Seasonal Variation in the Metabolic Performance of Walleye Pollock and the Influence of Temperature

Transcription

1 Seasonal Variation in the Metabolic Performance of Walleye Pollock and the Influence of Temperature PCCRC Progress Report 25 January 2007 R.J. Foy, S. Hanna, A.H. Haukenes and C.L. Buck School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences University of Alaska Fairbanks Kodiak, Alaska

2 154 7'10"W 153 6'40"W 152 6'10"W 151 5'40"W ak n g o f A 57 10'30"N Ko 57 10'30"N di ak Is la nd 58 20'35"N 58 20'35"N '45"W 59 30'40"N Study Site: Kodiak, Alaska Depth Contours AKBAT fine scale DEPTH '45"W Kilometers '15"W '45"W '15"W '45"W 56 0'25"N

3 Gulf Ape Predator prey study: N W E S Afognak Is. 02 nearshore areas.shp 02 mach tracklines.shp All trackline.shp Kodiak Island

4 Pollock abundance and commercial removals FISHERY REMOVAL 2002 ~3 K mt in March 11 K mt total kg/km May 2002 nearshore (<10 km) Pollock ~74K mt June July August Age class September

5 March 2002 March 2002 Pollock Distribution: What could affect the local biomass?

6 Local temperature and pollock abundance Bottom water temperature (oc) m m Bottom temperature May Aug May Aug May Aug

7 Local temperature and pollock abundance Bottom water temperature (oc) m m Bottom temperature May Aug May Aug May Aug mt Pollock abundance from bottom trawl May August November fishery (area 630) B season mt

8 Objectives: Pollock metabolism ~ temperature 1. Determine how metabolic scope of walleye pollock is altered by seasonal physiological changes a. Does metabolic rate change independent of temperature? 2. Determine etent water temperature influences metabolic rate and swimming performance a. Changes in SMR ~ temperature dictate energy available for growth, reproduction, and condition 3. Assess the use of organismal and plasma indices as bioindicators of fish condition a. Swim performance stress measured from changes in hormone release, ion regulation, increases in lactate, protein, and glucose.

9 Objectives: Pollock metabolism ~ temperature 1. Determine how metabolic scope of walleye pollock is altered by seasonal physiological changes a. Does metabolic rate change independent of temperature? 2. Determine etent water temperature influences metabolic rate and swimming performance a. Changes in SMR ~ temperature dictate energy available for growth, reproduction, and condition 3. Assess the use of organismal and plasma indices as bioindicators of fish condition a. Swim performance stress measured from changes in hormone release, ion regulation, increases in lactate, protein, and glucose.

10 Objectives: Pollock metabolism ~ temperature 1. Determine how metabolic scope of walleye pollock is altered by seasonal physiological changes a. Does metabolic rate change independent of temperature? 2. Determine etent water temperature influences metabolic rate and swimming performance a. Changes in RMR ~ temperature dictate energy available for growth, reproduction, and condition 3. Assess the use of organismal and plasma indices as bioindicators of fish condition a. Swim performance stress measured from changes in hormone release, ion regulation, increases in lactate, protein, and glucose.

11 Capture First Step: Methods CATCH FISH! Dave King AFSC/NMFS

12 Capture First Step: Methods CATCH FISH!

13 Capture First Step: Methods CATCH FISH!

14 Acclimation vs. Immediate Response Acclimation Physiological changes that occur in an organism to maintain homeostasis, may take several weeks to occur. mitochondrial density metabolic rate swimming performance muscle fiber recruitment enzyme activity Immediate response shock stressful changes in metabolic rate

15 Acclimation vs. Immediate Response Acclimation Physiological changes that occur in an organism to maintain homeostasis, may take several weeks to occur. mitochondrial density metabolic rate swimming performance muscle fiber recruitment enzyme activity Immediate response shock stressful changes in metabolic rate

16 Methods Fall 03 Wild - Spring 05 Wild - Summer 05 Spring 06 Summer 06 Wild Winter 06 Acclimation temp ( C) & 10 Swim temp ( C) , 4.5, & 10 Sample size Swim performance Metabolic rate Blood samples Fish weight Fish length Liver weight Liver proimate Whole body proimate Gamete proimate

17 Methods Fall 03 Wild - Spring 05 Wild - Summer 05 Spring 06 Summer 06 Wild Winter 06 Acclimation temp ( C) & 10 Swim temp ( C) , 4.5, & 10 Sample size Swim performance Metabolic rate Blood samples Fish weight Fish length Liver weight Liver proimate Whole body proimate Gamete proimate

18 Methods Fall 03 Wild - Spring 05 Wild - Summer 05 Spring 06 Summer 06 Wild Winter 06 Acclimation temp ( C) & 10 Swim temp ( C) , 4.5, & 10 Sample size Swim performance Metabolic rate Blood samples Fish weight Fish length Liver weight Liver proimate Whole body proimate Gamete proimate

19 Pollock: Methods: Temperature influence on on physiology Metabolism Methods Eperiment cm fish captured trawl (2( 2 week acclimation) Immediate swim in 3 Temperature treatments (1.5,( 4.5, 8.5 C)

20 Pollock: Methods: Temperature influence on on physiology Metabolism Methods Eperiment cm fish captured trawl (2 week acclimation) Immediate swim in 3 Temperature treatments (1.5,( 4.5, 8.5 C) Eperiment 2 Acclimated to 2 Temperature treatments (4( 4 and 10 C) ) for 3 months prior to eperiment

21 Pollock: Methods: Temperature influence on on physiology Metabolism Methods Routine metabolic rate (RMR) Increased swimming speed at 0.1 BL/sec in 30 minute intervals until ehaustion VO U crit Metabolic scope: VO ma -RMR VO ma Inde of Activity: MS/RMR

22 Methods: Temperature influence on physiology

23 Methods: Temperature influence on physiology oygen meter laminar flow

24 Results: Temperature influence on physiology Metabolism Results: Short Acclimation O2 consumption (mg/kg/hr) C y = e R = C y = e R = C y = e R 2 = swimming speed (BL/s)

25 Results Summary 1) How is MS altered by season? Greater RMR in Spring Reduced MS in Spring 2) How does temperature affect RMR and U crit? Greater RMR in higher temperature Increasing U crit with increasing temperature 3) Are plasma and organosomatic indices useful indicators of fish condition? Increases in Na + and Cl - concentrations after swim trials Currently analyzing blood and tissue samples

26 Results Summary 1) How is MS altered by season? Greater RMR in Spring Reduced MS in Spring 2) How does temperature affect RMR and U crit? Greater RMR in higher temperature Increasing U crit with increasing temperature 3) Are plasma and organosomatic indices useful indicators of fish condition? Increases in Na + and Cl - concentrations after swim trials Currently analyzing blood and tissue samples

27 Results Summary 1) How is MS altered by season? Greater RMR in Spring Reduced MS in Spring 2) How does temperature affect RMR and U crit? Greater RMR in higher temperature Increasing U crit with increasing temperature 3) Are plasma and organosomatic indices useful indicators of fish condition? Increases in Na + and Cl - concentrations after swim trials Currently analyzing blood and tissue samples

28 Discussion Seasonal alteration in metabolism independent of temperature Different energy requirements Summer pollock have more energy to dedicate to other activities other than basic metabolism Temperature impacts on metabolism and swim performance Increased temperatures associated with increased swim performance and RMR Increased energy requirements with increased temperature

29 Discussion Seasonal alteration in metabolism independent of temperature Different energy requirements Summer pollock have more energy to dedicate to other activities other than basic metabolism Temperature impacts on metabolism and swim performance Increased temperatures associated with increased swim performance and RMR Increased energy requirements with increased temperature

30 Application: Costs of swimming Energetics of swimming Cost (cal/kg/hr) Swimming speed (BL/s)

31 Application: Costs of swimming 1200 Cost of Transport (cal/kg/km) Walleye pollock Pacific Cod Swimming Speed (cm/sec)

32 Application: Temperature influence on consumption/growth Metabolism = Respiration (RMR) + active metabolism + specific dynamic action Hewett and Johnson 1992

33 Application: Temperature influence on consumption/growth Metabolism = Respiration (RMR) + active metabolism + specific dynamic action Hewett and Johnson 1992 Consumption=Metabolism+Waste+Growth

34 Pollock: Application: Temperature Temperature influence influence on consumption/growth Specific consumption g/g/d g/fish 7 C Days 7.0 C 4.5 C

35 Future Objectives Complete plasma analyses Model growth & consumption ~ small scale variability in temperature and prey availability

36 Acknowledgements PCCRC, NPRB, NOAA, ADFG Iluhi Schimetka,, Mike Trussel,, Andreas Winter FV Laura, RV Resolution Katie Brenner, Sharon Buck, Casey Clark, Cathy Foy, Brook Gamble, Lei Guo,, Brian Knoth,, Mary Beth Loewen,, Katie Murra,, Christy Newell, Jennifer Ng, Petra Reimann, Jordy Thomson, Carrie Vorholt,, Xian Wang, Bree Witteveen, Kate Wynne.

37 Pollock: Temperature influence on consumption/growth Application: Temperature influence on consumption/growth Current Models Bering Sea Bioenergetics model (Buckley and Livingston 1994) Activity multiplier ~ Metabolic Scope MS/RMR Simulations 90 days (summer) Constant temperatures 4.5 and 7 C ACT ~ temp Typical diet (Euphausiids( Euphausiids,, copepods, fish) Typical energy density of predator (~4 KJ) and prey (~1-4 4 KJ)

38 Pollock: Temperature influence on consumption/growth Application: Temperature influence on consumption/growth Future Models Multi-season and interannual data sets Improved allometric relationships Apply to large scale movement patterns in Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska Simulations Entire year Dynamic temperatures Diurnal Short acclimation: seasonal Long acclimation: decadal Dynamic diet Dynamic energy density of predator and prey Cost of Transport

39 Bering Sea pollock seasonal migration Kotwicki et al. 2005; EIT survey Northward and inshore shifts in pollock distribution during warm years % of pollock < 50 cm moved north wrt temperature Dark=biomass increases with temperature Light=biomass decreases with temperature

40 Growth Temperature Predator and prey energy content Consumption Model C = M + W + G Diet composition Population parameters Physiological parameters

41 Pollock: Application: Temperature influence influence on consumption/growth Consumption=Metabolism+Waste+Growth Metabolism = Respiration (RMR) + active metabolism + specific dynamic action Respiration = RA * WRB * f(t) ) * ACT R = specific rate of respiration (g * g-1 g 1 * d-1) d W = fish mass RA = intercept of allometric mass function RB = slope of allometric mass function f(t) = temperature dependence function T = Water temperature ACT = Activity multiplier Hewett and Johnson 1992

42 Cod: Temperature influence on physiology Metabolism Results RMR mgo 2 /kg U crit BL/sec VO ma Scope /kg 0.8 mgo 2 /kg /kg 0.8 /hr 0.8 /hr /hr 0.8 /hr Scope/RMR Temperature C

43 Pollock: Temperature influence on physiology Metabolism Results: Long Acclimation O2 consumption (mg/kg/hr) C y = e R 2 = C y = e R 2 = swimming speed (BL/s)

44 Pollock: Temperature influence on physiology 400 Metabolic Scope VOma-RMR Long Acclimation Short Acclimation Temperature C

45 First Step: CATCH FISH!