Chapter-8 Saccharide Chemistry
|
|
- Caroline Ramsey
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter-8 Saccharide Chemistry Page
2 Carbohydrates (Saccharides) are most abundant biological molecule, riginally produced through C 2 fixation during photosynthesis I (C 2 ) n or - C - I where n 3 Monosaccharides Basic unit. Based on number of carbons (3, 4, 5, 6), a monosaccharide is a triose, tetrose, pentose or hexose. Disaccharides - 2 monosaccharides covalently linked. ligosaccharides - a few monosaccharides covalently linked. Polysaccharides - polymers consisting of chains of monosaccharide or disaccharide units.
3 Roles of Carbohydrates Energy storage (glycogen, starch) Structural components (cellulose, chitin) Cellular recognition Carbohydrate derivatives include DNA, RNA, glycoproteins, glycolipids
4 Monosaccharides are aldoses or ketoses Monosacchardes are aldehyde or ketone derivatives of straight chain polyhydroxy alcohols containing at least three carbon atoms
5 Monosaccharides Aldoses (e.g., glucose) have an aldehyde group at one end. Ketoses (e.g., fructose) have a keto group, usually at C2. C C 2 C C C C C C C C C 2 D-glucose C 2 D-fructose
6 Smallest monosaccharides are with three carbon atoms called trioses With 4 carbon atoms-----tetroses With 5 carbon atoms pentoses With 6 carbon atoms hexoses With 7 carbon atoms------heptoses
7 Aldotriose, Ketotriose, etc According to the number of carbon and functional group mono saccharde are named Aldotriose, Ketotriose, etc
8
9 Glucose is aldohexose. All except two of its six C atoms, C1 and C6 are chiral centers. So D-glucose has 24 = 16 stereoisomers When at C5 is on right, it is D sugar and its mirror image is L sugar. D sugars are more biologically abundant
10 Most common aldoses include six carbon sugar glucose, mannose and galactose C C C C C C 2 D-glucose
11 The pentose is ribose (component of ribonucleotide residue of RNA), and triose is glyceraldehyde (occurs in metabolic pathways)
12 EPIMERS Monosaccharides which differ in configuration around one specific C-atom are called epimers of one another C-2 epimers D-glucose and D-mannose
13 CARBN-2 EPIMERS C C C C C C 2 D-GLUCSE C C C C C C 2 D-MANNSE
14 Most common ketoses have ketone function at C2,have one less asymmetric center. Ketohexose has 23 = 8 possible stereoisomers
15
16 emiacetal & hemiketal formation Alcohol react with the carbonyl group of aldehydes to form a hemiacetal. Alcohol react with the carbonyl group of ketones to form a hemiketal. C R R C R' + R' R' C aldehyde alcohol hemiacetal + R R "R "R C ketone alcohol hemiketal R'
17 A sugar with six membered ring is known as pyranose. Similarly sugar with five membered ring is known as furanose
18 Monosaccharides can cyclize to form Pyranose / Furanose forms
19 aworth Projections C 1 C up = beta - down = alpha C 3 5 C C 5 C 2 When a monosaccharide cyclizes, the carbonyl carbon, called the anomeric carbon, becomes a chiral center with two possible configuration. 3 2 Anomeric carbon (most oxidized)
20 Glucose forms an intra-molecular hemiacetal, as the C1 aldehyde & C5 react, to form a 6-member pyranose ring, called glucopyranose C C C C C C C 2 D-glucose (linear form) 6 5 C D-glucose 3 2 -D-glucose These representations of the cyclic sugars are called aworth projections.
21 1 C 2 2 C C C C C 2 D-fructose (linear) 2 C C 2 Fructose forms 5-member furanose ring, by reaction of the C2 keto group with the on C5 called fructofuranose D-fructofuranose 1 2
22 4 6 5 C D-glucose C 2 -D-glucose Pair of stereoisomers that differ in configuration at anomeric carbon are called anomers, &. ( of anomeric carbon is opposite side of C2) ( of anomeric carbon is on same side of C2). Two anomers have slightly different physical and chemical properties
23 The anomers freely interconvert in aqueous solution, so at equilibrium D-glucose is a mixture of anomer (63.6%) and the anomer (36.4%). α-d-glucopyranose D-Glucose (linear form) β-d-glucopyrnose
24 Sugars Can Be Modified and Covalently Linked
25 xidation of aldose converts its aldehyde group to carboxylic acid yield aldonic acid such as gluconic acid
26 xidation of primary alcohol group of aldoses yields uronic acids.
27 Aldoses and ketoses can be reduced by treatment with NaB4 to yield polyhydroxy alcohols known as alditols
28 Ribitol is a component of flavin coenzymes, and glycerol and the cyclic polyhydroxy alcohol myoinositol are important lipid components. Xylitol is a sweetener that is used in sugarless gum and candies:
29 Monosaccharide unit in which an group is replaced by are known as deoxy sugars. Like β-d-2-deoxyribose sugar component of DNA C 2 C 2 (no ) ribose deoxyribose
30 Amino Sugars amino sugar one or more groups have been replaced by an amino group. An example is D- glucosamine and D-galactosamine.
31 Glycosidic Bonds Link the Anomeric Carbon to other Compounds
32 Glycosidic Bonds The anomeric group of a sugar can condense with an alcohol to form α and β glycosides. The bond connecting the anomeric carbon to the alcohol oxygen is termed a glycosidic bond: R- + -R' R--R' + 2 E.g., methanol reacts with the anomeric on glucose to form methyl glucoside (methyl-glucopyranose). + C 3-2 -D-glucopyranose methanol C 3 methyl- -D-glucopyranose
33 N-Glycosidic Bond It forms between the anomeric carbon and an amine, are the bond that link ribose to purine and pyrimidines in nucleic acids.
34 Reducing and Non-Reducing Sugars Saccharides (sugars) bearing anomeric carbon that have not formed glycosides are termed as reducing sugars Identification of sugar as non-reducing means that it is a glycoside.
35 Polysaccharides--Glycans Consist of monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds omopolysaccharides----consist one type of monosaccharides eteropolysaccharides---consist more than one type of monosaccharides Exoglycosidases and Endoglycosidases are enzymes that hydrolyze monosaccharide units
36 Polysaccharides, in contrast to proteins and nucleic acids, form branched as well As linear polymers
37 Disaccharides Sucrose and Lactose
38 Lactose, occurs naturally in milk, conc. ranges from 0-7% depending on the species, is composed of galactose & glucose, with (1 4) indicates that glycosidic bond links C1 of β anomer of galactose to 4 of glucose. Its full name is -D-galactopyranosyl-(1 4)-Dglucopyranose Free anomeric carbon on glucose, therefore reducing sugar
39 Sucrose, common table sugar, major form in which carbohydrates are transported in plants. has a glycosidic bond linking the anomeric hydroxyls of each sugar (C1 in glucose & C2 in fructose). Because the configuration at the anomeric C of glucose is ( points down from ring), the linkage is (1 2). The full name of sucrose is -D-glucopyranosyl-(1 2)- - D-fructofuranoside Anomeric carbon of each sugar participate, hence non-reducing sugar
40 Noncarbohydrate molecules that has the taste of sucrose are used as sweeting agents In food and beverages
41 Polysaccharides Cellulose and Chitin Are Structural Polysaccharides
42 Cellulose Plants cell walls can withstand osmotic pressure difference between extra and intracellular up to 20 atm. Cellulose, a major constituent of plant cell walls, consists of long linear chains of glucose with (1 4) glycosidic linkages, contain up to 15,000 D-glucose residues
43 Cellulose chains are flat, in which successive glucose rings are turned over 180 with respect to each other, result in -bond between C3- of each glucose with ring oxygen (5) of next glucose. ther interchain - bonds are 2-6
44 Stacks of these sheets are held together by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions
45 Due to that cellulose fibers becomes exceptional strength and make them water insoluble. In Plant cell wall, cellulose fibers are embedded with other polysaccharides and lignin. The resulting material can withstand large stress
46 Cellulase Glycosidase enzymes are used to hydrolyze glycosidic bond. Vertebrates do not possess enzyme capable to hydrolyze β(1 4) linkages of cellulose. Digestive tracts of herbivores contain symbiotic microorganisms that secrete cellulases. Same is true for termit Degradation of cellulose is slow process, thus cow and other ruminants must chew their cud
47 Chitin Principal structural component of exoskeleton of invertebrates like insects, spiders and also present in cell wall of fungi and algae It is homopolymer of β(1 4) linked N- acetyl D-glucsoamine residues.
48 Starch and Glycogen are storage Polysaccharides
49 Starch Plants synthesize starch as energy reserve and it is deposited in chloroplasts of cell Starch is composed of α-amylose and amylopectin
50 α-amylose is a linear polymer of several thousand glucose residues linked by (1 4) bonds. The end of the polysaccharide with an anomeric C1 not involved in a glycosidic bond is called the reducing end C 2 6C 2 C amylose C 2 C 2
51 α-amylose s α glycosidic bonds cause it to adopt an irregular aggregating coiled conformation
52 Amylopectin is a glucose polymer with mainly (1 4) linkages, but it also has branches formed by (1 6) linkages after every 24 to 30 glucose residues. Amylopectin is one of largest molecule in nature The storage of starch greatly reduces the intracellular osmotic pressure that would result from its storage in monomeric form. Starch is a reducing sugar C 2 C 2 1 amylopectin C 2 C 2 6C C 2 C 2 1 4
53 Digestion of Starch Saliva contains amylase, which randomly hydrolyzes (1 4) linkages and this digestion continues in small intestine by pancreatic amylase produce mixture of oligosaccharides. α-glucosidase further hydrolyse and remove one glucose at a time. Debranching enzymes hydrolyze (1 4) and (1 6) linkages and produce monosacchrides that are absorbed by the intestine and transported to the bloodstream.
54 Glycogen Glycogen, the glucose storage polymer in animals, is similar in structure to amylopectin. But glycogen has more (1 6) branches. With branch point after every 8 to 14 glucose residues. It is present in all cells but is most prevalent in skeletal muscle and in liver.. C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 6C C 2 C glycogen
55 Glycogen Phosphorylase Glycogen is degraded for metabolic use by glycogen phosphorylase, which cleaves glycogen s (1 4) bond. Glycogen s highly branched structure permits rapid mobilization of glucose in times of metabolic need. (1 6) branches of glycogen are cleaved by glycogen debranching enzyme.
I (CH 2 O) n or H - C - OH I
V. ARBYDRATE arbohydrates (glycans) have the following basic composition: I ( ) n or - - I Many carbohydrates are soluble in water. The usual chemical test for the simpler carbohydrates is heating with
More informationCARBOHYDRATES (SUGARS)
ARBYDRATES (SUGARS) ARBYDRATES: 1. Most Abundant Molecules on Earth: (100 MILLIN METRI TNS f 2 And 2 0 onverted To ellulose and ther Plant Products/Year) 2. FUNTINS: Diet, Energy, Structural, Signalling
More informationCarbohydrates. Chapter 12
Carbohydrates Chapter 12 Educational Goals 1. Given a Fischer projection of a monosaccharide, classify it as either aldoses or ketoses. 2. Given a Fischer projection of a monosaccharide, classify it by
More informationBCH 4053 Spring 2001 Chapter 7 Lecture Notes
BC 4053 Spring 2001 Chapter 7 Lecture Notes 1 Chapter 7 Carbohydrates 2 Carbohydrates: Nomenclature ydrates of carbon General formula (C 2 ) n (simple sugars) or C x ( 2 0) y Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
More informationCarbohydrates. What are they? What do cells do with carbs? Where do carbs come from? O) n. Formula = (CH 2
Carbohydrates What are they? Formula = (C 2 O) n where n > 3 Also called sugar Major biomolecule in body What do cells do with carbs? Oxidize them for energy Store them to oxidize later for energy Use
More information2.2: Sugars and Polysaccharides François Baneyx Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington
2.2: Sugars and Polysaccharides François Baneyx Department of hemical Engineering, University of Washington baneyx@u.washington.edu arbohydrates or saccharides are abundant compounds that play regulatory
More informationCarbohydrates. Learning Objective
, one of the four major classes of biomolecules, are aldehyde or ketone compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups. They function as energy stores, metabolic intermediates and important fuels for the body.
More informationChem 263 Nov 22, Carbohydrates (also known as sugars or saccharides) See Handout
hem 263 Nov 22, 2016 arbohydrates (also known as sugars or saccharides) See andout Approximately 0.02% of the sun s energy is used on this planet for photosynthesis in which organisms convert carbon dioxide
More informationChapter 16: Carbohydrates
Vocabulary Aldose: a sugar that contains an aldehyde group as part of its structure Amylopectin: a form of starch; a branched chain polymer of glucose Amylose: a form of starch; a linear polymer of glucose
More informationChapter 20 Carbohydrates Chapter 20
Chapter 20 Carbohydrates Chapter 20 1 Carbohydrates Carbohydrate: A polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhydroxyketone, or a substance that gives these compounds on hydrolysis. Monosaccharide: A carbohydrate that
More informationChapter 18. Carbohydrates with an Introduction to Biochemistry. Carbohydrates with an Introduction to Biochemistry page 1
Chapter 18 Carbohydrates with an Introduction to Biochemistry Carbohydrates with an Introduction to Biochemistry page 1 Introduction to Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Bioenergetics Metabolism and
More informationCarbohydrates 1. Steven E. Massey, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Bioinformatics Department of Biology University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras
Carbohydrates 1 Steven E. Massey, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Bioinformatics Department of Biology University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras Office & Lab: NCN#343B Tel: 787-764-0000 ext. 7798 E-mail: stevenemassey@gmail.com
More information24.1 Introduction to Carbohydrates
24.1 Introduction to Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (sugars) are abundant in nature: They are high energy biomolecules. They provide structural rigidity for organisms (plants, crustaceans, etc.). The polymer
More informationChemistry 110. Bettelheim, Brown, Campbell & Farrell. Ninth Edition. Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry Chapter 20 Carbohydrates
hemistry 110 Bettelheim, Brown, ampbell & Farrell Ninth Edition Introduction to General, rganic and Biochemistry hapter 20 arbohydrates Polyhydroxy Aldehydes & Ketones arbohydrates A A arbohydrate is a
More informationCHAPTER 23. Carbohydrates
CAPTER 23 Carbohydrates 1 Introduction Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates have the empirical formula C 2. Carbohydrates have the general formula
More informationCLASS 11th. Biomolecules
CLASS 11th 01. Carbohydrates These are the compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen having hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as that of water, i.e. 2 : 1. They are among the most widely distributed
More information!"#$%&'()*+(!,-./012-,345(
(!"#$%&'()*+(!,-./012-,345( (!"#"$%&'()$*%#+,'(-(.+/&/*+,%&(01"2+34$5( 6%#+,"(!/$75#38+(92+41( CAPTER 20: Learning Objectives:! >
More informationDr. Nafith Abu Tarboush. Rana N. Talj
2 Dr. Nafith Abu Tarboush June 19 th 2013 Rana N. Talj Review: Fischer suggested a projection in which the horizontal bonds are projecting towards the viewer and the vertical ones project away from the
More informationCarbohydrates. Monosaccharides
Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (also called saccharides) are molecular compounds made from just three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose) and disaccharides (e.g. sucrose)
More informationIntroduction to Carbohydrates
Introduction to Carbohydrates 1. A six-carbon aldose has four chiral centers as follows: 2R, 3R, 4S, and 5R. A. Draw the sugar in linear and cyclic form B. Draw the form that would predominate in solution.
More informationTopic 4 - #2 Carbohydrates Topic 2
Topic 4 - #2 Carbohydrates Topic 2 Biologically Important Monosaccharide Derivatives There are a large number of monosaccharide derivatives. A variety of chemical and enzymatic reactions produce these
More informationQuestions- Carbohydrates. A. The following structure is D-sorbose. (Questions 1 7) CH 2 OH C = O H C OH HO C H H C OH
Questions- Carbohydrates A. The following structure is D-sorbose. (Questions 1 7) CH 2 C = O H C HO C H H C CH 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Which characteristic is different when comparing the open-chain forms of
More informationFundamentals of Organic Chemistry. CHAPTER 6: Carbohydrates
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry CHEM 109 For Students of Health Colleges Credit hrs.: (2+1) King Saud University College of Science, Chemistry Department CHEM 109 CHAPTER 6: Carbohydrates Carbohydrates
More informationMahaAbuAjamieh. BahaaNajjar. MamoonAhram
7 MahaAbuAjamieh BahaaNajjar MamoonAhram Carbohydrates (saccharides) can be classified into these main categories: 1. Monosaccharides, they are simplesugars (the simplest units), such as glucose, galactose
More informationBiochemistry: A Short Course
Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 10 Carbohydrates 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 10 Outline Monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones that contain two or
More informationDr. Entedhar Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are carbon compounds that have aldehyde (C-H=0) or ketone (C=O) moiety and comprises polyhyroxyl alcohol
Dr. Entedhar Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are carbon compounds that have aldehyde (C-H=0) or ketone (C=O) moiety and comprises polyhyroxyl alcohol (polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhyroxyketone); their polymers,which
More informationCHAPTER 27 CARBOHYDRATES SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS
27 09/17/2013 11:12:35 Page 397 APTER 27 ARBYDRATES SLUTINS T REVIEW QUESTINS 1. In general, the carbohydrate carbon oxidation state determines the carbon s metabolic energy content. The more oxidized
More informationNafith Abu Tarboush DDS, MSc, PhD
Nafith Abu Tarboush DDS, MSc, PhD natarboush@ju.edu.jo www.facebook.com/natarboush Two major goals: 1. Monosaccharides: to recognize their structure, properties, & their stereochemistry 2. The nature of
More informationNumber of Carbohydrate Units
Number of Carbohydrate Units Monosaccharides = single unit Disaccharides = two units Oligiosaccharide = 3 10 units Polysaccharide = 11+ units Bonus: Can you name the most common Mono (4), Di(3), and Poly(4)
More informationHW #9: 21.36, 21.52, 21.54, 21.56, 21.62, 21.68, 21.70, 21.76, 21.82, 21.88, 21.94, Carbohydrates
Chemistry 131 Lectures 16 & 17: Carbohydrates Chapter 21 in McMurry, Ballantine, et. al. 7 th edition 05/24/18, 05/25/18 W #9: 21.36, 21.52, 21.54, 21.56, 21.62, 21.68, 21.70, 21.76, 21.82, 21.88, 21.94,
More informationUNIT 4. CARBOHYDRATES
UNIT 4. CARBOHYDRATES OUTLINE 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Classification. 4.3. Monosaccharides. Classification. Stereoisomers. Cyclic structures. Reducing sugars. Sugar derivatives 4.4. Oligosaccharides. Disaccharides.
More informationChapter 1. Chemistry of Life - Advanced TABLE 1.2: title
Condensation and Hydrolysis Condensation reactions are the chemical processes by which large organic compounds are synthesized from their monomeric units. Hydrolysis reactions are the reverse process.
More informationChapter 11. Learning objectives: Structure and function of monosaccharides, polysaccharide, glycoproteins lectins.
Chapter 11 Learning objectives: Structure and function of monosaccharides, polysaccharide, glycoproteins lectins. Carbohydrates Fuels Structural components Coating of cells Part of extracellular matrix
More informationDr. Basima Sadiq Ahmed PhD. Clinical biochemist
Dr. Basima Sadiq Ahmed PhD. Clinical biochemist MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE 1. major source of energy for man. e.g, glucose is used in the human body for energy production. 2. serve as reserve food
More informationChem 263 Apr 11, 2017
hem 263 Apr 11, 2017 arbohydrates- emiacetal Formation You know from previous lectures that carbonyl compounds react with all kinds of nucleophiles. ydration and hemiacetal formation are typical examples.
More informationCarbohydrates. Green plants turn H 2 O, CO 2, and sunlight into carbohydrates.
Chapter 27 Carbohydrates Green plants turn 2 O, CO 2, and sunlight into carbohydrates. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 10e John Wiley & Sons, Inc Morris ein, Scott Pattison, and Susan
More informationChapter 7 Carbohydrates
Chapter 7 Carbohydrates Definition of Carbohydrates carbohydrate: hydrate of carbon ; C n ( 2 ) m Examples: glucose (C 6 12 6 or C 6 ( 2 ) 6 ), sucrose (C 12 22 11 or C 12 ( 2 ) 11 ) saccharide: simple
More informationChapter 27 Carbohydrates
Chapter 27 Carbohydrates Green plants turn 2 O, CO 2, and sunlight into carbohydrates. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 10e John Wiley & Sons, Inc Morris ein, Scott Pattison, and Susan
More informationDr. Mahendra P. Bhatt (BMLT, MS-Ph.D., Post-doctorate) Associate Professor Clinical Biochemistry
Dr. Mahendra P. Bhatt (BMLT, MS-Ph.D., Post-doctorate) Associate Professor Clinical Biochemistry mahendramlt@gmail.com Students will be able to describe: Biochemical organization of the cell Transport
More informationChapter 23 Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids. Carbohydrates
Chapter 23 Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Synthesized by plants using sunlight to convert CO 2 and H 2 O to glucose and O 2. Polymers include starch and cellulose. Starch is storage unit
More informationI. Carbohydrates Overview A. Carbohydrates are a class of biomolecules which have a variety of functions. 1. energy
Chapter 22 Carbohydrates Chem 306 Roper I. Carbohydrates Overview A. Carbohydrates are a class of biomolecules which have a variety of functions. 1. energy 2. energy storage 3. structure 4. other functions!
More information2/25/2015. Chapter 6. Carbohydrates. Outline. 6.1 Classes of Carbohydrates. 6.1 Classes of Carbohydrates. 6.1 Classes of Carbohydrates
Lecture Presentation Chapter 6 Carbohydrates Julie Klare Fortis College Smyrna, GA Outline 6.7 Carbohydrates and Blood The simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides (mono is Greek for one, sakkhari is
More informationYou know from previous lectures that carbonyl react with all kinds of nucleophiles. Hydration and hemiacetal formation are typical examples.
hem 263 Nov 17, 2009 D,L onfiguration of Sugars Glyceraldehyde has only one stereogenic center and therefore has two enantiomers (mirror image) forms. A D-sugar is defined as one that has configuration
More informationamong the most important organic compounds in the living organisms;
CARBOHYDRATES Elena Rivneac PhD, Associate Professor Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry State University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Nicolae Testemitanu" CARBOHYDRATESare among the most
More informationChapter 22 Carbohydrates
Chapter 22 Carbohydrates Introduction Classification of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates have the general formula C x (H 2 O) y Carbohydrates are defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or substances that
More informationBIOMOLECULES & SPECTROSCOPY TABLE OF CONTENTS S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO. i) Carbohydrates B3. ii) Proteins & Nucleic Acids.
BIOMOLECULES & SPECTROSCOPY TABLE OF CONTENTS S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO. 1. Biomolecules i) Carbohydrates B3 ii) Proteins & Nucleic Acids iii) Steroids iv) Terpenes & Cartenoids B27 B61 B65 2. Spectroscopy v)
More informationPolymers: large molecules made up of repeating smaller units (monomer) peptides and proteins (Chapter 25) nucleic acids (Chapter 26)
Chapter 23: Carbohydrates hydrates of carbon: general formula C n (H 2 O) n Plants: photosynthesis 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O hν C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 Polymers: large molecules made up of repeating smaller units
More informationSheet #10 Dr. Mamoun Ahram Sec 1,2,3 15/07/2014. Carbohydrates 2
Carbohydrates 2 A study Guide: Kindly,refer to the slide number,look at the structures and read the sheet notes well,most of the slides content besides all what the doctor said are mentioned here,good
More informationCarbohydrates Learning Objectives
16-1 16-2 16-3 Carbohydrates Learning bjectives 1. What Are the Structures and the Stereochemistry of Monosaccharides? 2. ow Do Monosaccharides React? 3. What are Disaccharides? 4. What Are Some Important
More informationLecture Notes Chem 51C S. King. Chapter 28 Carbohydrates. Starch, Glycogen and cellulose are all polymers of glucose.
Lecture otes hem 51 S. King hapter 28 arbohydrates arbohydrates are the most abundant class of organic compounds in the plant world. They are synthesized by nearly all plants and animals, which use them
More informationAnomeric carbon Erythritol is achiral because of a mirror plane in the molecule and therefore, the product is optically inactive.
APTER 22 Practice Exercises 22.1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 D-Ribulose L-Ribulose D-Xyulose L-Xyulose (one pair of enantiomers) (a second pair of enantiomers) 22.3 2 Anomeric carbon Glycosidic bond 3 () Methyl -D-mannopyranoside
More informationCARBOHYDRATES (H 2. Empirical formula: C x. O) y
CARBYDRATES 1 CARBYDRATES Empirical formula: C x ( 2 ) y 2 CARBYDRATES- WERE? In solid parts of: plants, up to 80% animals, do not exceed 2% In plants: main storage material (starch) building material
More informationDefinition of a Carbohydrate
* Atoms held together by covalent bonds Definition of a Carbohydrate * Organic macromolecules * Consist of C, H, & O atoms * Usually in a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H : O Functions Performed by Carbohydrates Used
More informationCarbohydrates hydrates of carbon: general formula C n (H 2 O) n. Polymers: large molecules made up of repeating smaller units (monomer)
Carbohydrates hydrates of carbon: general formula C n ( ) n Plants: photosynthesis hν 6 C + 6 C 6 6 + 6 Polymers: large molecules made up of repeating smaller units (monomer) Biopolymers: carbohydrates
More informationCarbohydrates CHAPTER SUMMARY
14 2 cellulose 2 2 arbohydrates 2 amylose APTER SUMMARY 14.1 hemical Nature of arbohydrates - Polyhydroxy Aldehydes and Ketones arbohydrates are a class of organic biopolymers which consist of polyhydroxy
More informationNafith Abu Tarboush DDS, MSc, PhD
Nafith Abu Tarboush DDS, MSc, PhD natarboush@ju.edu.jo www.facebook.com/natarboush Two major goals: 1. Monosaccharides: to recognize their structure, properties, & their stereochemistry 2. The nature of
More informationChapter 23: Carbohydrates hydrates of carbon: general formula C n (H 2 O) n. Polymers: large molecules made up of repeating smaller units (monomer)
Chapter : Carbohydrates hydrates of carbon: general formula C n ( ) n Plants: photosynthesis hν C + C + Polymers: large molecules made up of repeating smaller units (monomer) Biopolymers: Monomer units:
More informationWelcome to Class 7. Class 7: Outline and Objectives. Introductory Biochemistry
Welcome to Class 7 Introductory Biochemistry Class 7: Outline and Objectives l Monosaccharides l Aldoses, ketoses; hemiacetals; epimers l Pyranoses, furanoses l Mutarotation, anomers l Disaccharides and
More informationBasic Biochemistry. Classes of Biomolecules
Basic Biochemistry ABE 580 Classes of Biomolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Amino Acids Nucleic Acids Other 1 Carbohydrates Sugars Composed of C, H, O (C n H 2n O n ) Biological Uses Energy source/storage
More informationChemistry B11 Chapters 13 Esters, amides and carbohydrates
Chapters 13 Esters, amides and carbohydrates Esters: esters are derived from carboxylic acids (the hydrogen atom in the carboxyl group of carboxylic acid is replaced by an alkyl group). The functional
More informationA Getting-It-On Review and Self-Test. . Carbohydrates are
A Getting-It-n Review and Self-Test arbohydrates arbohydrates, one of the three principal classes of foods, contain only three elements: (1), (2), and (3). The name carbohydrate is derived from the French
More informationWhat are Carbohydrates? Aldoses and Ketoses
What are Carbohydrates? Polyhydroxylated aldehydes and ketones Commonly called sugars General formula of common sugars!glucose: C 6 ( 2 ) 6!Glyceraldehyde: C 3 ( 2 ) 3 Talking points: C 2 ACS Division
More informationCarbohydrates - Chemical Structure
Carbohydrates - Chemical Structure Carbohydrates consist of the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) with a ratio of hydrogen twice that of carbon and oxygen. Carbohydrates include sugars,
More informationCh13. Sugars. What biology does with monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides. version 1.0
Ch13 Sugars What biology does with monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides. version 1.0 Nick DeMello, PhD. 2007-2015 Ch13 Sugars Haworth Structures Saccharides can form rings. That creates a
More informationChapter 7 Overview. Carbohydrates
Chapter 7 Overview n Carbohydrates main ingredient for energy production Most abundant biomolecule in nature Direct link between solar energy & chemical energy Glucose our main energy source Carbohydrates
More informationStructural Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates & ATP Carbohydrates include both sugars and polymers of sugars. The simplest carbohydrates are the monosaccharides, or simple sugars; these are the monomers from which more complex carbohydrates
More informationCarbohydrates: structure and Function. Important. 436 Notes Original slides. 438 notes Extra information
Carbohydrates: structure and Function Important. 436 Notes Original slides. 438 notes Extra information Objectives: To understand: 1- The structure of carbohydrates of physiological significance. 2- The
More informationCarbohydrate Chemistry
Carbohydrate Chemistry The term carbohydrate is derived from the Cn(2O)n general chemical formula Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or substances that yield such compounds on hydrolysis
More informationReview from last lecture
eview from last lecture D-glucose has the structure shown below (you are responsible for its structure on the exam). It is an aldohexose ( aldo since it contains aldehyde functionality and hexose since
More informationThe Structure and Func.on of Macromolecules: GRU1L4 Carbohydrates
The Structure and Func.on of Macromolecules: GRU1L4 Carbohydrates Do Now: WHAT IS TABLE SUGAR MADE UP OF? Sucrose (table sugar) Composed of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule Please draw the structure
More informationCarbohydrates. Organic compounds which comprise of only C, H and O. C x (H 2 O) y
Carbohydrates Organic compounds which comprise of only C, H and O C x (H 2 O) y Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Simple sugar Soluble in water Precursors in synthesis triose sugars of other (C3) molecules
More informationChemistry 1120 Exam 2 Study Guide
Chemistry 1120 Exam 2 Study Guide Chapter 6 6.1 Know amines are derivatives of ammonia, which is not an amine. Classify amines as primary, secondary or tertiary. Master Tutor Section 6.1 Review Section
More informationLong time ago, people who sacrifice their sleep, family, food, laughter, and other joys of life were called SAINTS. But now, they are called STUDENTS!
Long time ago, people who sacrifice their sleep, family, food, laughter, and other joys of life were called SAINTS. But now, they are called STUDENTS! Monosaccharaides Q. Can hydrolysis occur at anytime
More informationCarbohydrates - General Description
arbohydrates - General Description A. Polyhydroxy Aldehydes or Ketones ARBN AIN B. Serve a variety of functions ARBN AIN ARBN AIN 1. Energy storage (Glucose, Glycogen, Starch) 2. Structural Support (ellulose,
More informationCarbohydrate Structure
IN THE NAME OF GOD Carbohydrate Structure Disaccharides Simple Carbs Sucrose (glucose & fructose) Cookies, candy, cake, soft drinks Maltose (glucose & glucose) Beans Lactose (glucose & galactose) Yogurt,
More informationChemistry 107 Exam 3 Study Guide
Chapter 7 Chemistry 107 Exam 3 Study Guide 7.1 Recognize the aldehyde, ketone and hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups found in carbohydrates. Differentiate between mono-, di-, and polysaccharides. Master
More informationFor more info visit
Carbohydrates Classification of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides: Polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones which cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis to give simpler carbohydrates.examples: Glucose, Fructose,
More informationCarbohydrates 26 SUCROSE
26 arbohydrates SURSE 26.3 IRALITY F MNSAARIDES 2 (R)-glyceraldehyde 25 [α] D = + 13.5 o 2 Fischer projection carbonyl group at top carbonyl near top 2 2 2 2 Fischer projection D-galactose 2 2 Fischer
More informationCarbohydrates. Chapter 18
Carbohydrates Chapter 18 Biochemistry an overview Biochemistry is the study of chemical substances in living organisms and the chemical interactions of these substances with each other. Biochemical substances
More informationFarah Al-Khaled. Razi Kittaneh. Mohammad Omari
7 Farah Al-Khaled Razi Kittaneh Mohammad Omari Dr. Mamoun Ahram In this lecture we are going to talk about modified sugars. Remember: The Fischer projection can be turned into a ring structure (which is
More informationChapter 11: Carbohydrates
hapter : arbohydrates hapter Educational Goals. Given a Fischer projection of a monosaccharide, classify it as either aldoses or ketoses.. Given a Fischer projection of a monosaccharide, classify it by
More information2. Structural e.g. bacterial cell walls, cellulose. 3. Information e.g. signals on proteins and membranes.
hapter 8 - arbohydrates ydrates of arbon: m ( 2 ) n Saccharides: Latin: Saccharum = Sugar 1. Energy transport and storage. 2. Structural e.g. bacterial cell walls, cellulose. 3. Information e.g. signals
More informationCarbohydrates. Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer,
Carbohydrates Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer, 2017-2018 Resource This lecture Campbell and Farrell s Biochemistry, Chapter 16 What are they? Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones Saccharide is another
More informationMacromolecules. Ch. 5 Macromolecules BIOL 222. Overview: The Molecules of Life. Macromolecules
Ch. 5 Macromolecules BIOL 222 Overview: The Molecules of Life Macromolecules large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms Built from carbon backbone Also contain large numbers of
More informationChapter 24: Carbohydrates
Chapter 24: Carbohydrates [Sections: 24.1 24.10] 1. Carbohydrates definition naturally occuring compounds derived from carbon, oxygen and hydrogen the net molecular formula comes from each carbon having
More informationMay 21 st, 2008 Biochemistry Recitation
May 21 st, 2008 Biochemistry Recitation MBioS 303 Summer 2008 Outline Carbohydrate basics Aldoses vs. ketoses L and D configurations and anomers Glycosidic bonds, disaccharides Polysaccharides Storage:
More informationChem 263 Nov 21, 2013
hem 263 Nov 21, 2013 arbohydrates- emiacetal Formation You know from previous lectures that carbonyl compounds react with all kinds of nucleophiles. ydration and hemiacetal formation are typical examples.
More informationCHAPTER 7 Carbohydrates and Glycobiology. Key topics about carbohydrates
CHAPTER 7 Carbohydrates and Glycobiology Key topics about carbohydrates Structures and names of monosaccharides Open-chain and ring forms of monosaccharides Structures and properties of disaccharides Biological
More informationChapter 8 - Carbohydrates. 2. Structural e.g. bacterial cell walls, cellulose. 3. Information e.g. signals on proteins and membranes.
hapter 8 - arbohydrates ydrates of arbon: m ( 2 ) n Saccharides: Latin: Saccharum = Sugar 1. Energy transport and storage. 2. Structural e.g. bacterial cell walls, cellulose. 3. Information e.g. signals
More informationCARBOHYDRATES PART I
CARBYDRATES PART I 1 CARBYDRATES Empirical formula: C x ( 2 ) y 2 CARBYDRATES- WERE ARE TEY? In solid parts of: plants, up to 80% animals, does not exceed 2% In plants: mainly as a storage material (starch)
More informationName LastName Student ID
Name LastName Student ID 1) (12 points) Imidazopyridine derivatives such as 1-deaza-9H-purines (like 1) and 3- deaza-9h-purines (like 2) represent privileged structures in medicinal chemistry and they
More informationChemistry 106 Lecture Notes Examination 5 Materials. *Hydrated Carbons.
hemistry 106 Lecture Notes Examination 5 Materials hapter 23: arbohydrates & Nucleic Acids arbohydrates Definition: *ompounds made of,, &. Example: *ydrated arbons. Glucose: 6 12 6 an be written as 6(
More informationLecture 2 Carbohydrates
Lecture 2 Carbohydrates Sources of CHOs Wholegrains major dietary intake Vegetables, legumes ad fruit contain dietary fibre Milk products provide lactose essential for infants Glycogen is a storage carbohydrate,
More informationBiochemistry lecturer Bio- chemical Eng. Zahraa Abdulhussein Mousa. Bio.Eng Zahraa A.A. Mousa
Biochemistry lecturer Bio- chemical Eng. Zahraa Abdulhussein Mousa Overview Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules in nature Wide range of functions e.g., a significant fraction of the energy
More informationPharmacognosy- 1 PHG 222. Prof. Dr. Amani S. Awaad
Pharmacognosy- 1 PHG 222 Prof. Dr. Amani S. Awaad Professor of Pharmacognosy Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy Salman Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj. KSA. Email: amaniawaad@hotmail.com
More informationCarbohydrates. b. What do you notice about the orientation of the OH and H groups in glucose? Are they in the axial or equatorial position?
1. The 3D structure of glucose and galactose are shown. Carbohydrates D-glucose D-galactose a. Is the axial or equatorial position more stable in the chair conformation? b. What do you notice about the
More informationDownloaded from
Biomolecules Section A (One Mark Question) 1. Name the sugar present in milk. A: Lactose, 2. How many monosaccharide units are present in it? A: two monosaccharide units are present. 3.What are such oligosaccharides
More informationPart I => CARBS and LIPIDS. 1.2 Monosaccharides 1.2a Stereochemistry 1.2b Derivatives
Part I => CARBS and LIPIDS 1.2 Monosaccharides 1.2a Stereochemistry 1.2b Derivatives Section 1.2a: Stereochemistry Synopsis 1.2a monosaccharide (greek) sugar - Monosaccharides are carbonyl polyols (or
More informationCarbohydrates. Dr. Diala Abu-Hassan, DDS, PhD All images were taken from Campbell textbook except where noted
Carbohydrates Dr. Diala Abu-Hassan, DDS, PhD Dr.abuhassand@gmail.com McCurry et al Dr. Diala Abu-Hassan All images were taken from Campbell textbook except where noted 1 What Are Carbohydrates? Carbohydrates
More informationChapter 11 Lecture Notes: Carbohydrates
Educational Goals Chapter 11 Lecture Notes: Carbohydrates 1. Given a Fischer projection of a monosaccharide, classify it as either aldoses or ketoses. 2. Given a Fischer projection of a monosaccharide,
More information