CAUSES ASSOCIATED WITH MALUNUTRITION IN RURAL PART OF KARNATAKA

Transcription

1 Golden Research Thoughts ORIGINAL ARTICLE ISSN: CAUSES ASSOCIATED WITH MALUNUTRITION IN RURAL PART OF KARNATAKA ORIGINAL ARTICLE Krishtappa. B and Raghavendra Gudagunti Research Scholar Dept. of Sociology Gulbarga University, Gulbarga. (Karnataka). Associate Professor Govt. F.G.College Shorapur.Dept.Of Sociology Gulbarga University, Gulbarga (Karnataka) Abstract:In this article scholar tried to know the malnutrition in rural area in Karnataka. Malnutrition is a problem at varying proportions in India in General and In rural area part of Karnataka In perticular and anthropometry is a simple tool to assess its magnitude in children. This study aimed to study the causes for the malnutrition in rural area. We also hilighted that the factors associated with the malnutrition. Here have discussed causes for the malnutrition in rural area. With this researcher also hilighted that the factors, preventable mesures in this research work. Keywords: Malnutrition, Who, Vitamins, Health Status, Protein Food. Krishtappa. B Research Scholar Dept. of Sociology Gulbarga University, Gulbarga. (Karnataka).

2 INTRODUCTION :- Malnutrition in India is a complex issue. The country grows sufficient food, has a functional democratic system with effective feedback mechanisms, the world's largest public distribution system in place for food delivery and an extensive network of state mechanisms to reach every citizen in the country. Enough policy attention has also been paid to health and nutrition issues in recent years for it to have been classified as having 'strong' Nutrition Governance by the WHO's Landscape Analysis study (WHO 2009). Yet, its malnutrition rates remain high. Malnutrition is a problem at varying proportions in developing countries, and anthropometry is a simple tool to assess its magnitude in children. This study was aimed at identifying the prevalence of malnutrition among 256 children of rural areas of Karnataka in South India, who attended the aanganwadis. The value of using various field-based formulae and of various anthropometric indicators used for classification of malnutrition was also studied. The children, aged months, came from villages located at the outskirts of Bangalore city. The prevalence of wasting, stunting, and wasting and stunting was 31.2%, 9.4%, and 29.2% respectively. Wasting was more predominant among the younger age groups (p 0.01). To detect wasting (acute malnutrition), the best indicator was a comparison with the reference weight calculated using Weech's formula. However, the age of child had to be rounded off to the nearest quarter of a year. Results of the study showed that indicators, such as mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), needed to be used with caution since they are not sensitive enough to detect all cases of malnutrition. However, the MUAC-forheight (quac stick) method could be used since it was more sensitive. For detection of stunting, if reference tables are not available, Weech's formula can be used for calculation of expected height taking care to account for age to the nearest quarter, although the sensitivity of this indicator is not very high. Malnutrition is still considered as one of the major public health problems in many countries affecting more than 30% of children under 5 years of age. Under-nutrition is most important cause of death in this age group in developing countries in which nutritional deficit is common. The majority of deaths associated with malnutrition occur in children who are marginally malnourished. About 50% of the children less than 5 years of age in India are moderately or severely undernourished. Moreover, several studies have shown that degree of under-nutrition is higher among the 112 underprivileged communities which include tribal population of our country. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: 1.To study the causes for the malnutrition. 2.To identify factors associated with malnutrition among children in rural area. NEED OF THE STUDY: The study emphasis about the malnutrition in rural area of Karnataka State. Here number of children are suffering from the malnutrition in villages. As I studied different research works regarding the malnutrition states that the main disease in rural area. Generally, malnutrition is the dangerous disease on children. There fore the study is focus on the malnutrition in the rural area part of Karnataka. Statement of the Problem: A study to find the causes associated with malnutrition in rural part of Karnataka METHODOLOGY: The research is mainly aimed at understand the Causes associated with malnutrition in Rural partr of Karnataka. Qualitative research approaches have conventionally been favoured when the main research objective is to improve our understanding of a fact, mainly when this fact is intricate and deeply rooted in its context. It involves the study and analysis of several sites using namely cross-case review and reason building techniques to analyze data. It also includes the secondary data like, magzines, journals, published and unpublished books, internet information, etc. A two-step methodology was followed for this article, comprising literature review, and analysis of secondary data. REVIEW OF LITERATURE: This article examined that, A cross-sectional study was conducted among 157 children under five years in the field practice area of Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre. Mothers of the Golden Research Thoughts Volume 4 Issue 1 July

3 children were interviewed with a pretested questionnaire followed by an anthropometric and a clinical examination of the children. They stated that, the Vitamin A is the cause for the malnutrition Mangala S and Subrahmanyam G.(2014). This report focuses on the level of analysis dealing with the basic causes or determinants of malnutrition. The basic causes are well known to most people working in the areas of nutrition and agriculture. These causes operate at various levels of society, from international, to national, to community levels, and to households and individuals Solomon Bellete (2005). Malnutrition is a problem at varying proportions in developing countries, and anthropometry is a simple tool to assess its magnitude in children. This study was aimed at identifying the prevalence of malnutrition among 256 children of rural areas of Karnataka in South India, who attended the aanganwadis. The value of using various field-based formulae and of various anthropometric indicators used for classification of malnutrition was also studied.'bobby Joseph at all, Another study of 1286 pre - school children in urban, rural and slum areas of Chandigarh (Swami et al., 2001) shows that the prevalence of protein energy malnutrition is higher among ICDS beneficiaries than non - beneficiaries. Das Gupta et al. (2005) contradict this finding and show that the program has a positive and significant effect on health outcomes. However, once a more rigorous propensity score matching technique is used, the effect is insignificant for ICDS villages compared to similar non - ICDS villages. Natasha Audrey Ledlie, UNICEF (2004) classifies the immediate causes of childhood malnutrition as insufficient diet as well as stress, trauma, disease (severe or frequent infections) and poor psychosocial care. Insufficient dietary intake may refer to poor breastfeeding practices, early weaning, delayed introduction of comple mentary foods and insufficient protein in the diet. The inadequate intake can also be linked to neglect and abuse (UNICEF, 2004; Williams, 2005, p.405), Johanna Christina Lange, CONCEPT OF MANUTRITION : Malnutrition occurs when an individual does not consume enough food. It may exist if the person has a poor diet that gives them the wrong balance of basic food groups. Obese people, who consume more calories than they need, may suffer from the subnutrition aspect of malnutrition if their diet lacks the nutrients their body needs for good health. Poor diet may lead to a vitamin or mineral deficiency, among other essential substances, sometimes resulting in scurvy - a condition where an individual has a vitamin 'C' deficiency. Though scurvy is a very rare disease, it still occurs in some patients - usually elderly people, alcoholics, or those that live on a diet devoid of fresh fruits and vegetables. Similarly, infants or children who are on special or poor diets for any number of economic or social reasons may be prone to scurvy. DEFINITIONS : 1. According to the NHS, UK it is estimated that around three million people are affected by malnutrition (subnutrition). 2. According to the FAO, the number of people globally who were malnourished stood at 923 million in 2007, an increase of over 80 million since the base period. Causes for Malnutrition: There are many causes for malnutrition. These causes are mentioned as bellow: 1. Poor diet - if a person does not eat enough food, or if what they eat does not provide them with the nutrients they require for good health, they suffer from malnutrition. Poor diet may be caused by one of several different factors. If the patient develops dysphagia (swallowing difficulties) because of an illness, or when recovering from an illness, they may not be able to consume enough of the right nutrients. 2. Mental health problems - some patients with mental health conditions, such as depression, may develop eating habits which lead to malnutrition. Patients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia may develop malnutrition because they are ingesting too little food. 3. Mobility problems - people with mobility problems may suffer from malnutrition simply because they either cannot get out enough to buy foods, or find preparing them too arduous. 4. Digestive disorders and stomach conditions - some people may eat properly, but their bodies cannot absorb the nutrients they need for good health. Examples include patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. Such patients may need to have part of the small intestine removed (ileostomy). Individuals who suffer from Celiac disease have a genetic disorder that makes them intolerant to gluten. Patients with Celiac disease have a higher risk of damage to the lining of their intestines, resulting in poorer food absorption. Patients who experience serious bouts of diarrhea and/or vomiting may lose vital nutrients and are at higher risk of suffering from malnutrition. Golden Research Thoughts Volume 4 Issue 1 July

4 5. Alcoholism - this is a chronic (long-term) disease. Individuals who suffer from alcholism can develop gastritis, or pancreas damage. These problems also seriously undermine the body's ability to digest food, absorb certain vitamins, and produce hormones which regulate metabolism. Alcohol contains calories, reducing the patient's feeling of hunger, so he/she consequently may not eat enough proper food to supply the body with essential nutrients. 6. Food shortages - in the poorer developing nations food shortages are mainly caused by a lack of technology needed for higher yields found in modern agriculture, such as nitrogen fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation. Food shortages are a significant cause of malnutrition in many parts of the world. 7. Food prices and food distribution - it is ironic that approximately 80% of malnourished children live in developing nations that actually produce food surpluses (Food and Agriculture Organization). Some leading economists say that famine is closely linked to high food prices and problems with food distribution. 8. Lack of breastfeeding - experts say that lack of breastfeeding, especially in the developing world, leads to malnutrition in infants and children. In some parts of the world mothers still believe that bottle feeding is better for the child. Another reason for lack of breastfeeding, mainly in the developing world, is that mothersmangala S and Subrahmanyam G.(2014). abandon it because they do not know how to get their baby to latch on properly, or suffer pain and discomfort. Factors associted with Malnutrition: 1. Physical factors: Physical factors can contribute to malnutrition. For example, If your teeth are in a poor condition, or if dentures don't fit properly, eating can be difficult or painful. You may lose your appetite as a result of losing your sense of smell and taste. You may have a physical disability or other impairment that makes it difficult for you to cook or shopfor food yourself. 2. Social factors Social factors that can contribute to malnutrition include the living alone and being socially isolated. limited knowledge about nutrition or cooking. Reduced mobility, alcohol or drug dependency and low income or poverty. Preventing malnutrition: Malnutrition can be avoided by maintaining some of the preventations.malnutrition is caused mainly by not consuming what the National Health Service (NHS), UK, calls "the right balance of nutrients from major food groups". These include; Carbohydrates, Fruit and vegetables, Protein, Dairy - vegans are able to find abundant nutrients from non-animal sources, Fats etc,. The average human should drink at least 1.2 liters of fluid per day. Breastfeeding education helps. Breastfeeding in the first two years and exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months could save 1.3 million children's lives.in the longer term, firms are trying to fortify everyday foods with micronutrients that can be sold to consumers such as wheat flour for Beladi bread in Egypt or fish sauce in Vietnam and the iodization of salt. Another possible long term solution would be to increase access to health facilities to rural parts of the world.nutritional education has to be imparted to thepeople regarding consumption of cost-effectivenutritious diet. To reduce the malnutrition these above preventation should take care by sociaty. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: To sum up, the malnutrition is that, majority of the children's diet was not adequate for calories and proteins as per Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) guidelines. Less than half of children were underweight, nearly one third were stunted and one fifth of children were wasted. No child was found to be overweight or obese. Administration of large doses of vitamin A to young children is a commonly practiced intervention against nutritional blindness, and may emerge as a major strategy to reduce childhood mortality where vitamin A deficiency is endemic.mothers should be advised to initiate breastfeedingwithin one hour of delivery.importance of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of baby's life and proper weaning thereafter should be properly explained to mother. Based on available evidence from nearly two decades of experience, large-dose vitamin A distribution can generally be regarded as a safe and potentially effective intervention to prevent xerophthalmia. While conceptually simple, the adequacy and efficiency of Golden Research Thoughts Volume 4 Issue 1 July

5 programmes pose major challenges and determine their success in preventing nutritional blindness. Government should allocate more money in health sector for integrated health packages and should ensure proper functioning of health programs. REFERENCES: 1. Mangala S and Subrahmanyam G.(2014), Epidemiology of Malnutrition among under Five Children in Rural Area in Karnataka, India International Journal of Recent Trends in Science And Technology, Joseph B, Rebello A, Kullu P, Raj V D, Prevalence of malnutrition in rural Karnataka, South India: a comparison of anthropometric indicators. 3. Solomon Bellete,, assessment of the causes of malnutrition in Ethiopia, November, 2005, USA. 4. Vijayashree Mathad, Chandra Metgud and MR. Mallapur, Nutritional status of under-fives in rural area of South India, 2011, Vol. 65 Issue 'Bobby Joseph, Aaron Rebello, Poonam Kullu, and Vimal D. Raj, Prevalence of Malnutrition in Rural Karnataka, South India: A Comparison of Anthropometric Indicators, J Health Opul Nutur 2002 September. 6. National family health survey, Karnataka, Bangalore: Population Research Centre, Institute for ocial and Economic Change, p. 7. Millions of Childre dying needlessly, BBC News, Anderson, Tatum Firms target nutrition for the poor, BBC News, Natasha Audrey Ledlie, Integrated Child Development Services Scheme: Impact of Water Quality on Child Malnutrition in India, Johanna Christina Lange, Factorso Contrubuting of Malnutrition in Children 0-60 Months Admitted to Hospitals in the Northern Cape, Golden Research Thoughts Volume 4 Issue 1 July