Reducing Soil-Borne Diseases of Potatoes using Shellfish Processing Waste and Compost

Transcription

1 Reducing Soil-Borne Diseases of Potatoes using Shellfish Processing Waste and Compost R Henry 1, R.D. Peters 1 *, J.A. MacLeod 1, and A.V. Sturz 2 1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Crops and Livestock Research Centre, 440 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4N6; 2 PEI Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Plant Health Research and Diagnostics, P.O. Box 1600, Charlottetown, PE C1A 7N3.

2 Chitin and Chitosan In Nature Insects and Arachnids Marine Invertebrates Fungi and Algae

3 Chitin and Chitosan - Structure Chitin non-toxic, biodegradable, naturallyoccurring polysaccharide second most abundant natural polymer after cellulose Chitosan modified carbohydrate polymer derived from chitin N-deacetylated form of chitin

4 Source:

5 Shellfish Processing Waste 14 35% chitin on a dry weight basis 2-4% N

6 Applications Health Care wound dressing and healing surgical sutures ophthalmology orthopaedics pharmaceuticals cosmetics Waste Treatment removal of metal ions purify drinking water pools and spas product separation and recovery Food and Beverages preservative/stabilizer anticholesterol and fat-binding flavours and tastes Agriculture insecticides fungicides seed, in-furrow, foliar and post-harvest treatments

7 Possible mechanisms of disease control antimicrobial properties stimulation of host resistance mechanisms enhance complement of beneficial bacteria and fungi - chitinolytic species - competitive effects - direct antibiosis

8 Antimicrobial Effects fungicidal properties of chitosan oligomers (Allan and Hadwiger 1979) - reduced growth of fungi except those with chitosan as a major cell wall component bacteriostatic activity (Wang 1992) interferes with plasma membrane function; inhibits mrna synthesis

9 Stimulation of Host Resistance chitin/chitosan components of fungal pathogens host recognition responses inducers of PR genes chitinases, chitosanases, glucanases (Fajardo et al. 1998) elicits phytoalexin formation (6-methoxymellein in carrots Reddy et al. 1999; pisatin in peas Kendsra and Hadwiger 1984) induces the production of antifungal hydrolases (Hirano 1999)

10 Stimulation of Host Resistance salicylic acid (Sathiyabama and Balasubramanian 1998) hypersensitive response (glucols, phenols, lignins, callose synthesis Benhamou et al. 1994) stimulates the accumulation of signal molecules jasmonic acid, hydrogen peroxide, reactive oxygen species and protein kinases which play a crucial role in intracellular signaling pathways enhanced PAL activity: a key enzyme in the synthesis of phenolic compounds (Romanazzi et al. 2002) length and quality of oligomers plays a role

11 Successful disease control reports common scab of potato grey mold of fruits blue mold of fruits Fusarium crown and root rot of tomato green mold of citrus downy mildew of grapes powdery mildew Only a handful of registered products available.

12 Objectives Is shellfish waste and shellfish waste compost an effective source of plant nutrition and biological control method for soil-borne fungi diseases of potatoes? Is disease suppression related to the complex of soil organisms?

13 Methodology Cultivar: Superior (cut seed for planting) Field Treatment: A. raw lobster waste B. compost C. conventional fertilizer (control) Application: Banded or Broadcast Field Design: 4 replications, 6 plots/rep

14 Making a seafood based compost, with moderate N release ability Lay down 12 inch bed of straw Add shell waste Cover with wet sawdust

15 Seafood Compost Add second layer of shell waste Add wet partially decomposed straw Turn for mixing 2x

16 Seafood 35 days 44 C, with good odour and texture Day 12 no heat, added water and more waste Turned twice weekly for aeration

17 Lobster Processing Waste Compost

18 Experimental Set-up Banding Broadcast

19 Emergence

20 Chlorophyll Meter - August

21 Chlorophyll Meter Readings - August Treatment Synthetic Fertilizer (control) 36.5b na 40.0a Raw lobster waste 40.4a na 40.4a Composted lobster waste 33.7c na 35.8b

22 Soil ph - September Treatment Synthetic Fertilizer (control) 5.1b 5.1b 5.7c Raw lobster waste 5.4ab 4.9b 6.0b Composted lobster waste 6.0a 5.7a 6.5a

23 Rhizoctonia or Black Scurf Disease stem canker on stolon black scurf

24 Mean number of diseased stolons - JULY Treatment/ Application INF B INF B INF B Fertilizer a 7.1a 16.4a 15.3ab Raw na b 8.7a 7.3b 21.0a Compost ab 7.6a 13.5ab 14.3b

25 Treatment/ Application Synthetic Fertilizer (control) INF B INF B 5.0a 5.7a Raw lobster waste na 3.0b Composted lobster waste Mean Severity of Black Scurf (% of tuber surface covered) 3.9ab 5.0a

26 Average number of diseased potato stolons Black Scurf Treatment Synthetic Fertilizer 9.1 a 16.4 a Lobster Waste 5.8 b 7.3 b

27 % Ca in tuber tissue More calcium better potatoes store Treatment Compost Fertilizer Raw

28 Total Yield (t/ha) Banded Broadcast Treatment Compost 20.9b 18.5a 19.6b 17.6a Fertilizer 29.5a 21.9a 25.5ab 19.8a Raw 6.6c 24.3a 30.0a 19.9a

29 Barley Yields - KG / Ha (organic management) Control Fall Compost Fall Shell Spring Compost Spring Shells

30 Bacteria CFUs (x 107)/ g dry soil on TSA Treatment Synthetic Fertilizer (control) Raw lobster waste Composted lobster waste Mean 2.39a 0.56b 0.89b

31 Microorganism Growth on Chitin-Amended Medium

32 Bacteria CFUs (x 107)/ g dry soil on Chitin-Amended Medium Treatment Mean Synthetic Fertilizer Raw lobster waste Composted lobster waste b a a Mean 1.67a 0.26c 0.78b

33 Treatment Mean Synthetic Fertilizer Fungi CFUs (x 107)/ g dry soil on Raw lobster waste Composted lobster waste Chitin-Amended Medium b a a Mean 0.80a 0.12c 0.34b

34 Transmission of biocontrol agents to tubers?

35 Summary Shellfish Waste increased Ca in tubers enhanced communities of beneficial soil microorganisms source of nutrition for plant growth soil-borne disease suppression organic production

36 Acknowledgments John MacLeod, AAFC, Plant Nutrition Brian Murray

37 Acknowledgments Tony Sturz, PEI Dept. of Agriculture, Fisheries and Aquaculture April Driscoll Carol Banks Albert Coffin Karen Connolly

38 Acknowledgments Rick Peters, AAFC, Soil-borne Pathogens Kathy MacIsaac Richard Reddin Janet McIsaac Ian Macdonald Roger Henry

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