Characterization of Dicarboxylic Acids for Cellulose Hydrolysis
|
|
- Karen Underwood
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 474 Biotechnol. Prog. 2001, 17, Characterization of Dicarboxylic Acids for Cellulose Hydrolysis Nathan S. Mosier,, Ayda Sarikaya,, Christine M. Ladisch, and Michael R. Ladisch*,,, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Textile Science, Department of Consumer Sciences and Retailing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana In this paper, we show that dilute maleic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, hydrolyzes cellobiose, the repeat unit of cellulose, and the microcrystalline cellulose Avicel as effectively as dilute sulfuric acid but with minimal glucose degradation. Maleic acid, superior to other carboxylic acids reported in this paper, gives higher yields of glucose that is more easily fermented as a result of lower concentrations of degradation products. These results are especially significant because maleic acid, in the form of maleic anhydride, is widely available and produced in large quantities annually. Introduction Limited fossil fuel supplies and rising oil prices along with increasing concern about the environmental impact of their use has prompted emphasis on research and development for the use of renewable resources for the generation of fuels and other chemicals now produced from petroleum. Biomass materials, consisting largely of cellulose, are a promising renewable resource for the production of fuels and industrial chemicals. A number of processes for hydrolyzing cellulose into glucose have been developed over the years. The two most common processes utilize either cellulolytic enzymes harvested from filamentous fungi such as Trichoderma sp. or sulfuric acid of varying strengths from dilute to concentrated. Historically, enzymes have been too expensive for economical production of fuel ethanol from biomass (1). Sulfuric acid itself is less expensive than cellulolytic enzymes, although disposal costs associated with the use of sulfuric acid significantly increase its cost. However, the single largest drawback to using sulfuric acid is that it also readily degrades glucose at the high temperatures required for cellulose hydrolysis (2-4). Glucose degradation not only lowers the yield of fermentable sugars from biomass but forms the degradation products hydroxymethyl furfural, levulinic acid, and formic acid, which themselves are inhibitory to yeast fermentation (5-8). Although concentrated mineral acids at lower temperatures have been used with some success (9, 10), the cost of acid recovery has impeded their widespread use. This paper addresses the use of carboxylic acids as cellulose-hydrolyzing catalysts as part of a larger research effort to develop organic molecules that mimic the specificity of enzymes (11). It is known that strong mineral acids hydrolyze cellulose more effectively than weak acids (12) and that carboxylic acid alone is a weak acid (high pk a ). However, compounds with multiple * ladisch@ecn.purdue.edu. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering. Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering. Department of Biomedical Engineering. Textile Science, Department of Consumer Sciences and Retailing. Table 1. pk a for Acid Catalysts at 20 C pk a acid catalyst molecular wt 1 2 sulfuric acid maleic acid succinic acid acetic acid water carboxylic acid moieties are stronger acids than monocarboxylic acids, both in number of protons available for donation to a base and lowered pk a s for the individual carboxylic acid moieties (compare the pk a of acetic acid to succinic and maleic acids, Table 1). The dicarboxylic acids, maleic and succinic acids, were evaluated by hydrolysis of the cellulose disaccharide repeat unit cellobiose. Results were compared against acetic acid, a monocarboxylic acid, and sulfuric acid, a mineral acid, as well as water alone. Maleic and sulfuric acids gave the largest extents of hydrolysis. These were then evaluated for the hydrolysis of the microcrystalline cellulose Avicel. Materials and Methods All chemicals used in these experiments were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO. General lab and HPLC supplies were obtained from Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA. Stainless steel tubing and Swagelok fittings were purchased from Indianapolis Valve and Fitting Co., Indianapolis, IN. Carbohydrate HPLC Analysis. Sample analysis utilized a Bio-Rad HPX-87H organic acid column (Bio- Rad Laboratories Inc., Hercules, CA) in a HPLC system consisting of a Milton Roy minipump (Milton Roy Co., Ivyland, PA), Waters 717 plus autosampler, Waters R401 differential refractometer (Waters Corp., Milford, MA), Hewlett-Packard 3396 series II integrator (Hewlett- Packard, Palo Alto, CA), and a personal computer for data storage. The mobile phase was 5 mm sulfuric acid in distilled, deionized water filtered to 0.2 µm. The operating conditions for the HPLC column were 60 C with a flow rate of 0.6 ml/minute. Complete sample elution could be accomplished within 35 min per injection /bp010028u CCC: $ American Chemical Society and American Institute of Chemical Engineers Published on Web 05/01/2001
2 Biotechnol. Prog., 2001, Vol. 17, No Figure 1. Heat-up profile for 200-mL autoclave reactor to 160 C in 60 min with 30 min hold time. Standard curves were generated for glucose and cellobiose with pure samples dissolved in mobile phase. Chemical samples were dried at 70 C for 24 h before weighing to eliminate moisture error. Fractional dilutions of the standard solution, 5.00 mg/ml, were made to give a standard curve range of mg/ml. Glucose Analyzer. Glucose concentrations for all samples were confirmed with an enzymatic analysis using a Beckman glucose analyzer 2 (Beckman Coulter, Inc., Fullerton, CA). All samples from a given experiment were equally diluted when necessary to give maximum concentrations below 2.5 mg/ml to keep the measurements within the linear range of the instrument. Instrument calibration was carried out using a 150 mg/dl glucose standard purchased from Beckman. ph Measurement. The ph of each carbohydrate and catalyst solution was measured using a Calomel ph electrode from the Cole-Parmer Instrument Company (Vernon Hills, IL) attached to a Corning ph/ ion meter 150 (Corning Medical and Scientific Instruments, Halstead, Essex, England). Before each use, the ph meter was calibrated at two points using ph 7.00 and 4.00 buffer solutions obtained from the Fisher Chemical Company (Pittsburgh, PA). Each carbohydrate and catalyst solution was equilibrated to room temperature (23 C) before the ph probe was inserted into the solution. The solution was gently stirred until the ph reading stabilized, and the result was recorded to the nearest ph (0.01. Initial Screening of Varying Acid Catalyst Concentrations. Initial screening of different catalysts used different concentrations in order to determine reasonable concentrations for more detailed kinetic analysis. Aqueous solutions of cellobiose at 10 g L -1 were hydrolyzed with varying concentrations of acid. A concentration of 10gL -1 represents the maximum of the linear range for detection by HPLC without sample dilution for both cellobiose and glucose. Experiments utilized samples of 100 ml in a 200-mL continuous-stir autoclave reactor (Autoclave Engineers Inc., Erie, PA). All experiments followed the same temperature profile (Figure 1) in which the target temperature of 160 C was reached in 60 min and then held constant for an additional 30 min. Cool down at the end of each experiment was achieved by running tap water through cooling coils in the reactor. Reactor temperature fell below 100 C in less than 60 s for each experiment. In addition to the carboxylic acid catalyst candidates, a control with no acid (water with 10 g L -1 cellobiose) and varying concentrations of sulfuric acid, the standard acid for cellulose hydrolysis, were used. Each experiment was duplicated to give two data points per concentration. Reactant and product concentrations before and after hydrolysis were determined using HPLC and Beckman glucose analyzer 2. Glucose concentrations in solutions containing maleic acid were determined solely by Beckman glucose analyzer 2 because maleic acid and glucose coelute (Figure 2). Cellulose Hydrolysis. Avicel (FMC Corporation, Philadelphia, PA), sieve cut (53-75 µm), was used as the microcrystalline cellulose for hydrolysis. To 200 ml of 50 mm maleic acid and sulfuric acid aqueous solutions was added 8.0 g of the sieved Avicel, giving an approximated cellulose concentration of 35 g L -1. This concentration of Avicel was selected to give measurable glucose within 30 min of hydrolysis at 175 C. The solution ph was measured before and after the addition of the cellulose. The Avicel and acid solution mixture was vigorously shaken immediately before 4.0 ml of liquid was withdrawn by pipet to fill the reactor tubes. Reactor tubes were constructed from in in. 316 stainless steel tubing and in. Swagelok caps (Swagelok Cos., Solon, OH). Each reactor tube was 6 in. in length giving a total volume of 5.5 ml. However, a sample volume of only 4.0 ml (at room temperature) was used in each tube to allow for liquid expansion from heating. Temperature control was achieved utilizing a Tecam SBL-1 fluidized sand bath. As a result of size constraints and temperature variation on the vertical axis of the sand bath, only two reactor tubes could be immersed at one time. Internal reactor tube temperatures during heatup for varying bath temperatures were determined using an Omega thermowell with thermocouple (Omega Engineering, Inc., Stamford, CT). The thermowell and thermocouple were inserted into the reactor tube to the vertical and axial center and held in place with a Swagelok fitting and ferule to maintain pressure. Heatup times were determined using two reactor tubes each filled with 4 ml of water, one blank and one with thermocouple inserted. A replicate of each temperature experiment was performed (data shown in Figure 3). Heat-up times of 2 min were required to achieve 175 C at the corresponding saturation water vapor pressure
3 476 Biotechnol. Prog., 2001, Vol. 17, No. 3 Figure 2. Chromatograms of solutions containing cellobiose and glucose, cellobiose and 0.05 M maleic acid, and all three compounds. Maleic acid and glucose coelute, and thus all glucose concentrations in maleic acid solutions determined solely by Beckman glucose analyzer 2. Figure 3. Heat-up profiles for reactor tubes filled with water. (930 kpa), so that the contents of the tube were maintained in a liquid state. The reactor tubes were cooled by immersion in ice water. Internal tube temperature dropped below 100 C in less than 10 s for all tested sand bath temperatures (data not shown). Four time points were tested, including a zero time, which represented heat-up of the reactor tube to the desired temperature and immediate cool-down in ice water. The order of reaction times was randomized for each experiment. In addition, all time point experiments were repeated. The two replicates gave four data points per reaction time (two sets of two tubes). After cool-down, the contents of the reactor tubes were filtered through Whatman PVDF centrifuge filters, 0.2 µm pore size, 6.5 mm diameter (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA) that were dried at 60 C for 24 h and individually weighed prior to filtration. The supernatant was retained for analysis. The sample bottles were rinsed to recover residual Avicel that was then filtered through the same filters. The recovered Avicel in the centrifuge filters was then dried at 60 C for 72 h and weighed. The initial mass of Avicel was determined by averaging the recovered Avicel masses from the four zero-time samples. Concentrations of dissolved saccharides, oligosaccharides, and degradation products were determined by HPLC and Beckman glucose analyzer 2 as described above. Theory Modeling Cellulose Saccharification by Dilute Sulfuric Acid. Cellulose is a heterogeneous substrate that makes modeling cellulose hydrolysis difficult. Cellulose is composed of chains of glucose connected by β- (1-4) glycosidic bonds. One chain end is termed the reducing end because the hemiacetal is able to open to expose the reducing aldehyde. The other chain end is called the non-reducing end because the 1-carbon in the hemiacetal is involved in the β(1-4) bond, preventing ring opening. Like starch chains, this gives cellulose
4 Biotechnol. Prog., 2001, Vol. 17, No chains directionality. Unlike starch, having glucose as its repeat unit, the repeat unit for cellulose is cellobiose, a glucose dimer. This is because the β(1-4) bond causes the glucose molecules to align with alternating directionality, unlike the R(1-4) bound glucose molecules in starch (13). Beginning with Saeman in 1945 (2) and confirmed by many others (12, 14-18) cellulose hydrolysis by acid catalysts has been modeled as a pseudo-first-order homogeneous sequential reaction of cellulose hydrolysis followed by glucose degradation: k hyd C98 k deg G98 HMF + H 2 O f LA + FA (1) where C ) cellulose, G ) glucose, HMF ) hydroxymethyl fufural, LA ) levulinic acid, FA ) formic acid, k hyd ) kinetic constant of cellulose hydrolysis, and k deg ) kinetic constant of glucose degradation. However, cellulosic materials are not homogeneous solids. Their physical and chemical properties change over the course of hydrolysis, which makes effective generalized modeling of cellulose hydrolysis difficult. The cellulose hydrolysis kinetic constants must be determined empirically for each biomass material, acid catalyst, and set of reaction conditions. Cellobiose Hydrolysis and Glucose Degradation. Cellobiose, the repeat unit of cellulose, was chosen for the screening and initial kinetic experiments of the acid catalysts. The use of cellobiose served to simplify the experiments since there was only one hydrolyzable bond for each molecule of reactant. Furthermore, cellobiose is soluble and can be obtained in greater purity (>99.9%) than plant cellulose (97-99%), simplifying interpretation of the data. There is also less homogeneity for reaction slurries containing cellulose than cellobiose because the crystallinity and accessibility of the cellulose to the catalyst can vary substantially between solid particles of cellulose, as well as within the individual particles themselves. It must also be noted that direct utilization of cellobiose hydrolysis kinetics for predicting cellulose hydrolysis is limited by the varying accessibility and crystallinity of the cellulose, which changes the reactivity of the individual β(1-4) glycosidic bonds. However, cellobiose hydrolysis data show important trends that help focus further study with purified cellulose and biomass materials of possible industrial importance. Hydrolysis of cellobiose occurs by the following formula where G 2 ) cellobiose and G ) glucose: k G 2 + H 2 O 98 2G (2) Glucose degradation has been shown to generate products by k deg G98 HMF + H 2 O f LA + FA (3) where G ) glucose, HMF ) hydroxymethyl furfural, LA ) levulinic acid, FA ) formic acid, and k deg ) kinetic constant of glucose degradation. Disappearance of cellobiose from the reaction liquid is reported in this paper as a percent of the measured original concentration. The measured glucose concentrations can be interpreted in two different ways. The first expression of the glucose concentration data is glucose yield. Glucose yield is the observed final glucose concentration over the stoichiometric maximum glucose from Figure 4. Cellobiose (10 g L -1 ) hydrolysis (a) and glucose yield (b) for varying acid concentrations at 160 C, 30 min hold time. the measured disappearance of cellobiose: Y G ) [G] 100% (4) 2([G 2,0 ] - [G 2,f ]) where Y G ) percent expected glucose yield, [G] ) molar glucose concentration, [G 2,0 ] ) initial molar cellobiose concentration, and [G 2,f ] ) final molar cellobiose concentration The second expression, theoretical glucose yield, is calculated as percent final glucose concentration over total theoretical glucose from initial cellobiose: Y G/G2 ) [G] 100% (5) 2[G 2 ] where, Y G/G2 ) percent glucose yield, [G] ) molar concentration of glucose, and [G 2 ] ) molar concentration of cellobiose. Results and Discussion Cellobiose Hydrolysis. Maleic acid hydrolyzed 95-99% of the cellobiose (Figure 4a) with a maximum glucose yield of 90% achieved at 50 mm acid concentration (Figure 4b). The glucose yield gives a measure of the quantity of hydrolyzed cellobiose that is found as glucose at the end of the reaction. Succinic acid gave conversions of 60-80% with glucose yields of 85-90%. Sulfuric acid gave close to 100% hydrolysis but only 80% glucose yield in the best case (compare Figure 4a and b). The monocarboxylic acid, acetic acid, resulted in the lowest conversion for all examined acids, with glucose yields falling between sulfuric acid and the dicarboxylic acids. When cellobiose is cooked in water alone, 15% is hydrolyzed
5 478 Biotechnol. Prog., 2001, Vol. 17, No. 3 Figure 5. Measured glucose yield from decomposed cellobiose vs acid concentration at 160 C, 30 min hold time. with a glucose yield of 55%. Water alone is capable of both hydrolyzing cellobiose and degrading glucose, consistent with the literature results (19, 20). Chromatographic analysis of all controls and acids tested showed the presence of significant levels of glucose degradation products such as levulinc acid, formic acid, and hydroxymethyl furfural in the samples with low glucose yield. The results show striking differences among the catalytic ability of the four acids tested. The percent hydrolysis of cellobiose (Figure 4a) shows some important trends. Although the acetic acid and succinic acid solutions buffer water to approximately the same ph, , the percent hydrolysis is substantially different. For the other group, both maleic acid and sulfuric acid achieve near complete hydrolysis for the reaction temperature and time. The baseline hydrolysis of cellobiose in water alone, shown for comparison, is by far the lowest. Both succinic acid and maleic acid show very high (82-95%) glucose yield in the final solutions (Figure 4b). Acetic acid had moderate levels of expected gluocose as did lower concentrations of sulfuric acid. However, water alone and higher concentrations of sulfuric acid showed significant loss of the desired product. For both maleic and sulfuric acid, the theoretical glucose yields (Figure 5) have a local maximum at approximately 50 mm concentrations. Theoretical glucose yield (eq 5) describes percent total conversion to glucose of the initial cellobiose in solution. This shows that, for the reaction duration and temperature profile, 50 mm acid concentration is near optimal since near 100% cellobiose hydrolysis was achieved. These results led to the selection of 50 mm maleic and sulfuric acid as concentrations for initial kinetic studies of cellobiose hydrolysis and glucose degradation. For succinic and acetic acids, the upward trend in yield closely mirrors the upward trend in percent hydrolysis for increasing concentrations (Figure 4a). This can be interpreted that the reaction conditions, temperature and time, as well as acid concentrations, are far from optimized. In summary, maleic acid produced the highest glucose yields of all of the tested acids. Although sulfuric acid produced slightly higher cellobiose hydrolysis than maleic acid, less subsequent glucose degradation by the maleic acid produced higher glucose yields than sulfuric acid. Succinic acid gave superior glucose yields compared with sulfuric acid when both acids were at the highest tested concentrations. Although succinic and maleic acid had high glucose yields from hydrolyzed cellobiose (Figure 4b), HPLC results also show small levels of glucose degradation products that account for the lost glucose. These results suggest that the reaction rates for cellobiose hydrolysis are greater than the rates of glucose degradation for succinic acid and maleic acid when compared to acetic acid and sulfuric acid. The results for maleic acid are especially significant since it is a chemical commodity widely used in the form of maleic anhydride. Maleic anhydride will hydrolyze into maleic acid at room temperature in aqueous solution (21). Although maleic anhydride itself has no consumer uses, its derivatives are universally known and used. Maleic anhydride is a required reactant for the production of unsaturated polyester resins used to produce fiberglass, casting resins, and auto repair putty. The US. production of maleic anhydride was in excess of 189,000 tons in 1992 with the major producers being Amoco and Huntsman Specialty Chemicals, formerly of Monsanto (21). It is currently sold as a bulk commodity for $ per pound (22). Hydrolysis of Cellulose (Avicel). Although hydrolysis of cellobiose is useful for screening catalysts for cellulose hydrolysis, further testing of the promising candidates with cellulose is required to confirm the cellobiose hydrolysis results. Avicel was chosen as the cellulose substrate. Avicel is a highly crystalline form of cellulose produced by acid reflux hydrolysis of wood. The high crystallinity of Avicel makes it resistant to hydrolysis (23). Cellulolytic enzymes are able to achieve a maximum conversion of 90% (10% not degradable by the enzymes) after more than 100 hours at 50 C (24). Of the acids screened, maleic acid was chosen as the most promising carboxylic acid because of the high theoretical glucose yields obtained from cellobiose hydrolysis. Maleic acid at 50 mm concentration was chosen as the test case since it gave the highest glucose yield at 160 C (Figure 4b). As a control, Avicel was also hydrolyzed by sulfuric acid at 50 mm, the sulfuric acid concentration that gave the highest glucose yield at 160 C. However, the hydrolysis was carried out at 175 C because microcrystalline cellulose requires pretreatment at temperatures above 160 C to open the crystalline structure to hydrolysis (19, 25). Hydrolysis was carried out for three hold times, 30, 60, and 180 min, at 175 C. To better control the temperature, these reactions were carried out in 5.5- ml, 316 stainless steel reactor tubes placed in a fluidized sand bath that allowed the reaction mixture to reach 175 C in 2 min, as described in Materials and Methods. After the hold time, the reaction tubes were quenched in ice water to reach ambient temperature in less than 10 s. Table 2 shows the solid cellulose and dissolved glucose results from four replicates. The final percent hydrolysis is nearly identical for both acids. However, there is slightly more cellulose hydrolyzed at 60 min in maleic acid (13.8%) than in sulfuric acid (8.23%). The results of greatest importance are % glucan as glucose (i.e., % yield column). This number represents the molar mass of measured glucose divided by the change in molar mass of cellulose. The molar mass is calculated by describing cellulose as glucan, or anhydroglucose, to simplify the varying degrees of polymerization of the individual cellulose chains within each particle: MW glucan ) MW glucose - MW water ; ) (6) The remaining percent change in cellulose molar mass is lost as glucose degradation products. Although the percent hydrolysis is nearly identical for both acids, the
6 Biotechnol. Prog., 2001, Vol. 17, No Figure 6. Comparison of measured Avicel disappearance and glucose appearance from hydrolysis at 175 C. Table 2. Results of Avicel Hydrolysis at 175 C time (min) compound concn (g/l) -glucan (g/l) std dev % hydrolysis % yield 50 mm Maleic Acid 0 cellulose cellulose cellulose cellulose glucose n/a 30 glucose glucose glucose mm Sulfuric Acid 0 cellulose cellulose cellulose cellulose glucose n/a 30 glucose glucose glucose percent glucose yielded from hydrolysis is much higher for maleic acid. The data suggest that the rate of Avicel hydrolysis is nearly identical for both 50 mm maleic and sulfuric acids, whereas the rate of glucose degradation is much lower for maleic acid than sulfuric acid. This is clear evidence of the superiority of maleic acid for the hydrolysis of cellulose compared with sulfuric acid. Figure 6 shows this large difference in glucose from the nearly equivalent hydrolysis of Avicel between the two acids. At 30 min, 65.6% of the decrease in cellulose molar mass is recovered as glucose through maleic acid hydrolysis compared with 25.7% for sulfuric acid hydrolysis. At the 60 and 180 min intervals the percent recovered as glucose decreases for both acids. This is presumably because hydrolysis rate slows as the more easily hydrolyzed cellulose is removed leaving increasingly recalcitrant material. Although the rate of hydrolysis that generates glucose is reduced, the rate of glucose degradation remains unchanged. At the point the rate of glucose generation is less than the rate of glucose degradation, the glucose concentration decreases (note the drop in glucose concentration after reaching a peak in Figure 6). However, the large variability in glucose concentrations at 60 and 180 min within the four replicates prompted further investigation. To determine if sulfuric acid degraded glucose more significantly than maleic acid, the same experimental apparatus was used to test four replicates of each acid on solutions of pure glucose. After 30 min at 175 C, between 84% and 93% of the glucose (5 g L -1 initial concentration) was degraded in the presence of 50 mm sulfuric acid, whereas only between 13% and 17% of the glucose was degraded in the presence of 50 mm maleic acid. Conclusion Dilute maleic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, has been shown to hydrolyze cellobiose and cellulose as effectively as dilute sulfuric acid. Higher glucose yields from cellulose hydrolysis also suggest that maleic acid does not degrade glucose as easily as sulfuric acid. This is significant because less glucose degradation by maleic acid would result in higher glucose yields from a cellulosic biomass, which would be more easily fermented as a result of lower concentrations of fermentation-inhibiting degradation products. Further work into the kinetics of cellobiose and cellulose hydrolysis and the kinetics of glucose degradation for these acids is needed to confirm these hypotheses and to develop a model for predicting glucose yields from biomass hydrolysis. Such work is required for optimizing the cost of biomass conversion using maleic acid. Acknowledgment We would like to thank Craig Keim and Kyle Beery for their helpful comments on this manuscript. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant BES References and Notes (1) Lynd, L. R.; Elander, R. T.; Wyman, C. E. Likely Features and Costs of Mature Biomass Ethanol Technology. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 1996, 57-8, (2) Saeman, J. F. Kinetics of Wood Saccharification: Hydrolysis of Cellulose and Decomposition of Sugars in Dilute Acid at High Temperatures. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1945, 37(1),
7 480 Biotechnol. Prog., 2001, Vol. 17, No. 3 (3) McKibbins, S. W.; Harris, J. F.; Saeman, J. F.; Neill, W. K. Kinetics of the Acid-Catalyzed Conversion of Glucose to 5-Hydroxymethyl-2Furaldehyde and Levulinic Acid. Forest Products J. 1962, 12, 17. (4) Bienkowski, P. R.; Ladisch, M. R.; Narayan, R.; Tsao, G. T.; Eckert, R. Correlation of Glucose (Dextrose) Degradation at 90 to 190 C in 0.4 to 20% Acid. Chem. Eng. Commun. 1987, 51, (5) Delgenes, J. P.; Moletta, R.; Navarro, J. M. Effects of Lignocellulose Degradation Products on Ethanol Fermentations of Glucose and Xylose by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zymomonas mobilis, Pichia stipitis, and Candida shehatae. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 1996, 19, (6) Taherzadeh, M. J.; Niklasson, C.; Lindén, G. Conversion of Dilute Acid Hydrolyzate of Spruce and Birch to Ethanol by Fed-Batch Fermentation. Bioresour. Technol. 1999, 69, (7) Larsson, S.; Palmqvist, E.; Hahn-Hägerdal, B.; Tengborg, C.; Stenberg, K.; Zacchi, G.; Nilvebrant, N.-O. The Generation of Fermentation Inhibitors During Dilute Acid Hydrolysis of Softwood. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 1999, 24, (8) Jeffries, T. W.; Sreenath, H. K. Production of Ethanol from Wood Hydrolyzate by Yeasts. Bioresour. Technol. 2000, 72, (9) Goldstein, I. S.; Easter, J. M. An Improved Process for Converting Cellulose to Ethanol. TAPPI J. 1992, 75(8), (10) Goldstein, I. S.; Pereira, H.; Pittman, J. L.; Strouse, B. A.; Scaringelli, F. P. The Hydrolysis of Cellulose with Superconcentrated Hydrochloric Acid. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1983, 13, (11) Mosier, N. S.; Hall, P.; Ladisch, C. M.; Ladisch, M. R. Reaction Kinetics, Molecular Action, and Mechanisms of Cellulolytic Proteins. Adv. Biochem. Eng./Biotechnol. 1999, 65, (12) Malester, I. A.; Green, M.; Shelef, G. Kinetics of Dilute Acid Hydrolysis of Cellulose Originating from Municipal Solid Wastes. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1992, 31, (13) Ott, E.; Spurlin, H.; Grafflin M.; Mark, H. Structures and Properties of Cellulose Fibers. In Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives, 2nd ed.; Interscience Publishers: New York, 1954; Vol. 1, Chapter 4, pp (14) Fagan, R. D.; Converse, O.; Grethlein, H. E.; Porteous, A. Kinetics of the Acid Hydrolysis of Cellulose Found in Paper Refuse. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1971, 5(6), (15) Church, J. A.; Wooldridge, D. Continuous High-Solids Acid Hydrolysis of Biomass in a 1.5 in. Plug Flow Reactor. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1981, 20(2), (16) McParland, J. J.; Grethlein, H. E.; Converse, A. O. Kinetics of Acid Hydrolysis of Corn Stover. Solar Energy 1982, 28(1), (17) Bhandari, N.; MacDonald, D. G.; Bakhshi, N. N. Kinetic Studies of Corn Stover Saccharification Using Sulphuric Acid. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1984, 26, (18) Sidiras, D. K.; Koukios, E. G. Acid Saccharification of Ball- Milled Straw. Biomass 1989, 19(4), (19) Baugh, K. D.; Levy, J. A.; McCarty, P. L. Thermochemical pretreatment of lignocellulose to enhance methane fermentation: II. Evaluation and application of pretreatment model. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1988, 31, (20) Bobleter, O.; Bonn, G. The Hydrothermolysis of Cellobiose and its Reaction Product D-Glucose. Carbohydr. Res. 1983, 124, (21) Felthouse, T. R.; Burnett, J. C.; Mitchell, S. F.; Mummey, M. J. Maleic Anhydride, Maleic and Fumaric Acid. In Kirk- Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th ed.; Kroschwitz, J. I., Howe-Grant, M., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1995; Vol. 15, pp (22) Chemical Market Reporter; Feb 14, 2000 through Jun 5, (23) Lee, Y.-H.; Fan, L. T. Kinetic Studies of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Insoluble Cellulose II. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1983, 25, (24) Nidetzky, B.; Steiner, W. A New Approach for Modeling Cellulase-Cellulose Adsorption and the Kinetics of the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Microcrystalline Cellulose. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1993, 42, (25) Kohlmann, K. L.; Sarikaya, A.; Westgate, P. J.; Weil, J.; Velayudhan, A.; Hendrickson, R.; Ladisch, M. R. Enhanced enzyme activities on hydrated lignocellulosic substrates. In Enzymatic Degradation of Insoluble Carbohydrates; Saddler, J. N., Penner, M. H. Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 618; American Chemical Society: Washinton DC, 1995; pp Accepted for publication March 27, BP010028U
Effect of process conditions on high solid enzymatic hydrolysis of pre-treated pine
Effect of process conditions on high solid enzymatic hydrolysis of pre-treated pine Abstract Anders Josefsson Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Sweden 213-6-12 In this study a relatively
More informationOligosaccharide Hydrolysis in Plug Flow Reactor using Strong Acid Catalyst Young Mi Kim, Nathan Mosier, Rick Hendrickson, and Michael R.
Oligosaccharide Hydrolysis in Plug Flow Reactor using Strong Acid Catalyst Young Mi Kim, Nathan Mosier, Rick Hendrickson, and Michael R. Ladisch Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering Department
More informationImprovement of enzymatic hydrolysis of a marine macro-alga by dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment
Improvement of enzymatic hydrolysis of a marine macro-alga by dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment Parviz Yazdani 1*, Keikhosro Karimi 1,2, Mohammad J. Taherzadeh 2 1 Department of Chemical Engineering,
More informationIn this study, effect of different high-boiling-organic solvent (ethanolamine, diethylene glycol and
ISESCO JOURNAL of Science and Technology Vol. 12 No 21 High Boiling Solvent Pre-treatment of Hazelnut Shells for Enzymatic Hydrolysis Emir Zafer Hoşgün, Berrin Bozan Anadolu University, Engineering Faculty,
More informationHydrothermal pretreatment of biomass for ethanol fermentation
Hydrothermal pretreatment of biomass for ethanol fermentation Yukihiko Matsumura Hiroshima University 1 Dec. 10-12, 2012 JAPANESE-DANISH JOINT WORKSHOP Future Green Technology Hakata, Japan 緒言 First and
More informationEFFECT OF HEMICELLULOSE LIQUID PHASE ON THE ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF AUTOHYDROLYZED EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS WOOD
S05-036 EFFECT OF HEMICELLULOSE LIQUID PHASE ON THE ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF AUTOHYDROLYZED EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS WOOD Romaní, Aloia; Ruiz, Héctor A. *; Pereira, Francisco B; Domingues, Lucília; Teixeira,
More informationMinimizing Wash Water Usage After Acid Hydrolysis Pretreatment of Biomass
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Biological and Agricultural Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses Biological and Agricultural Engineering 5-2013 Minimizing Wash Water Usage After
More informationThe effect of dilute-acid pretreatment on cellulose crystallinity and digestibility
The effect of dilute-acid pretreatment on cellulose crystallinity and digestibility Name course : Thesis project Biobased Chemistry and Technology Number : BCT-80324 Study load : 24 ects Date : 13-01-2016
More informationLiquid Hot Water Pretreatment of Corn Stover: Impact of BMR. Nathan S. Mosier and Wilfred Vermerris
Liquid Hot Water Pretreatment of Corn Stover: Impact of BMR Nathan S. Mosier and Wilfred Vermerris Acknowledgements Research, Inc. (CPBR), U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Prime Agreement no. DEFG36-02GO12026.
More informationCellulase Inhibitors/Deactivators in Lignocellulosic Biomass
Cellulase Inhibitors/Deactivators in Lignocellulosic Biomass Youngmi Kim *, Eduardo Ximenes, Nathan S. Mosier and Michael R. Ladisch LORRE, Purdue Univ. 32 nd Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals
More informationThe Application of Détente Instantanée Contrôlée (DIC) Technology to Minimize the Degradation Rate of Glucose
International Proceedings of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Vol. 88 (2015) DOI: 10.7763/IPCBEE. 2015. V88. 6 The Application of Détente Instantanée Contrôlée (DIC) Technology to Minimize
More informationAn Investigation of Biofuels
Please print Full name clearly: Introduction: BIOL 305L Laboratory Six An Investigation of Biofuels To me, this is the ultimate use of the plant cell wall the potential to obtain an alternative fuel from
More informationUSE OF ENZYMES IN HYDROLYSIS OF MAIZE STALKS. Ivo Valchev, Sanchi Nenkova, Petya Tsekova, and Veska Lasheva
USE OF ENZYMES IN HYDROLYSIS OF MAIZE STALKS Ivo Valchev, Sanchi Nenkova, Petya Tsekova, and Veska Lasheva Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant organic raw material in the world. Cellulose and
More informationSACCHARIDES (Liquid Chromatography)
Corn Syrup Analysis E-61-1 PRINCIPLE SCOPE A corn syrup solution is passed through a metal ion-modified cation exchange column. The individual sugars are separated by molecular exclusion and ligand exchange.
More informationEvaluation of the Main Inhibitors from Lignocellulose Pretreatment for Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Yeast Fermentation
Evaluation of the Main Inhibitors from Lignocellulose Pretreatment for Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Yeast Fermentation Young Hoon Jung a and Kyoung Heon Kim b, * To produce cellulosic ethanol more economically,
More informationEnhancement of total sugar and lignin yields through dissolution of poplar wood by hot water and dilute acid flowthrough pretreatment
Enhancement of total sugar and lignin yields through dissolution of poplar wood by hot water and dilute acid flowthrough pretreatment Yan et al. Yan et al. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2014, 7:76 Yan et
More informationDilute Acid Pretreatment of Corncob for Efficient Sugar Production
DOI 10.1007/s12010-010-9071-4 Dilute Acid Pretreatment of Corncob for Efficient Sugar Production G. S. Wang & Jae-Won Lee & J. Y. Zhu & Thomas W. Jeffries Received: 3 May 2010 / Accepted: 16 August 2010
More informationEthanol Production from the Mixture of Hemicellulose Prehydrolysate
Ethanol Production from the Mixture of Hemicellulose Prehydrolysate and Paper Sludge Li Kang, David Webster, Harry Cullinan and Y. Y. Lee Department of Chemical Engineering Auburn University 1 Outline
More informationSugars Production from Wheat Straw Using Maleic Acid
Sugars Production from Wheat Straw Using Maleic Acid G. KATSAMAS, D. SIDIRAS Department of Industrial Management and Technology University of Piraeus 80 Karaoli & Dimitriou, GR 18534 Piraeus GREECE sidiras@unipi.gr
More informationSyringe Pump Application Note AN27. Figure 1: Phase diagram of water showing vapor-liquid relationship for subcritical water
Measurement of Aqueous Solubility of Compounds at High Temperature Using a Dynamic Flow Apparatus and a Teledyne Isco Syringe Pump Jerry W. King & Keerthi Srinivas, University of Arkansas, Dept. of Chemical
More informationLAP-003CS. Procedure Title: Author(s): Bonnie Hames, Fannie Posey-Eddy, Chris Roth, Ray Ruiz, Amie Sluiter, David Templeton.
Biofuels Program Biomass Analysis Technology Team Laboratory Analytical Procedure LAP-003CS Procedure Title: Determination of Acid-Insoluble Lignin in Corn Stover Author(s): Bonnie Hames, Fannie Posey-Eddy,
More informationCOMPARISON BETWEEN ACID HYDROLYSIS AND TWO-STEP AUTOHYDROLYSIS FOR HEMICELLULOSIC ETHANOL PRODUCTION
CELLULOSE CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY COMPARISON BETWEEN ACID HYDROLYSIS AND TWO-STEP AUTOHYDROLYSIS FOR HEMICELLULOSIC ETHANOL PRODUCTION JEREMY BOUCHER, CHRISTINE CHIRAT and DOMINIQUE LACHENAL LGP2-Grenoble
More informationSTANDARD OPERATING PROTOCOL (SOP)
1 STANDARD PERATING PRTCL (SP) Subject: Determination of Flavonol Glycosides in Ginkgo biloba Products by HPLC Analysis Project/Core No.: Core B Total 6 Pages SP No.: CB0104 Modified Date: 07/30/01 BTANICAL
More informationOPTIMIZATION OF RICE BRAN HYDROLYSIS AND KINETIC MODELLING OF XANTHAN GUM PRODUCTION USING AN ISOLATED STRAIN
International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 4, No 2, 2015, 285 292 ISSN 2278-3687 (O) 2277-663X (P) OPTIMIZATION OF RICE BRAN HYDROLYSIS AND KINETIC MODELLING OF XANTHAN GUM PRODUCTION
More informationKinetics analysis of β-fructofuranosidase enzyme. 1-Effect of Time Incubation On The Rate Of An Enzymatic Reaction
Kinetics analysis of β-fructofuranosidase enzyme 1-Effect of Time Incubation On The Rate Of An Enzymatic Reaction Enzyme kinetics It is the study of the chemical reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes.
More informationEthanol production from alfalfa fiber fractions by saccharification and fermentation*
PROCESS BIOCHEMISTRY ELSEVIER Process Biochemistry 36 (2001) 1199-1204 www.elsevier.com/locate/procbio Ethanol production from alfalfa fiber fractions by saccharification and fermentation* Hassan K. Sreenath
More informationCELLULASE from PENICILLIUM FUNICULOSUM
CELLULASE from PENICILLIUM FUNICULOSUM Prepared at the 55th JECFA (2000) and published in FNP 52 Add 8 (2000), superseding tentative specifications prepared at the 31st JECFA (1987) and published in FNP
More informationChemical and Microbial Hydrolysis of Sweet Sorghum Bagasse for Ethanol Production
Chemical and Microbial Hydrolysis of Sweet Sorghum Bagasse for Ethanol Production Anusith Thanapimmetha 1,2, Korsuk Vuttibunchon 1, Maythee Saisriyoot 1,2, Penjit Srinophakun 1,2 * 1 Bioprocess Laboratory,
More informationMost of the ethanol that is used as a biofuel in this country is produced from corn.
Chem 251 Ethanol from Corn Most of the ethanol that is used as a biofuel in this country is produced from corn. In this experiment you will make ethanol from frozen corn kernels using a process similar
More informationLAP-019CS. Procedure Title: Author(s): Bonnie Hames, Fannie Posey-Eddy, Chris Roth, Ray Ruiz, Amie Sluiter, David Templeton.
Biofuels Program Biomass Analysis Technology Team Laboratory Analytical Procedure LAP-019CS Procedure Title: Hydrolysis of Corn Stover for Compositional Analysis Author(s): Bonnie Hames, Fannie Posey-Eddy,
More informationSupplementary Information
Supplementary Information Levulinic esters from the acid-catalysed reactions of sugar and alcohol as part of bio-refinery Xun Hu and Chun-Zhu Li* Fuels and Energy Technology Institute, Curtin University
More informationTHE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO METHODS FOR EVALUATING FIVE-CARBON SUGARS IN EUCALYPTUS EXTRACTION LIQUOR
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO METHODS FOR EVALUATING FIVE-CARBON SUGARS IN EUCALYPTUS EXTRACTION LIQUOR Congcong Chi, a,b* Zeng Zhang, a Weiwei Ge, a and Hasan Jameel b Alkaline pre-extraction and hydrothermal
More informationHydrolysis and Fractionation of Hot-Water Wood Extracts
C Hydrolysis and Fractionation of Hot-Water Wood Extracts Thomas E. Amidon Christopher D. Wood, Jian Xu, Yang Wang, Mitchell Graves and Shijie Liu Biorefinery Research Institute Department of Paper and
More informationScreening of Rice Straw Degrading Microorganisms and Their Cellulase Activities
Research 83 KKU Sci. J.37 (Supplement) 83-88 (2009) Screening of Rice Straw Degrading Microorganisms and Their Cellulase Activities Abstract Atcha Boonmee 1,2* Rice straw is one of the most abundant agricultural
More informationSupplementary information
Supplementary information Heteropoly acids as efficient acid catalysts in the one-step conversion cellulose to sugar alcohols Regina Palkovits *[a],[b], Kameh Tajvidi [b], Agnieszka Ruppert [c], Joanna
More informationEXPERIMENT 4 DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS, TOTAL REDUCING SUGARS, SUCROSE AND STARCH
Practical Manual Food Chemistry and Physiology EXPERIMENT 4 DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS, TOTAL REDUCING SUGARS, SUCROSE AND STARCH Structure 4.1 Introduction Objectives 4.2 Experiment 4a: Reducing
More informationProduction of Reducing Sugars from Hydrolysis of Napier Grass by Acid or Alkali
Doi: 10.12982/cmujns.2017.0003 CMU J. Nat. Sci. (2017) Vol. 16(1) 31 Production of Reducing Sugars from Hydrolysis of Napier Grass by Acid or Alkali Duangkanok Tanangteerapong*, Thanawat Tunjaroensin,
More informationA WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION JOHN WILEY
Cellulose Structure, Modification and Hydrolysis Edited by RAYMOND A. YOUNG and ROGER M. ROWELL University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin and USDA Forest Products Laboratory Madison, Wisconsin A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE
More informationASSAY OF USING BETA-GLUCAZYME TABLETS
ASSAY OF endo-β-glucanases USING BETA-GLUCAZYME TABLETS T-BGZ 12/12 Note: Changed assay format for malt β-glucanase Megazyme International Ireland 2012 SUBSTRATE: The substrate employed is Azurine-crosslinked
More informationLignin Isolation from Pulp
Lignin Isolation from Pulp Several different enzymatic, chemical and mechanical methods have been developed for the isolation of lignin from wood and pulp. However, due to the heterogeneous nature of wood
More informationHEMICELLULASE from ASPERGILLUS NIGER, var.
HEMICELLULASE from ASPERGILLUS NIGER, var. Prepared at the 55th JECFA (2000) and published in FNP 52 Add 8 (2000), superseding tentative specifications prepared at the 31st JECFA (1987) and published in
More informationCatalogue. Resins and Columns For High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Catalogue Resins and Columns For High Performance Liquid Chromatography Updated August 11, 2008 Contents Benson Polymeric provides premium polymeric column packing materials and prepacked columns for use
More informationStudent Manual. Background STUDENT MANUAL BACKGROUND. Enzymes
Background Enzymes Enzymes are typically proteins (some nucleic acids have also been found to be enzymes) that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions that would take far too long to occur on
More informationSaccharification of corncob using cellulolytic bacteria - Titi Candra Sunarti et al.
Saccharification of corncob using cellulolytic bacteria - Titi Candra Sunarti et al. Figure 2. (a) (b) (c) (d) Microscopic structures of (a) corncob, (b) delignified corncob, (c) cellulose fraction, (d)
More informationPurity Tests for Modified Starches
Residue Monograph prepared by the meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), 82 nd meeting 2016 Purity Tests for Modified Starches This monograph was also published in: Compendium
More informationAMYLOGLUCOSIDASE from ASPERGILLUS NIGER, var.
AMYLOGLUCOSIDASE from ASPERGILLUS NIGER, var. SYNONYMS INS No. 1100 Prepared at the 59 th JECFA (2002) and published in FNP 52 Add 10 (2002), superseding tentative specifications prepared at the 55 th
More informationDetermination of 6-Chloropicolinic Acid (6-CPA) in Crops by Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection. EPL-BAS Method No.
Page 1 of 10 Determination of 6-Chloropicolinic Acid (6-CPA) in Crops by Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection EPL-BAS Method No. 205G881B Method Summary: Residues of 6-CPA are
More informationWoody Biomass Conversion: Process Improvements at ESF
Woody Biomass Conversion: Process Improvements at ESF Shijie Liu Biorefinery Research Institute Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Outline
More informationEXPERIMENT 6 Properties of Carbohydrates: Solubility, Reactivity, and Specific Rotation
EXPERIMENT 6 Properties of Carbohydrates: Solubility, Reactivity, and Specific Rotation Materials Needed About 3-5 g each of Glucose, Fructose, Maltose, Sucrose, Starch sodium bicarbonate, NaC 3 (s) 15
More information22. The Fischer Esterification
22. The Fischer Esterification A. Background Esters are an incredibly important functional group in organic chemistry. Esters are typically very pleasant smelling molecules and are therefore frequently
More informationInfluence of Fine Grinding on the Hydrolysis of Cellulosic Materials-Acid Vs. Enzymatic
Influence of Fine Grinding on the Hydrolysis of Cellulosic Materials-Acid Vs. Enzymatic 4 MERRILL A. MILLETT, MARILYN J. EFFLAND, and DANIEL F. CAULFIELD Forest Products Laboratory 1, Forest Service, U.S.
More informationOptimization of saccharification conditions of prebiotic extracted jackfruit seeds
Paper Code: fb005 TIChE International Conference 0 November 0, 0 at Hatyai, Songkhla THAILAND Optimization of saccharification conditions of prebiotic extracted jackfruit seeds Sininart Chongkhong *, Bancha
More informationExperiment 1. Isolation of Glycogen from rat Liver
Experiment 1 Isolation of Glycogen from rat Liver Figure 35: FIG-2, Liver, PAS, 100x. Note the presence of a few scattered glycogen granules (GG). Objective To illustrate the method for isolating glycogen.
More informationBiochemical Engineering Journal
Biochemical Engineering Journal 46 (2009) 126 131 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biochemical Engineering Journal journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bej Comparison of dilute mineral and
More informationChemicals Based on Ethylene
Chemicals Based on Ethylene Ethylene is sometimes known as the king of petrochemicals because more commercial chemicals are produced from ethylene than from any other intermediate. This unique position
More informationSupplementary information to Municipal solid waste as carbon and energy source for Escherichia coli
Supplementary information to Municipal solid waste as carbon and energy source for Escherichia coli Erica Rosander, Maria Svedendahl Humble and Andres Veide KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of
More informationWood Saccharification: A Modified Rheinau Process
http://douglasdrenkow.com/write2a.html Wood Saccharification: A Modified Rheinau Process After Chemistry of Wood by Erik Hägglund 1976 INTRODUCTION (UPDATED) The Rheinau (or Bergius) Process was one of
More informationEnzyme use for corn fuel ethanol production. Luis Alessandro Volpato Mereles
Enzyme use for corn fuel ethanol production Luis Alessandro Volpato Mereles July 12 th, 2007 Agenda Global Biofuel Outlook Novozymes at a glance What are enzymes Using Enzymes to produce Fuel Ethanol from
More informationFundamentals of Organic Chemistry. CHAPTER 6: Carbohydrates
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry CHEM 109 For Students of Health Colleges Credit hrs.: (2+1) King Saud University College of Science, Chemistry Department CHEM 109 CHAPTER 6: Carbohydrates Carbohydrates
More informationAcid Hydrolysis of Hemicelluloses in a Continuous Reactor
Acid Hydrolysis of Hemicelluloses in a Continuous Reactor Andrea Pérez Nebreda POKE Researchers network Summerschool in Saarema, Kuressaare 10-16.8.2014 Outline 1. Introduction Biorefineries 2. Aim of
More informationEnzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity
Enzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity Pennsylvania Science Standards: S11.A.1.1.4 S11.A.1.3.1 S11.A.2.2.2.1 S11.A.2.2.2.2 Keystone Eligible Content Bio.B.4.1.1, Bio.B.4.1.2, and Bio.B.4.2.5 Introduction
More informationResidue Monograph prepared by the meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), 82 nd meeting 2016.
Residue Monograph prepared by the meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), 82 nd meeting 2016 Aspartame This monograph was also published in: Compendium of Food Additive
More informationOPTIMISATION OF XYLOSE PRODUCTION USING XYLANASE
Int. J. Chem. Sci.: 8(2), 2010, 909-913 OPTIMISATION OF XYLOSE PRODUCTION USING XYLANASE T. SATHISH a and N. Y. S. MURTHY * Department of Biotechnology, Malla Reddy Engineering College, HYDERABAD (A.P.)
More informationEnhancement of Cellulose Saccharification Kinetics Using an Ionic Liquid Pretreatment Step
Enhancement of Cellulose Saccharification Kinetics Using an Ionic Liquid Pretreatment Step Anantharam P. Dadi, Sasidhar Varanasi, Constance A. Schall Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering,
More informationREACTIONS IN SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE EFFICIENT PRODUCT FRACTIONATION FOLLOWING ENZYMATIC AROMA SYNTHESIS
REACTIONS IN SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE EFFICIENT PRODUCT FRACTIONATION FOLLOWING ENZYMATIC AROMA SYNTHESIS T.Gamse *, G.Kracker-Semler, R.Marr Institute of Thermal Process and Environmental Engineering
More informationΒ-FRUCTOFURANOSIDASE ENZYME
KINETICS ANALYSIS OF Β-FRUCTOFURANOSIDASE ENZYME 2-The effects of enzyme concentration on the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction. Systematic names and numbers β-fructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26) Reactions
More information-Glucan (mixed linkage), colorimetric method
-Glucan (mixed linkage), colorimetric method Catalogue number: AK0027, 00 tests Introduction -Glucans are common components in cereals, bacteria, yeasts and mushrooms. Mixed linkage -glucans are naturally
More information12BL Experiment 2: Extraction & Saponification of Trimyristin from Nutmeg
12BL Experiment 2: Extraction & Saponification of Trimyristin from Nutmeg Safety: Proper lab goggles/glasses must be worn (even over prescription glasses). Heating of organic solvents releases irritating
More informationEFFECT OF LACCASE DOSAGE ON ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF STEAM- EXPLODED WHEAT STRAW
CELLULOSE CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY EFFECT OF LACCASE DOSAGE ON ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF STEAM- EXPLODED WHEAT STRAW ALFREDO OLIVA-TARAVILLA, * ELIA TOMÁS-PEJÓ, * MARIE DEMUEZ, * CRISTINA GONZÁLEZ-FERNÁNDEZ
More informationComparison of Water adsorption characteristics of oligo and polysaccharides of α-glucose studied by Near Infrared Spectroscopy Alfred A.
Comparison of Water adsorption characteristics of oligo and polysaccharides of α-glucose studied by Near Infrared Spectroscopy Alfred A. Christy, Department of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science,
More informationETHYLENE GLYCOL. Table 1.1 Physical properties of Ethylene glycol
ETHYLENE GLYCOL Introduction [1]: Glycols are dihydric alcohols having an aliphatic carbon chain. They have the general chemical formula C n H 2n (OH) 2. is the simplest and the most important of the glycols.
More informationCHAPTER 2- BIOCHEMISTRY I. WATER (VERY IMPORTANT TO LIVING ORGANISMS) A. POLAR COMPOUND- 10/4/ H O KENNEDY BIOLOGY 1AB
CHAPTER 2- BIOCHEMISTRY KENNEDY BIOLOGY 1AB I. WATER (VERY IMPORTANT TO LIVING ORGANISMS) WATER S UNIQUE PROPERTIES MAKE IT ESSENTIAL FOR ALL LIFE FUNCTIONS IT IS POLAR, AND HAS BOTH ADHESIVE AND COHESIVE
More informationFlupyradifurone. HPLC Method
HPLC Method CIPAC Collaboration Trial according to CIPAC Information Sheet No 308 by Alexandra Michel Crop Science Division Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50, Building 6820 40789 Monheim am
More informationContinuous Flow Hydrolysis of Sunflower Oil Using Sub-critical Water
ABSTRACT Continuous Flow Hydrolysis of Sunflower Oil Using Sub-critical Water R. Alenezi, M. N. Baig, R.C.D Santos, G.A. Leeke * Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston,
More informationMathematical Modeling for the Prediction of Liquid Glucose and Xylose Produced From Cassava Peel
American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) e-issn: 232-847 p-issn : 232-936 Volume-6, Issue-5, pp-274-28 www.ajer.org Research Paper Open Access Mathematical Modeling for the Prediction of Liquid
More informationHPLC Analysis of Sugars
HPLC Analysis of Sugars Pre-Lab Exercise: 1) Read about HPLC, sugars and the experiment and its background. 2) Prepare a flowchart as appropriate for the lab exercise. 3) Note the various sugar concentrations
More informationASSAY OF using CELLAZYME C TABLETS T-CCZ 01/17
www.megazyme.com ASSAY OF endo-cellulase using CELLAZYME C TABLETS T-CCZ 01/17 Megazyme 2017 SUBSTRATE: The substrate employed is azurine-crosslinked HE-cellulose (AZCL-Cellulose). This substrate is prepared
More informationChemistry B11 Chapters 13 Esters, amides and carbohydrates
Chapters 13 Esters, amides and carbohydrates Esters: esters are derived from carboxylic acids (the hydrogen atom in the carboxyl group of carboxylic acid is replaced by an alkyl group). The functional
More informationTENOFOVIR TABLETS: Final text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia (June 2010)
June 2010 TENOFOVIR TABLETS: Final text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia (June 2010) This monograph was adopted at the Forty-fourth WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical
More informationConversion of glycerol to ethanol and formate by Raoultella Planticola
Conversion of glycerol to ethanol and formate by Raoultella Planticola Li Z.A.D 1., Chong W.K., Mathew, S., Montefrio, M.J.F. and Obbard J.P. 2 Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, National
More informationCorn Starch Analysis B-47-1 PHOSPHORUS
Corn Starch Analysis B-47-1 PHOSPHORUS PRINCIPLE SCOPE The sample is ignited in the presence of a fixative to destroy organic matter and convert phosphorus to inorganic phosphates which are not volatilized
More informationGRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES FINAL ORAL EXAMINATION AGNEEV MUKHERJEE DEPARTMENT OF BIORESOURCE ENGINEERING
GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES MCGILL UNIVERSITY FINAL ORAL EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF AGNEEV MUKHERJEE DEPARTMENT OF BIORESOURCE ENGINEERING SUSTAINABLE SYNTHESIS OF 5- HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL
More informationAZO-XYLAN (BIRCHWOOD)
ASSAY OF endo-1,4-ß-xylanase using AZO-XYLAN (BIRCHWOOD) S-AXBP S-AXBL 10/07 Megazyme International Ireland 2007 PRINCIPLE: This assay procedure is specific for endo-1,4-ß-d-xylanase activity. On incubation
More informationPRECIPITATION OF LIGNOSULPHONATES FROM SPORL LIQUID BY CALCIUM HYDROXIDE TREATMENT
PRECIPITATION OF LIGNOSULPHONATES FROM SPORL LIQUID BY CALCIUM HYDROXIDE TREATMENT Menghui Yu, a Gaosheng Wang, a,b, * Chunlan Liu, a and Ruhan A a Precipitation of lignosulphonates from the liquor for
More informationExperiment 2 Introduction
Characterization of Invertase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Experiment 2 Introduction The method we used in A Manual for Biochemistry I Laboratory: Experiment 7 worked well to detect any created reducing
More informationRITONAVIRI COMPRESSI RITONAVIR TABLETS. Final text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia (July 2012)
July 2012 RITONAVIRI COMPRESSI RITONAVIR TABLETS Final text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia (July 2012) This monograph was adopted at the Forty-sixth WHO Expert Committee on Specifications
More informationSPECIFICATION CONTINUED Glucose has two isomers, α-glucose and β-glucose, with structures:
alevelbiology.co.uk SPECIFICATION Monosaccharides are the monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made. Glucose, galactose and fructose are common monosaccharides. A condensation reaction between
More informationMolecular Structure and Function Polysaccharides as Energy Storage. Biochemistry
1 1.Objectives Dr. Vijaya Khader Dr. MC Varadaraj To understand how polysaccharides act as energy source To understand the structure and energy generation process from glycogen To understand the structure
More informationEnzymatic Synthesis of Sugar Fatty Acid Esters
J. Ind. Eng. Chem., Vol. 13, No. 1, (2007) 1-6 Enzymatic Synthesis of Sugar Fatty Acid Esters In Sang Yoo, Sang Joon Park, and Hyon Hee Yoon Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungwon University, Kyunggi
More informationGENERAL TESTS FOR CARBOHYDRATE. By Sandip Kanazariya
GENERAL TESTS FOR CARBOHYDRATE By Sandip Kanazariya Introduction Carbohydrates are of great importance to human beings. They are major part of our diet, providing 60-70% of total energy required by the
More informationNOTE: For studying for the final, you only have to worry about those with an asterix (*)
NOTE: For studying for the final, you only have to worry about those with an asterix (*) (*)1. An organic compound is one that: a. contains carbon b. is slightly acidic c. forms long chains d. is soluble
More informationTitle Revision n date
A. THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE (TLC) 1. SCOPE The method describes the identification of hydrocortisone acetate, dexamethasone, betamethasone, betamethasone 17-valerate and triamcinolone acetonide
More informationHC-75 Calcium Form. 305 x 7.8 mm HC-75 Calcium Form (P/N 79436)
Page 1 of 5 U S A Example Applications HPLC Application Index Ordering Information Contact HPLC Support Polymeric cross-linked soft-gel columns for cation, ligand exchange separation of carbohydrates:
More informationMacromolecules. The four groups of biomolecules or macromolecules found in living things which are essential to life are: 1. PROTEINS 1.
Macromolecules The four groups of biomolecules or macromolecules found in living things which are essential to life are: 1. PROTEINS 1. CARBOHYDRATES 1. LIPIDS 1. NUCLEIC ACIDS Carbon Compounds All compounds
More informationBio 12 Chapter 2 Test Review
Bio 12 Chapter 2 Test Review 1.Know the difference between ionic and covalent bonds In order to complete outer shells in electrons bonds can be Ionic; one atom donates or receives electrons Covalent; atoms
More informationPreliminary studies of cellulase production by Acinetobacter anitratus and Branhamella sp.
frican Journal of iotechnology Vol. 6 (1), pp. 28-33, 4 January 27 vailable online at http://www.academicjournals.org/j ISSN 1684 5315 27 cademic Journals Full Length Research Paper Preliminary studies
More informationPelagia Research Library
Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Der Chemica Sinica, 2013, 4(1):67-74 ISSN: 0976-8505 CODEN (USA) CSHIA5 Analysis of Abakaliki Rice Husks N. B. Ekwe Chemical Engineering Department, University
More informationINTERNATIONAL ŒNOLOGICAL CODEX. DETERMINATION OF BETA-GLUCANASE (ß 1-3, ß 1-6) ACTIVITY IN ENZYME PREPARATIONS (Oeno 340/2010, Oeno )
DETERMINATION OF BETA-GLUCANASE (ß 1-3, ß 1-6) ACTIVITY IN ENZYME PREPARATIONS (Oeno 340/2010, Oeno 488-2013) General specifications These enzymatic activities are usually present within a complex enzymatic
More informationARTESUNATE TABLETS: Final text for revision of The International Pharmacopoeia (December 2009) ARTESUNATI COMPRESSI ARTESUNATE TABLETS
December 2009 ARTESUNATE TABLETS: Final text for revision of The International Pharmacopoeia (December 2009) This monograph was adopted at the Forty-fourth WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical
More informationPreliminary approach to predictive modelling of a process for depolymerisation of cassava non-starch carbohydrate using oxalic acid and ionic salt
International Food Research Journal 4(5): 059-063 (October 017) Journal homepage: http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my Preliminary approach to predictive modelling of a process for depolymerisation of cassava non-starch
More information