EFFECT OF PROTEIN AND(OR) CARBOHYDRATE FRACTIONS OF DRIED WHEY ON PERFORMANCE AND NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY OF EARLY WEANED PIGS' ABSTRACT

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1 EFFECT OF PROTEIN AND(OR) CARBOHYDRATE FRACTIONS OF DRIED WHEY ON PERFORMANCE AND NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY OF EARLY WEANED PIGS' M. D. Tkach ~, J. L. Nelssen 3 and G. L. Allee' Kansas State University Manhattan ABSTRACT One hundred eighty 3-wk-ld pigs (initial weight 4.8 kg) were utilized in a 35-d grwth trial t determine the effects f the carbhydrate and(r) prtein fractin f dried whey n pig perfrmance. In additin, 30, 3-wk-ld pigs (initial weight 4.9 kg) were used in tw digestin trials t study the effects f the whey fractin n nutrient digestibility. Dietary trealments included a crn-sybean meal diet (cntrl), cntrl + 20% dried whey, cntrl % lactse, cntrl + 2.1% lactalbumin, cntrl % lactse + 2.1% lactalbumin, and cntrl + 8.4% whey prtein cncentrate. Pelleted diets cntaining equal lysine cncentratins were fed. Lactse and lactalbumin were added at the same levels as prvided by a 20% dried whey diet. Pigs fed diets cntaining milk prducts exhibited superir (P <.05) ADG and efficiency f feed utilizatin and greater (P <.05) apparent digestibilities fr DM, energy and N cmpared with pigs fed the cntrl diet. Including either lactse r lactalbumin in the diet fr the early weaned pig resulted in similar gain, feed efficiency and nutrient digestibility. These results indicate that bth the carbhydrate (lactse) and prtein (lactalbumin) fractins f dried whey are imprtant in explaining the beneficial respnse t dried whey elicited in the weanling pig. (Key Wrds: Pigs, Dried Whey, Lactse, Lactalbumin, Whey Prtein.) J. Anim. Sci : Intrductin Several experiments have shwn that including dried whey in a starter diet will imprve perfrmance f pigs weaned at 3 t 4 wk f age (Miller et al., 1971; Graham et al., 1981; Cera and Mahan, 1985; Gdband and Hines, 1987). Additinal studies with dried whey have been cnducted t investigate the ptimum inclusin level (Mahan et al., 1981; Clarksn and Allee, 1982; Fralick and Cline, 1983), apprpriate weaning age and feeding length (Ppe and Allee, 1982; Pllmann et al., ~Cntributin n J frm the Kansas Agric. Exp. Sta., Manhattan, 66506; Dept. f Anim. Sci. and Ind. 2Present address: Dept. f Anim. Sci., Univ. f Minnesta, St. Paul T whm reprint requests shuld be sent. 4Present address: Dept. f Anita. Sci., Univ. f Missuri-Clumbia, Clumbia Received May 13, Accepted Octber 31, ), and pssible interactin with dietary fat (Stahly et al., 1982; Van Wrmer and Pllmann, 1985) r cpper sulfate (Thaler et al., 1986). Hwever, few researchers have attempted t determine the reasn(s) why early weaned pigs respnd t the inclusin f dried whey in the diet. Owsley et al. (1986a) fund that a diet cntaining 20% dried whey was higher in DM and energy digestibility than a crn-sybean meal diet fr pigs weaned at 28 d. Graham et al. (1981), Lindemann et al. (1986) and Owsley et al. (1986b) als reprted that pigs fed diets cntaining dried whey had higher chymtrypsin, amylase, prtease and lactase activity in the small intestine than did pigs fed a crn-sybean meal diet. Giesting et al. (1985) indicated that the carbhydrate and prtein fractins f skim milk hadan additive effect n the perfrmance f starter pigs; hwever, such research has nt been dne with dried whey. Our bjective was t determine whether the prtein (lactalbumin) 1307

2 1308 TOKACH ET AL. r carbhydrate (lactse) fractin f dried whey is respnsible fr the imprved grwth perfrmance when fed t the early weaned pig. Experimental Prcedures Cmpsitin f the diets used in the three trials is shwn in Table 1. Dried whey was assumed t cntain 72% lactse and 10.5% lactalbumin. Therefre, the 20% dried whey diet was calculated t cntain 14.4% lactse and 2.1% lactalbumin. These assumptins were used t frmulate the lactse, tactalbumin, and lactse + lactalbumin diets. A diet cntaining whey prtein cncentrate als was evaluated in the grwth trial t further explre the practical applicatin f feeding the whey fractins. This diet als was frmulated t cntain 2.1% lactalbumin. The whey prtein cncentrate diet als cntained 4.2% lactse. All diets were pelleted and calculated t cntain 1.3% lysine,.8% Ca and.7% P. During the lactatin perid, pigs were hused in a ttal cnfinement, envirnmentally cntrlled farrwing facility and were nt allwed access t creep feed. Grwth Trial. One hundred eighty weanling pigs (21 +_ 3 d) were alltted by litter, sex and weight t the six dietary treatments. Average initial weight was kg. Five replicatins per treatment were used with six pigs per pen. Pigs were hused in an envirnmentally cntrlled nursery in pens (1.2 m 1.5 m) with wven wire flrs ver Y-flush gutters, with ne nipple waterer and ne, fur-hle self-feeder per pen. Pigs were allwed t cnsume feed and water ad libitum. Temperature and air flw were adjusted t maintain ptimum cmfrt fr the pigs. The study was cnducted fr 35 d. Criteria measured were ADG, dally feed intake (ADFI) and efficiency f feed utilizatin (F/G). Feeders were checked twice daily and individual pig weights were determined at the end f each 7-d perid. Digestin Trials. In each f tw trials, 15 pigs (average initial weight 4.9 kg) weaned at 16 t 18 d were alltted randmly by litter to dietary treatment. Pigs were hused in individual metal cages ( cm) in an envirnmentally cntrlled rm maintained between 29 and 32~ Pigs were fed twice daily, and water was available ad libitum. Pigs were brught t maximum feed intake during a 5-d adjustment perid. Pigs were prvided with a cnstant feed intake during a 5-d cllectin perid. Ferric xide, at.5% f the diet, was used t indicate the beginning and terminatin f each cllectin perid. Pigs then were realltted by litter in a crssver design t a different dietary treatment and allwed a secnd 5-d adjustment perid, fllwed by a 5- d cllectin perid. Feces were cllected and frzen daily thrughut each cllectin perid. At the end f each perid, feces were dried in a frced-air ven at 38~ until equilibrated t a cnstant weight. Feces, alng with diet samples, were grund in a Thmas-Wiley experimental grinder equipped with a 1-mm screen. All samples were analyzed fr N and DM accrding t AOAC (1980) methds. Grss energy cntent was determined by adiabatic bmb calrimetry. Apparent digestibility cefficients were calculated fr DM, N and energy. Statistical Analysis. The data were analyzed using the GLM prcedure f SAS (1982). Data frm the digestin trials were analyzed fr each perid and trial; hwever, n trial x treatment, perid x treatment r trial x perid interactins were fund, s data were pled fr the final analysis. Pen was cnsidered the experimental unit fr the grwth trial. Preplanned rthgnal cntrasts were used t separate treatment means in the digestin and grwth trials. The rthgnal cmparisns were cntrl cmpared t all ther treatments, the whey treatment cmpared t the three treatments cntaining whey fractins (lactse, lactalbumin, and lactse + lactalbumin), the cmbinatin f the carbhydrate and prtein fractins (lactse + lactalbumin) cmpared t the individual whey fractins, and the individual whey fractins against each ther (lactse vs lactalbumin). In the grwth trial, whey prtein cncentrate was cmpared with all ther diets cntaining whey r whey fractins. Results and Discussin Chemical analysis f the dried whey and whey prtein cncentrate are shwn in Table 2. The high lactse, lw ash and lw salt levels indicate that a high-quality, demineralized whey was used; Lampert (1975) reprted that edible grade dried whey typically cntains 72% lactse, 8% ash and 3% salt. The excellent quality f the dried whey may have influenced the perfrmance and digestibility f pigs fed the dried whey diet cmpared t the

3 DRIED WHEY FRACTIONS FOR EARLY WEANED PIGS 1309 E,6 ~g ~ ~ ,E 6.1 ~ ~ - E.i::: ~ ~ ~ < "0 5~- ~ ~.! I ~.9. := ~ ~, "6 =~. ~ ~ ~.==~.~1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~,'~l ~ ~ ~ ',~61

4 1310 TOKACH ET AL. TABLE 2. ANALYZED INGREDIENT COMPOSITION' Whey Item Demineralized dried whey prtein cncentrate Prtein, % Lysine, % Lactse, % Ash, % Salt, % Misture, % "As-fed basis. cntrl diet9 Mahan (1984) demnstrated that pigs fed diets cntaining an edible grade dried whey with a lw ash level had higher ADG and ADFI than pigs fed a feed grade dried whey with a high ash cntent. Weanling pigs fed diets cntaining dried whey and the varius whey fractins had imprved (P <.05) ADG and F/G at 2 and 5 wk pstweaning, cmpared with thse fed the cntrl diet (Table 3). Miller et al. (1971), Stahly et al. (1982), Cera and Mahan (1985) and Thaler et al. (1986) als fund that ADG and F/G were imprved when dried whey was incrprated int starter pig diets9 Graham et al. (1981), Clarksn and Allee (1982) and Gdband and Hines (1987) reprted that pigs fed diets cntaining dried whey gained faster than pigs fed crn-sybean meal diets withut dried whey; hwever, there were n differences in F/G. When feeding liquid diets, Cinq-Mars et al. (1986) reprted that whey prtein cncentrate imprved ADG and F/G cmpared with thse f pigs fed a crn-sybean meal-fishmeal diet. N previus published research has been reprted in which whey prtein cncentrates was evaluated in a dry diet in which whey prtein cncentrate was cmpared with dried whey. Results frm this grwth trial indicate that dried whey prtein cncentrate had a nutritinal value nearly equal t that f dried whey fr early weaned pigs. Pigs fed the lactalbumin diet tended t be mre efficient in utilized feed (P <.07) than pigs fed the lactse supplemental diet after 5 wk. N differences were fund in ADFI at 2 and 5 wk. In additin, n differences in ADG at 2 and 5 wk r F/G at 2 wk were fund between pigs fed the lactse r lactalbumin supplemental diets. Lactse additins t starter pig diets previusly have been shwn t m <,.v [,,1,,1 8;,,1= ~v q v t'--

5 DRIED WHEY FRACTIONS FOR EARLY WEANED ~ PIGS 1311 TABLE 4. EFFECT OF DRIED WHEY FRACTIONS ON APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY OF DRY MATTER, NITROGEN AND ENERGY a Dietary treatments Dried Lactse + Item Cntrl whey Lactse Lactalbumin lactalbumin CV Apparent digestibility, % Dry matter b Nitrgen b Energy b 'Each value represents the mean f tw replicates f six pigs/treatment; average initial weight, 4.9 kg. bcntrl vs thers (P <.05). imprve pig perfrmance (Sewell and West, 1965; Giesting et al. 1985). Althugh studies with lactalbumin additin t swine diets have nt been published previusly, these psitive results were expected because lactalbumin has an excellent amin acid prfile, a digestibility f 99%, bilgical value f 94% and prtein efficiency rati f 3.2 (Rbinsn, 1986). Hwever, n additive effect was fund when the lactse and lactalbumin were added tgether t the basal diet in this study. Table 4 shws the effect f dried whey fractins n apparent digestibility. Pigs fed diets cntaining milk prducts had higher (P <.05) apparent DM, N and energy digestibility than pigs fed the cntrl diet. As in the grwth trial, there were n differences between the diets cntaining the dried whey fractins fr any f the criteria measured. Owsley et al. (1986a) als reprted an increase in DM and energy digestibility with the additin f 20% dried whey t a crn-sybean meal diet. Wilsn and Leibhlz (1981a,b) and Leibhlz (1982) fund similar imprvement in digestibility when skim milk was used as the nfilk prduct. Lactse als has been shwn previusly t imprve N and DM digestibility (Sewell and West, 1965). This imprvement may result frm the high level f lactase, the enzyme respnsible fr lactse degradatin, present in the digestive system f the yung pig (Crring et al., 1978). Our results prvide further evidence that milk prducts imprve perfrmance and nutrient digestibility in 3-wk-ld pigs. The imprved perfrmance f pigs fed a diet cntaining whey prbably is the result f the carbhydrate (lactm) and prtein (lactalbumin) fractins; hwever, when bth fractins were present in the diet, n additive effects were fund. Literature Cited AOAC Official Methds f Analysis (13th Ed.). Assciatin f Official Analytical Chemists, Washingtn, DC. Cera, K. R. and D. C. Mahan The effect f dried whey and crn il additin t weanling pig diets n perfrmance and apparent fat digestibility. J. Anita. Sci. 61(Suppl. 1):299 (Abstr.). Cinq-Mars, D., G. Belanger, B. Lachance and G. J. Brissn Perfrmance f early weaned piglets fed diets cntaining varius amunts f whey prtein cncentrate. J. Anim. Sci. 63:145. Clarksn, J. R. and G. L. Allee Effect f diet and methd f feeding n perfrnlance f pigs weaned at three weeks. J. Anim. Sci. 55(Suppl. 1):90 (Abstr.). Crring, T., A. Aumaitre and G. Durand Develpment f digestive enzymes in the piglet frm birth t 8 weeks. Nutr. Metab. 22:231. Fralick, C. and T. R. Cline Lysine and whey in pig starter diets. J. Anim. Sci. 57(Suppl. 1):86 (Abstr.). Giesting, D. W., R. A. Easter and B. A. Re A cmparisn f prtein and carbhydrate surces f milk and plant rigin fr starter pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 61(Suppl. 1):299 (Abstr.). Gdband, R. D. and R. H. Hines The effect f barley particle size n slarter and finishing pig perfrmance. J. Anim. Sci. 65(Suppl. I):317 (Abstr.). Graham, P. L., D. C. Mahan and R. G. Shields Effect f starter diet and length f feeding regimen n perfrmance and digestive enzyme activity f 2-week ld weaned pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 53:299. Lampert, L. M M~xtern Dairy Prducts (3rd Ed.). Chemical Publishing C., Inc., New Yrk. Leibhlz, J Utilizatin f casein, fish meal and sya bean prteins in dry diets tr pigs between 7 and 28 days. Anim. Prd. 34:9. Lindemann, M. D., S. G. Crnelius, S. M. Eandelgy, R. L. Mser, and J. E. Pettigrew Effect f age, weaning and diet n digestive enzyme levels in the piglet. J. Anim. Sci. 62:1298. Mahan, D. C Dried whey is nt always dried whey. Ohi Swine Res. Rep. N p 30 Ohi State Univ., Clumbus. Mahan, D. C., P. L. Graham and J. R. Crley Nutritinal prblems in diets f weanling pigs. Ohi Swine Res. Rep. N p 1 Ohi State Univ., Clumbus. Miller, E. R., D. E. Orr, Jr., J. P. tlitchcck, D. E. Ullrey and

6 1312 TOKACH ET AL. E. C. Miller Ratins fr pigs weaned at 3 r 4 weeks. J. Anim. Sci. 33:236 (Abstr.). Owsley, W. F., D. E. Orr, Jr. and L. F. Tribble. 1986a. Effects f nitrgen and energy surce n nutrient digestibility in the yung pig. J. Anim. Sci. 63:492. Owsley, W. F., D. E. Orr, Jr. and L. F. Tribble. 1986b. Effects f age and diet n the develpment f the pancreas and the synthesis and secretin f pancreatic enzymes in the yung pig. J. Ani. Sci. 63:497. Pllmann, D. S., G. L. Allee and S. Ppe Effects f weaning age, surce f whey and lysine level n perfrmance f starter pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 57(Suppl. 1): 86 (Abstr.). Ppe. S. K. and G. L. Allee, Use f whey in diets fr pigs weaned at three weeks. J. Anim. Sci. 55(Suppl. 1): 291 (Abstr.). Rbinsn, R. K Mdern Dairy Technlgy. Vl. 1. Advances in Milk Prcessing. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, New Yrk. SAS SAS User's Guide: Statistics SAS. Inst. Inc., Cary, NC. Sewetl, R. F. and J. P. West Sme effects f lactse n prtein utilizatin in the baby pig. J. Anita. Sci. 24:239. Stably, T. S., G. L. Crmwell and H. J. Mnegue Effect f dietary lysine levels and fat additins in crnsy r crn-sy-whey diets n the perfrmance f weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 55(Suppl. 1):91 (Abstr.). Thaler, R. C., J. L. Nelssen, G. L. Allee and M. E. Jhnstn Respnse f starter pigs t dietary additins f cpper sulfate and/r dried whey. J. Anim. Sci. 63(Suppl. 1):107 (Abstr.). Van Wrmer, D. M. and D. S. Pllmann Effect f lecithin additin t starter pig diets with and withut added fat and dried whey. Nutr. Rep. Int. 32:80. Wilsn, R. H. and J. Leibhlz. 1981a. Digestin in the pig between 7 and 35 d f age 2. The digestin f dry matter and the ph f digesta in pigs given milk and sya-bean prteins. Br. J. Nutr. 45:321. Wilsn, R. H. and J. Leibhlz. 1981b. Digestin in the pig between 7 and 35 d f age. 3. The digestin f nitrgen in pigs given milk and sya-bean prteins. Br. J. Nutr. 45:337.