brief report should have the following headings: objective, materials required and method. To meet the word limit, it is important to detail any choices of material that you made, changes you made to the materials and method; and to summarize only, the University of Utah (2012.) handout above. (5 150 words, including for adapting the method) 4. Answer the following question after you have completed the virtual lab experiment. (Remember to answer in sentences and paragraphs) a) (i) In which organelle/s is DNA located human cells and the plant cells? What then was the role of the detergent in your extraction experiment? (ii) Please specify in your answer what source of the enzyme you used and the name(s) of the enzymes in the preparation: either meat tenderizer, prescription lens cleaning fluid or fresh pineapple juice or other. What was the role of the enzyme preparation? (iii) What was the role of the solvent, e.g. methylated spirits or other? Once again you must specifically state in your answer which solvent you used. ( words) b) Discuss at least two (2) differences between RNA and DNA making sure you state at least one similarity. ( words) c) State at least three of the enzymes involved in DNA replication. Briefly describe the role of these enzymes. State at least one enzyme involved in RNA transcription and briefly describe its role. Briefly describe the way messenger RNA is processed in the nucleus before exiting the nucleus. (5-200 words) d) (i) Describe the bond that forms the back bone of the nucleic acids, RNA and DNA. (ii) Discuss the role of the hydrogen bond. (iii) Discuss what happens to the bonds with in DNA during the replication of DNA and state how the process ensures two (2) identical copies of a strand of DNA are made. ( words) e) Describe at least three (3) of the steps in the anabolic processes that occur at an organelle of your body s cells, called a ribosome. Explain why the processes at the ribosome are anabolic processes. ( words) f) What is the sequence of bases that is complementary to a portion of DNA with a base sequence of: 5 A- T-G-G-C-G-T-T-A-C-G-A-3 () g) What is the sequence of bases in the messenger RNA that is complementary to the template DNA strand? What would then be the sequence of amino acids in the oligopeptide? () Last updated on 25-Nov-16 Page 9 of 14

10 REFERENCES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Summers, J & Smith, B 2014, Communication skills handbook, 4th edn, Wiley, Milton, Qld. PART A: This experiments on anti-oxidants and ph solutions were derived from: Timberlake, KC 2013, General, organic, and biological chemistry: Structures of life, 4 th Edition, Pearson, page 718. The experiment on using red cabbage / red cranberry solution as a ph indicator is on pages 385 and 390. or Timberlake, KC 2016, General, organic, and biological chemistry: Structures of life, 5 th Edition, Pearson,page 763. The experiment on using red cabbage / red cranberry solution as a ph indicator is on pages The image of fruit salad is taken from: Banana image comes from: PART B: The picture of DNA is taken from: This experiment was derived from: Last updated on 25-Nov-16 Page 10 of 14

11 Criteria Part A Excellent Standard Advanced Standard Consistent Standard Low Standard Very Low standard Table A Results (5 Systematic recording of data Systematic recording of data Data recorded indicating Some recording was done Limited analysis and ) and Activity with innovative adjustments to and clear approach to the method was followed but method and conclusions very unclear if method was 1, Summary the method method Appropriate conclusions. unclear followed observations, Appropriate and pertinent Conclusions were made using a 3 + s 2 + Or very few original ideas Enzymes and conclusions using a control control. 1 + Oxidation of fruits () Activity 2 Conclusions on Data analysed and interpreted correctly and in context. Data analysed and interpreted correctly and in context. Data analysed and interpreted Explanations related to Some parts of the task are addressed, however major Does not address the task, crucial omissions and anti-oxidants Original and/or insightful explanations, highly applicable Data explained and applicable to polyphenol oxidase and antioxidants or polyphenol oxidase omissions or misinterpretation of data. serious misinterpretations of data to data, polyphenol oxidase and antioxidants antioxidants Conclusions were systematic No conclusions or merely repeat of previous summary Or very few original ideas No original ideas Conclusions were as systematic information as the observations and were not merely a repeat of the observations Activity 3 Research on factors affecting enzyme activity, ph, High level of coherence and logical presentation in a very clear and concise manner. Information is well organised and logical and demonstrates relevance to the data Most information is well organised and generally logical. Some irrelevant information is Information is poorly organised does not flow logically. Irrelevant information or Information is poorly organised, does not flow logically and is irrelevant to low temp., and high temp. Research relevant to data and covering all required concepts on the role of the factors ph and temperature Some irrelevant information is included and/or some important data is missed. evident which at times lacks coherence and diverges from the data. relevant to data but not related Or very few original ideas data Activity 4 Research on free radicals Correct and accurate use of research To explain importance of free radicals in health, disease and therapy or insightful application of experimental data Accurate use of research Reasoned explanation importance of free radicals 4 Accurate use of research Some explanation of importance of free radicals Incorrect and inaccurate use of research Little explanation of importance of free radicals Or few original ideas Incorrect and inaccurate use of research No explanation of importance of free radicals Very few original ideas Activity 5 Research on selenium in plant foods and toxicity reports of compounds 5 Correct and accurate use of research to explain importance of natural plant sources of selenium in health and disease, and toxicities associated with some compounds Accurate use of research Some explanation of importance of selenium and toxicity of at least one compound 1 s Accurate use of research Some explanation of importance of selenium 1mark Incorrect or inaccurate use of research Little explanation of importance of selenium or little explanation regarding toxic compounds Or very few original ideas Incorrect and inaccurate use of research No explanation of importance of selenium Or no explanation of toxic compounds Last updated on 25-Nov-16 Page 11 of 14

12 Criteria Part A Excellent Standard Advanced Standard Consistent Standard Low Standard Very Low standard Harvard in-text referencing and Research was thorough, appropriate and in-text referenced throughout Adherence to the Harvard handout system for in-text referencing was excellent Poor presentation Only textbook used or no in-text reference Harvard reference Word count 600±10% or inappropriate sites (not peer-reviewed information) list Electronic word count given Word count not followed or excess time spent estimating word Adherence to word count limit Deduct zero Deduct max Criteria Part B Activity 3. DNA extraction, Brief Report Activity 4 a) Excellent Standard Advanced Standard Consistent Standard Low Standard Very Low standard Objectives concise and relevant Materials list accurate Method clear and innovative in design 5 Systematic analysis of chemicals /reagents Appropriate and pertinent conclusions, using research b) Thorough descriptions of all relevant aspects of nucleic acids Comparison and contrast, DNA to RNA c) High level of coherence and logical presentation in a very clear and concise manner. Research relevant to enzymes and processing of mrna 5 d) Correct and accurate use of research To explain all of the bonds in nucleic acids Replication thoroughly explained, including how identical strands are ensured Objectives relevant Materials list accurate Method clear and thorough 4 Systematic analysis of chemicals / reagents Reasons were given for their use Description of nucleic acids Contrasts done Information is well organised and logical and demonstrates relevance Some important research missed or all aspects covered but not organized or some irrelevance 4 use of research to explain bonds in nucleic acids Explanation of replication that does not repeat information from part c) while addressing that replication is identical but omits to explain how this is ensured Objective or objectives given Materials list given Method clear Some analysis of chemicals / reagents Appropriate reasons Descriptions of nucleic acid Most information is well organised and generally logical. Some irrelevant research or presentation lacks coherence and diverges from the question. use of research to explain some of the bonds in nucleic acids Some explanation of the accuracy of replication but students cannot have repeated information from part c 1mark No objective(s) or unclear. Materials list but inaccuracies Method not clear from summary or few original ideas Last updated on 25-Nov-16 Page 12 of 14 Some analysis was done but reasoning unclear Or few original ideas or paraphrasing skills not demonstrated 1/2 mark Some parts of the task are addressed, however major omissions Little research or not original or paraphrasing not demonstrated Information is poorly organised ie does not flow logically. some irrelevant research, or is not related to question or few original ideas (paraphrasing not demonstrated) Incorrect or inaccurate use of research on bonds in nucleic acids or few original ideas (paraphrasing not demonstrated) Little explanation of important concepts regarding replication s No Objective(s) Material list inaccurate Method not repeatable from summary Or very few original ideas or paraphrasing skills not demonstrated Limited analysis and reasons very unclear or very few original ideas Does not address the task, crucial omissions No research or very few original ideas Information is poorly organised, does not flow logically and is irrelevant Or few original ideas with very little paraphrasing done to show a level of understanding Incorrect or inaccurate use of research or major omissions regarding bonds in nucleic acids No explanation of important concepts regarding how identical strands are ensured

13 Criteria Part B Excellent Standard Advanced Standard Consistent Standard Low Standard Very Low standard accuracy or inaccuracy in living systems 0 e) Correct and accurate use of research To explain importance of ribosomes in anabolism of proteins; meaning of anabolism is thorough and clear Accurate use of research Reasoned explanation of ribosome function with some attempt at explaining anabolic reactions Accurate use of research Some explanation of ribosome function or some explanation of anabolism but some omissions Incorrect or inaccurate use of research Little explanation of importance of ribosomes or few original ideas (paraphrasing not demonstrated) Incorrect and inaccurate use of research No explanations Criteria Part B Excellent Standard Advanced Standard Consistent Standard Low Standard Very Low standard f) Correct and accurate complementary base pairing in replication Incorrect and some inaccuracies e.g. in direction or bases Incorrect and inaccurate 0 g) Correct and accurate complementary base pairing in transcription using the correct template DNA strand so that the oligopeptide strand is translated correctly. Following Instructions: Harvard intext referencing and Harvard reference list Adherence to word limit Presentation (spelling, grammar, sentences, paragraphs) excellent. Research was thorough and appropriately in-text referenced throughout Adherence to the Harvard Library handout for the Reference list was excellent Word count 900±10% Electronic word count given Deduct zero Incorrect template but correct Incomplete, or incorrect and base pairing or no direction inaccurate shown ( With incorrect oligopeptide sequence Spelling, grammar, sentence or paragraph construction errors. (Poor presentation) Only textbook used No in-text reference Harvard not used in reference list (a combined or two separate reference lists can be done, according to Student s preference Word count not followed Deduct maximum 5 Last updated on 25-Nov-16 Page 13 of 14

14 Criterion Part A Table A Results (5 ) and Activity 1, Summary observations, Enzymes and Oxidation of fruits () Activity 2 Conclusions on anti-oxidants Excell ent Stand ard Advan ced Stand ard Consi stent Stand ard Low Stand ard 2 + ½ mark ½ Very Low standa rd mark Activity 3 Research on factors affecting enzyme activity, ph, low temp & high temp. 3 2 ½ mark 0 mark Activity 4 Research on free radicals Activity 5 Research on selenium in plant foods and toxicity reports of compounds 2 1 ½ 1mark ½ mark 0 Harvard in-text referencing and all sources are in the combined Harvard reference list Adherence to word limit Sub-total part A Deduct zero Deduct maxim um 2 /20 Criteria Part B Activity 3. DNA extraction Brief Report Activity 4a) analysis of materials and function of each chemical b) Discussion of nucleic acids and similarities and differences RNA and DNA c) Enzymes in replication and processing of mrna d) contrasting the role of the two types of bonds in DNA and discussion of how identical daughter strands ensured e)ribosomes and anabolism explained f) Complementary base pairing in DNA g) Transcription using the correct template strand Translation Following Instructions: Harvard in-text referencing and Harvard reference list Adherence to word limit Sub-total Part B Excellent Standard Advance d Standard Consiste nt Standard Low Stand ard Very Low standard 5 4 1mark ½ mark 5 4 s Deduct zero Deduct maximum 5 0 /25 Last updated on 25-Nov-16 Page 14 of 14