Body chemical contents and gut pigments of copepods in the western Arctic Ocean during summers of 2008 and 2010
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1 Body chemical contents and gut pigments of copepods in the western Arctic Ocean during summers of and 1 mm Calanus glacialis C6F&C5 Metridia longa C6F Calanus hyperboreus C6F Kohei Matsuno, Atsushi Yamaguchi and Ichiro Imai (Hokkaido University)
2 Introduction Western Arctic Ocean: drastic sea ice reduction effects to marine ecosystem is concerned Copepods: key components of marine ecosystem While their importance, little information is available on regional and annual changes in body chemical contents. Measured parameters: Water content: index of body nutrition AFDM: index of lipid accumulation Gut pigment: index of grazing activity Purpose of this study: Diagram of body contents Water WM Calanus glacialis Lipids AFDM (organic material) DM Inter-species, regional and annual ( and ) changes of body contents of copepods in the western Arctic Ocean during summer were evaluated. 1 mm Metridia longa Ash Gut pigments
3 Materials and Methods: Sampling, measurement and data analysis 1 Sep. 4 Oct. (37 stations) 7 Sep. 9 Oct. (47 stations) 17º 16º 17º 16º Western () Central (15) Eastern (12) Western () Central (22) Eastern (15) Sampling and measurement NORPAC net: vertical tow from 15 m depth or bottom -5 m to surface Dominant copepods stored at -8ºC WM, DM and AFDM immerse to DMF gut pigment measurement by Turner fluorometer Data analysis Western (~17ºW), Central (16~17ºW), Eastern (~16ºW) Body content parameters were tested by one-way ANOVA and U-test in terms of inter-species, regional and annual changes
4 Results: Inter-species comparison Normalized gut pigment (ng chl a mg DM -1 ) 9 AFDM (%DM) Water (%WM) C. hyperboreus: High water content C. glacialis: High AFDM M. longa: High gut pigment C. glacialis C6F C. glacialis C5 M. longa C6F C. hyperboreus C6F C. glacialis C6F C. glacialis C5 M. longa C6F C. hyperboreus C6F C. glacialis C6F C. glacialis C5 M. longa C6F C. hyperboreus C6F
5 Results: Inter-species comparison (relationships between parameters) Water (%WM) NGP (ng chl a mg DM -1 ) M. longa C. hyperboreus C. glacialis M. longa C. hyperboreus C. glacialis AFDM (%DM) C. glacialis C5 C. glacialis C6F C. hyperboreus C6F M. longa C6F AFDM, Lipid accumulation Water (%WM) M. Longa C. hyperboreus C. glacialis Less AFDM (%DM) NGP and AFDM negative relationship More Grazing activity High Low
6 Discussion: Inter-species changes in body chemical contents Life cycle of C. hyperboreus Characteristics of each species C. hyperboreus C6F high water content: little lipid accumulation development and reproduction in deep layer surface individual had less lipid accumulation C. glacialis C5 and C6F high AFDM: much lipid accumulation diapause and molt to adult in deep layer reproduction at surface in next spring Life cycle of C. glacialis shallower diapause depth than C. hyperboreus diapausing individual stored much lipid M. longa C6F high gut pigment: high grazing activity Metridia species has no diapause in life cycle Diel vertical migration, graze in surface at night actively feeding without diapause Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth (m) Falk-Petersen et al. (9) Diel vertical migration of M. longa Day Night Day Food 3 15 m 15 m Depth of diapause
7 Results: Regional and annual changes in C. glacialis C5 WM (mg ind. -1 ) Water (%WM) Gut pigment (ng chl a ind. -1 ) DM (mg ind. -1 ) p <.5 5 Regional West High AFDM pattern: Low NGP AFDM (%DM) NGP (ng chl a mg DM -1 ) Annual AFDM pattern: >
8 Results: Regional and annual changes in M. longa C6F WM (mg ind. -1 ) p < Water (%WM) Gut pigment (ng chl a ind. -1 ) 3 DM (mg ind. -1 ) p <.5 Regional Low Water pattern: West High AFDM Low NGP AFDM (%DM) NGP (ng chl a mg DM -1 ) Annual AFDM pattern: >
9 Results: Regional and annual changes in hydrography Integrated mean temperature (ºC) Integrated mean salinity p <.5 p <.5 p <.5 p <.5 Integrated mean nutrients (DIN, M) Integrated chlorophyll a (mg m -2 ) Regional Low temperature pattern: West High salinity High DIN p <.5 p <.5 p <.5 Annual pattern: salinity and DIN >
10 Discussion: Regional and annual changes Regional pattern Annual pattern Ice melt water West < Central, East < Nutrients West > Central, East > Primary productivity West > Central, East > AFDM of copepods West > Central, East > Lipid contents of copepods West > Central, East > High lipid accumulation of copepods in the western region and in might be caused by the high primary productivity which supported by less ice melt water and high nutrients concentration.
11 Summary Inter-species changes in chemical contents are reflect of their life cycle C. hyperboreus: less lipid accumulation C. glacialis: much lipid accumulation differences in diapause depth within Calanus species M. longa: high grazing activity feeding without diapause Regional and annual changes Western region and Less ice melt water Euphotic zone High nutrients and primary productivity Schema on regional and annual changes Western Central, Eastern Much ice cover Less ice cover Less ice melt water High nutrient High PP Much ice melt water Low nutrient Low PP Much lipid accumulation of copepods Much lipid Less lipid Sea ice reduction is considered to decrease lipid accumulation of copepods The effects of sea ice reduction on marine ecosystem
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