Obesity: The role of hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase in body weight regulation
|
|
- Lesley Stone
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 37 (2005) Medicine in focus Obesity: The role of hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase in body weight regulation Woo Je Lee, Eun Hee Koh, Jong Chul Won, Min-Seon Kim, Joong-Yeol Park, Ki-Up Lee Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Song-Pa P.O. Box 145, Seoul , Republic of Korea Received 28 December 2004; received in revised form 20 June 2005; accepted 29 June 2005 Abstract Obesity is rapidly increasing and is of great public health concern worldwide. Although there have been remarkable developments in obesity research over the past 10 years, the molecular mechanism of obesity is still not completely understood. Body weight results from the balance between food intake and energy expenditure. Recent studies have found that hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase plays a key role in regulating these processes. Leptin, insulin, glucose and alpha-lipoic acid have been shown to reduce food intake by lowering hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase activity, whereas ghrelin and glucose depletion increase food intake by increasing hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase activity. In addition, this enzyme plays a role in the central regulation of energy expenditure. These findings indicate that hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase is an important signal molecule, which integrates nutritional and hormonal signals and modulates feeding behavior and energy expenditure Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Obesity; Hypothalamus; AMPK; Alpha-lipoic acid 1. Introduction The prevalence of obesity is rapidly increasing around the world. Obesity is a major risk factor for numbers of disorders, including diabetes, hypertension and heart disease. In the United States alone, it has been estimated that about 300,000 deaths each year, and US$ Corresponding author. Tel.: ; fax: address: kulee@amc.seoul.kr (K.-U. Lee). 117 billion in direct and indirect annual costs, result from obesity (Stein & Colditz, 2004). Although the past 10 years have been the golden age of obesity research, including the discovery of leptin (Zhang et al., 1994) and the leptin receptor gene (Tartaglia et al., 1995), the molecular mechanism of obesity is not yet completely understood. It seems likely that insights into weight-regulatory pathways will accelerate the identification of molecular targets, eventually enabling the development of safe and effective pharmaceuticals for obesity /$ see front matter 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi: /j.biocel
2 W.J. Lee et al. / The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 37 (2005) Here, we briefly summarize current understandings of the molecular mechanism of obesity, focusing on recent studies from our group and others on the role of hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. 2. Pathogenesis 2.1. Genetics The heritability of obesity is high, approximately equivalent to the heritability of height and greater than that of almost every other condition that has been studied. Single gene defects, including defects in the leptin, leptin receptor, melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) genes, have been identified in rare cases of severe obesity Fat cell biology Adipose tissue is the major storage organ for surplus energy. It is now clear that adipose tissue is a complex and highly active metabolic and endocrine organ. Leptin is a representative adipocyte-derived hormone that signals information about the body s energy status from the adipose tissue to the brain. Although it is now well known that leptin-deficient ob/ob and leptin receptordeficient db/db mice develop severe obesity, leptin deficiency is very rare in humans, and most obese individuals have increased plasma leptin concentrations, suggesting that they are leptin resistant. In addition to secreting leptin, adipose tissue secretes a variety of bioactive peptides, collectively called adipocytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, adiponectin, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, interleukin (IL)-6 and angiotensinogen. The expression profile of adipocytokines in subcutaneous adipose tissue and that in visceral adipose tissue are different. Adiponectin, PAI-1, IL-6 and angiotensinogen are mainly in the latter. The change in these important adipocytokines by visceral obesity is regarded as the cause of the detrimental metabolic effects. Recently, the physiologic role of adiponectin has received considerable attention. Adiponectin has been shown to reduce insulin resistance and atherosclerotic processes and to increase fatty acid oxidation rates (Havel, 2004). The actions of adiponectin are considered to be due to the activation of AMPK through the recently cloned adiponectin receptor (Yamauchi et al., 2003). Unlike other adipocytokines, plasma adiponectin levels are reduced in accordance with body (visceral) fat mass (Havel, 2004). TNF-alpha, which increases in obesity and inhibits the insulin signal, is considered to be a key factor in the regulation of adiponectin production Energy expenditure Body weight results from the balance between food intake and energy expenditure. The sympathetic nervous system is activated in response to excess energy or a cold environment. Mice with deletions of the genes encoding the three adrenergic receptor subtypes (Bachman et al., 2002) developed severe obesity as a result of their inability to increase energy expenditure in response to a high calorie diet. In rodents, uncoupling protein (UCP)-1 in brown adipose tissue is the main regulator of basal energy expenditure, and the expression of this protein is increased by adrenergic stimulation. In humans, however, the main regulator of energy expenditure is not yet known. The UCP-1 homologues, UCP-2 and UCP-3, which are expressed in human tissues, were formerly thought to be the main regulators of energy expenditure. Indeed, hyper-expression of UCP-2 and UCP-3 was shown to increase energy expenditure and to reduce body fat. These proteins, however, may not be the major regulators of whole body energy expenditure, in as much as mice deficient in either protein did not develop obesity (Flier, 2004) Nutrient sensing in the hypothalamus and feeding regulation The neural system that regulates body weight and appetite is centered in the hypothalamus, which coordinates both afferent sensing and efferent action signals. Long-term afferent signals, such as leptin and insulin, sense the long-term status of body energy stores, whereas short-term (meal-related) afferent signals, derived from the gut, are involved in regulating the onset or termination of individual meals (Flier, 2004). Neuronal cells, which sense nutrient availability, trigger feeding behavior. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of glucose or long chain fatty acid has been found to inhibit food intake (Obici et al., 2002),
3 2256 W.J. Lee et al. / The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 37 (2005) whereas central administration of 2-deoxyglucose (2- DG), a non-metabolizable glucose analogue or mercaptoacetate, an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation, elicits feeding behavior (Sergeyev, Broberger, Gorbatyuk, & Hokfelt, 2000). Several signaling pathways are thought to be involved in mediating nutrient-induced feeding. For example, central administration of the fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitors cerulenin and C75 reduce food intake, but this can be prevented by the coadministration of the acetyl-coa carboxylase (ACC) inhibitor TOFA (Loftus et al., 2000). This result suggests that malonyl CoA, an intermediate metabolite between ACC and FAS, may be an anorexigenic signal (Fig. 1). In contrast, inhibition of hypothalamic carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1) reduces food intake (Obici, Feng, Arduini, Conti, & Rossetti, 2003). From these findings, it has been suggested that increased cytosolic concentrations of long chain fatty acyl CoA (LCAC) may serve as an anorexigenic signal. Like pancreatic -cells, some neurons in the ventromedial (VMH) and arcuate nuclei (ARC) of the hypothalamus have glucose-sensing machinery, including GLUT2, glucokinase and the ATP-sensitive potassium (K ATP ) channel (Yang, Kow, Funabashi, & Mobbs, 1999). The anorexic hormones leptin and insulin can activate the K ATP channel in glucoseresponsive hypothalamic neurons (Spanswick, Smith, Mirshamsi, Routh, & Ashford, 2000) Role of hypothalamic AMPK AMPK is an enzyme that acts as an intracellular energy sensor (Kahn, Alquier, Carling, & Hardie, 2005). AMPK is activated when the energy status of a cell is low. When activated, AMPK inhibits ATPconsuming pathways (e.g., fatty acid synthesis) and activates ATP-generating pathways (e.g., fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis), thus maintaining energy balance within cells. AMPK activation in skeletal muscle enhances glucose uptake and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (Kahn et al., 2005). In the liver, AMPK activation suppresses endogenous glucose production (Kahn et al., 2005). In pancreatic -cells, AMPK seems to antagonize the effect of glucose on insulin secretion and to induce -cell apoptosis (Kefas et al., 2003), Fig. 1. Possible mechanism by which decreased hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity reduces food intake. The reduction in hypothalamic AMPK activity in response to feeding-inhibiting factors, such as leptin, insulin, glucose and alpha-lipoic acid ( -LA), increases acetyl-coa carboxylase (ACC) activity. Increased ACC activity leads to increase in malonyl-coa levels, which in turn inhibits carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) and mitochondrial -oxidation of long chain fatty acyl CoA (LCAC). Recent studies have suggested that increases in malonyl-coa and/or LCAC levels in the hypothalamus decrease food intake (Andersson et al., 2004; Loftus et al., 2000; Obici et al., 2003).
4 W.J. Lee et al. / The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 37 (2005) whereas activation of this enzyme has been reported to play a favorable role in preserving -cell function under lipid overloading conditions (Diraison et al., 2004). Recent studies (Andersson et al., 2004; Kim et al., 2004; Minokoshi et al., 2004) have demonstrated that AMPK activity in hypothalamic neurons is altered by various factors and mediates their feeding effects. Hypothalamic AMPK activity is regulated by nutritional availability in hypothalamic neurons. For example, administration of 2-DG increases hypothalamic AMPK activity, while co-administration of an AMPK inhibitor, compound C, inhibited the 2-DG-induced glucoprivic feeding (Kim et al., 2004). Conversely, ICV administration of glucose or restoration of food intake has been found to decrease hypothalamic AMPK activity (Minokoshi et al., 2004). AMPK activity is reduced by ICV administration of anorexigenic hormones, such as insulin and leptin, but increased by ICV administration of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin (Andersson et al., 2004; Minokoshi et al., 2004). In the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, AMPK activity is decreased by the melanocortin receptor agonist MT- II but increased by the melanocortin receptor antagonist agouti-related protein (AgRP). Taken together, these findings indicate that AMPK is part of the common signaling pathway by which various factors regulate feeding behavior. That is, hypothalamic AMPK activity is reduced by feeding-inhibiting factors and increased by feeding-stimulating factors. Although the mechanism by which AMPK activity in hypothalamic neurons affects feeding behavior is still not fully understood, the leptin-induced reduction in hypothalamic AMPK activity was shown to decrease feeding by down-regulating expression of the orexigenic hormones neuropeptide Y (NPY) and AgRP (Minokoshi et al., 2004). Alternatively, changes in AMPK activity may affect feeding via changes in intracellular malonyl CoA concentrations and CPT-1 activity (Loftus et al., 2000; Obici et al., 2003; Fig. 1). 3. Therapy Sibutramine and orlistat, which regulate food intake and lipid absorption, respectively, are the two currently approved anti-obesity drugs. Both of these drugs, Fig. 2. Mechanism of body weight regulation by alpha-lipoic acid ( -LA). -LA reduces food intake and increases energy expenditure by suppressing hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity. -LA increases energy expenditure by increasing uncoupling protein (UCP)-1 expression in adipose tissue and by activating AMPK in skeletal muscle.
5 2258 W.J. Lee et al. / The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 37 (2005) however, are less than satisfactory because of their limited efficacy and unfavorable side effects. Thus, there is a need for more effective and safer therapeutic agents for obesity. We recently demonstrated that alpha-lipoic acid ( -LA) has anti-obesity effects mediated by the suppression of hypothalamic AMPK activity (Kim et al., 2004). -LA is an essential cofactor of mitochondrial pyruvate and ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. In addition, -LA enhances glucose metabolism in insulinresistant rat skeletal muscle, and shows potent antioxidant activity by chelating transition metal ions and increasing cytosolic glutathione and vitamin C levels. Administration of -LA to rodents reduces food intake and body weight, as well as stimulating whole-body energy expenditure. We have shown that central administration of very small amounts of -LA increased UCP-1 mrna in brown adipose tissue, whereas co-administration of an AMPK activator, 5 -aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR), prevented the -LA-induced enhancement of energy expenditure and UCP-1 expression, indicating that these effects are mediated by -LA-induced inhibition of AMPK (Kim et al., 2004). Finally, in contrast to its effects on the hypothalamus, -LA increased glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle by activating AMPK (Lee et al., 2005). The mechanism by which -LA decreases hypothalamic AMPK activity is presently unknown. However, -LA has been found to stimulate glucose transport and ATP synthesis in peripheral tissues (Yaworsky, Somwar, Ramlal, Tritschler, & Klip, 2000), and it may decrease hypothalamic AMPK activity by increasing glucose uptake and/or metabolism in the hypothalamus. Drugs that can both reduce appetite and increase energy expenditure may be ideal for regulating body weight. Therefore, -LA may be a promising new drug for the treatment of human obesity (Fig. 2). The effects of -LA on energy expenditure, however, may be limited to rodents, which possess active brown adipose tissues. Acknowledgement This work was supported by the National Research Laboratory (NRL) grant from the Ministry of Science and Technology (M J ), Republic of Korea. References Andersson, U., Filipsson, K., Abbott, C. R., Woods, A., Smith, K., Bloom, S. R., et al. (2004). AMP-activated protein kinase plays a role in the control of food intake. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279, Bachman, E. S., Dhillon, H., Zhang, C. Y., Cinti, S., Bianco, A. C., Kobilka, B. K., et al. (2002). betaar signaling required for diet-induced thermogenesis and obesity resistance. Science, 297, Diraison, F., Parton, L., Ferre, P., Foufelle, F., Briscoe, C. P., Leclerc, I., et al. (2004). Over-expression of sterol-regulatory-elementbinding protein-1c (SREBP1c) in rat pancreatic islets induces lipogenesis and decreases glucose-stimulated insulin release: Modulation by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR). Biochemical Journal, 378, Flier, J. S. (2004). Obesity wars: Molecular progress confronts an expanding epidemic. Cell, 116, Havel, P. J. (2004). Update on adipocyte hormones: Regulation of energy balance and carbohydrate/lipid metabolism. Diabetes, 53(Suppl. 1), S143 S151. Kahn, B. B., Alquier, T., Carling, D., & Hardie, D. G. (2005). AMPactivated protein kinase: Ancient energy gauge provides clues to modern understanding of metabolism. Cell Metabolism, 1, Kefas, B. A., Heimberg, H., Vaulont, S., Meisse, D., Hue, L., Pipeleers, D., et al. (2003). AICA-riboside induces apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells through stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Diabetologia, 46, Kim, M. S., Park, J. Y., Namkoong, C., Jang, P. G., Ryu, J. W., Song, H. S., et al. (2004). Anti-obesity effects of alpha-lipoic acid mediated by suppression of hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase. Nature Medicine, 10, Lee, W. J., Song, K. H., Koh, E. H., Won, J. C., Kim, H. S., Park, H. S., et al. (2005). Alpha-lipoic acid increases insulin sensitivity by activating AMPK in skeletal muscle. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 332, Loftus, T. M., Jaworsky, D. E., Frehywot, G. L., Townsend, C. A., Ronnett, G. V., Lane, M. D., et al. (2000). Reduced food intake and body weight in mice treated with fatty acid synthase inhibitors. Science, 288, Minokoshi, Y., Alquier, T., Furukawa, N., Kim, Y. B., Lee, A., Xue, B., et al. (2004). AMP-kinase regulates food intake by responding to hormonal and nutrient signals in the hypothalamus. Nature, 428, Obici, S., Feng, Z., Arduini, A., Conti, R., & Rossetti, L. (2003). Inhibition of hypothalamic carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 decreases food intake and glucose production. Nature Medicine, 9, Obici, S., Feng, Z., Morgan, K., Stein, D., Karkanias, G., & Rossetti, L. (2002). Central administration of oleic acid inhibits glucose production and food intake. Diabetes, 51,
6 W.J. Lee et al. / The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 37 (2005) Sergeyev, V., Broberger, C., Gorbatyuk, O., & Hokfelt, T. (2000). Effect of 2-mercaptoacetate and 2-deoxy-d-glucose administration on the expression of NPY, AGRP, POMC, MCH and hypocretin/orexin in the rat hypothalamus. Neuroreport, 11, Spanswick, D., Smith, M. A., Mirshamsi, S., Routh, V. H., & Ashford, M. L. (2000). Insulin activates ATP-sensitive K+ channels in hypothalamic neurons of lean, but not obese rats. Nature Neuroscience, 3, Stein, C. J., & Colditz, G. A. (2004). The epidemic of obesity. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89, Tartaglia, L. A., Dembski, M., Weng, X., Deng, N., Culpepper, J., Devos, R., et al. (1995). Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor OB-R. Cell, 83, Yamauchi, T., Kamon, J., Ito, Y., Tsuchida, A., Yokomizo, T., Kita, S., et al. (2003). Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate anti-diabetic metabolic effects. Nature, 423, Yang, X. J., Kow, L. M., Funabashi, T., & Mobbs, C. V. (1999). Hypothalamic glucose sensor: Similarities to and differences from pancreatic beta-cell mechanisms. Diabetes, 48, Yaworsky, K., Somwar, R., Ramlal, T., Tritschler, H. J., & Klip, A. (2000). Engagement of the insulin-sensitive pathway in the stimulation of glucose transport by alpha-lipoic acid in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Diabetologia, 43, Zhang, Y., Proenca, R., Maffei, M., Barone, M., Leopold, L., & Friedman, J. M. (1994). Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature, 372,
BIOL212 Biochemistry of Disease. Metabolic Disorders - Obesity
BIOL212 Biochemistry of Disease Metabolic Disorders - Obesity Obesity Approx. 23% of adults are obese in the U.K. The number of obese children has tripled in 20 years. 10% of six year olds are obese, rising
More informationBALANCING THE SCALES USING A NOVEL CELLULAR ENERGY SENSOR
The West London Medical Journal 2010 Vol 2 No 4 pp 29-35 BALANCING THE SCALES USING A NOVEL CELLULAR ENERGY SENSOR Sairah Akbar The topic of obesity is rarely out of the public eye with an increasingly
More informationAMPK. Tomáš Kučera.
AMPK (AMP- ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE ) Tomáš Kučera tomas.kucera@lfmotol.cuni.cz Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol
More informationAMPK. Tomáš Kuc era. Ústav lékar ské chemie a klinické biochemie 2. lékar ská fakulta, Univerzita Karlova v Praze
AMPK (AMP- ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE ) Tomáš Kuc era Ústav lékar ské chemie a klinické biochemie 2. lékar ská fakulta, Univerzita Karlova v Praze 2013 AMPK AMP-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE present in all eukaryotic
More informationMetabolism of cardiac muscle. Dr. Mamoun Ahram Cardiovascular system, 2013
Metabolism of cardiac muscle Dr. Mamoun Ahram Cardiovascular system, 2013 References This lecture Mark s Basic Medical Biochemistry, 4 th ed., p. 890-891 Hand-out Why is this topic important? Heart failure
More informationSensing the fat: Fatty acid metabolism in the hypothalamus and the melanocortin system
Peptides 26 (2005) 1753 1758 Review Sensing the fat: Fatty acid metabolism in the hypothalamus and the melanocortin system Miguel López, Sulay Tovar, María Jesús Vázquez, Rubén Nogueiras, Rosa Señarís,
More informationInhibition of hypothalamic fatty acid synthase triggers rapid activation of fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle
Inhibition of hypothalamic fatty acid synthase triggers rapid activation of fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle Seung Hun Cha*, Zhiyuan Hu*, Shigeru Chohnan, and M. Daniel Lane* *Department of Biological
More informationFigure 1: The leptin/melanocortin pathway Neuronal populations propagate the signaling of various molecules (leptin, insulin, ghrelin) to control
Leptin Deficiency Introduction The leptin/melanocortin pathway plays a key role in the hypothalamic control of food intake. It is activated following the systemic release of the adipokine leptin (LEP)
More information! acts via the autonomic nervous system. ! maintaining body weight within tight limits. ! ventromedial (VMN) ! arcuate (ARC) ! neuropeptide Y (NPY)
Brain Regulates energy homeostatis Glucose Sensing in the Brain Seminar 2012 Gareth Price! acts in response to circulating signals of nutrient states! acts via the autonomic nervous system Ensures a balance
More informationCNS Control of Food Intake. Adena Zadourian & Andrea Shelton
CNS Control of Food Intake Adena Zadourian & Andrea Shelton Controlling Food Intake Energy Homeostasis (Change in body adiposity + compensatory changes in food intake) Background Information/Review Insulin
More informationLeptin Intro/Signaling. ATeamP: Angelo, Anthony, Charlie, Gabby, Joseph
Leptin Intro/Signaling ATeamP: Angelo, Anthony, Charlie, Gabby, Joseph Overview Intro to Leptin Definition & Sources Physiology Bound vs. Free Receptors Signaling JAK/STAT MAPK PI3K ACC Experimental findings
More informationChapter 12. Ingestive Behavior
Chapter 12 Ingestive Behavior Drinking a. fluid compartments b. osmometric thirst c. volumetric thirst Eating a. energy sources b. starting a meal c. stopping a meal d. eating disordersd Drinking a. fluid
More informationNeurophysiology of the Regulation of Food Intake and the Common Reward Pathways of Obesity and Addiction. Laura Gunter
Neurophysiology of the Regulation of Food Intake and the Common Reward Pathways of Obesity and Addiction Laura Gunter The Brain as the Regulatory Center for Appetite The brain is the integration center
More informationHormones. Prof. Dr. Volker Haucke Institut für Chemie-Biochemie Takustrasse 6
Hormones Prof. Dr. Volker Haucke Institut für Chemie-Biochemie Takustrasse 6 Tel. 030-8385-6920 (Sekret.) 030-8385-6922 (direkt) e-mail: vhaucke@chemie.fu-berlin.de http://userpage.chemie.fu-berlin.de/biochemie/aghaucke/teaching.html
More informationChronic Stimulation of Leptin on Food Intake and Body Weight after Microinjection into the Ventromedial Hypothalamus of Conscious Rats
TAJ December 2006; Volume 19 Number 2 ISSN 1019-8555 The Journal of Teachers Association RMC, Rajshahi Original Article Chronic Stimulation of Leptin on Food Intake and Body Weight after Micro into the
More informationBi156 lecture 2, 1/6/12. Eating and weight regulation
Bi156 lecture 2, 1/6/12 Eating and weight regulation Introduction: weight regulation in an affluent society In our society much effort and money is expended on regulation of weight. Failure to maintain
More informationletters to nature ... AMP-kinase regulates food intake by responding to hormonal and nutrient signals in the hypothalamus
... AMP-kinase regulates food intake by responding to hormonal and nutrient signals in the hypothalamus Yasuhiko Minokoshi 1, Thierry Alquier 1, Noboru Furukawa 1, Young-Bum Kim 1, Anna Lee 1, Bingzhong
More informationObesity in aging: Hormonal contribution
Obesity in aging: Hormonal contribution Hormonal issues in obesity and aging Hormonal role in regulation of energy balance Genetic component in hormonal regulation Life style contribution to hormonal changes
More informationGut hormones KHATTAB
Gut hormones PROF:ABD ALHAFIZ HASSAN KHATTAB Gut as an endocrine gland The talk will cover the following : Historical background. Why this subject is chosen. Gastro-intestinal hormones and their function.
More information1 Neuroregulation of Appetite
Chapter 1 / Neuroregulation of Appetite 3 1 Neuroregulation of Appetite Ofer Reizes, PhD, Stephen C. Benoit, PhD, and Deborah J. Clegg, PhD CONTENTS INTRODUCTION THE DUAL-CENTERS HYPOTHESIS CONTROL OF
More informationHypothalamic AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Regulates Glucose Production. Shuo Yang
Hypothalamic AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Regulates Glucose Production by Shuo Yang A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Physiology University
More informationTHE ROLE OF INSULIN RECEPTOR SIGNALING IN THE BRAIN. COGS 163 By: Pranav Singh Alexandra Villar
THE ROLE OF INSULIN RECEPTOR SIGNALING IN THE BRAIN COGS 163 By: Pranav Singh Alexandra Villar INTRODUCTION Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas by the islets of Langerhans that regulates the
More informationThe Role of CNS Fuel Sensing in Energy and Glucose Regulation
GASTROENTEROLOGY 2007;132:2158 2168 The Role of CNS Fuel Sensing in Energy and Glucose Regulation DANIELA COTA,* KARINE PROULX, and RANDY J. SEELEY* *Department of Psychiatry, Genome Research Institute,
More informationMetabolic Programming. Mary ET Boyle, Ph. D. Department of Cognitive Science UCSD
Metabolic Programming Mary ET Boyle, Ph. D. Department of Cognitive Science UCSD nutritional stress/stimuli organogenesis of target tissues early period critical window consequence of stress/stimuli are
More informationOver the past three decades there has been an alarming
Differential effects of central fructose and glucose on hypothalamic malonyl CoA and food intake Seung Hun Cha a, Michael Wolfgang a, Yuka Tokutake b, Shigeru Chohnan b, and M. Daniel Lane a,1 a Department
More informationMetabolism of acylglycerols and sphingolipids. Martina Srbová
Metabolism of acylglycerols and sphingolipids Martina Srbová Types of glycerolipids and sphingolipids 1. Triacylglycerols function as energy reserves adipose tissue (storage of triacylglycerol), lipoproteins
More informationIngestive Behaviors 21. Introduction. Page 1. control and story lines. (a review of general endocrinology) Integration (or the basic reflex arc model)
Ingestive Behaviors 21 (a review of general endocrinology) A neuroendocrine system: components, a reflex arc, the endocrine system, the AN, endocrine / nervous systems as afferents and efferents, the theoretical
More informationInternal Regulation II Energy
Internal Regulation II Energy Reading: BCP Chapter 16 lookfordiagnosis.com Homeostasis Biologically, what is necessary for life is a coordinated set of chemical reactions. These reactions take place in
More informationHomeostasis and Mechanisms of Weight Regulation
Homeostasis and Mechanisms of Weight Regulation Purpose In this activity students will investigate how negative feedback mechanisms function to maintain homeostatic balance using a recently discovered
More informationHistory of Investigation
Acini - Pancreatic juice (1º) (2º) Secretions- neuronal and hormonal mechanisms 1) Secretin - bicarbonate rich 2) Cholecystokinin - enzyme rich Islets of Langerhans (contain 4 cell types) Alpha cells (α)-
More informationIn The Name Of God. In The Name Of. EMRI Modeling Group
In The Name Of God In The Name Of God EMRI Modeling Group Cells work together in functionally related groups called tissues Types of tissues: Epithelial lining and covering Connective support Muscle movement
More informationThe physiological and pathophysiological role of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in the peripheral tissues and CNS
FEBS Letters 582 (2008) 74 80 Minireview The physiological and pathophysiological role of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in the peripheral tissues and CNS Takashi Kadowaki a,b, *, Toshimasa Yamauchi
More informationENERGY FROM INGESTED NUTREINTS MAY BE USED IMMEDIATELY OR STORED
QUIZ/TEST REVIEW NOTES SECTION 1 SHORT TERM METABOLISM [METABOLISM] Learning Objectives: Identify primary energy stores of the body Differentiate the metabolic processes of the fed and fasted states Explain
More informationAdipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ. Abdel Moniem Ibrahim, MD Professor of Physiology Cairo University
Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ Abdel Moniem Ibrahim, MD Professor of Physiology Cairo University Functions of Adipose Tissue Adipose tissue expresses and secretes a variety of bioactive peptides,
More informationLIPID METABOLISM
LIPID METABOLISM LIPOGENESIS LIPOGENESIS LIPOGENESIS FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS DE NOVO FFA in the blood come from :- (a) Dietary fat (b) Dietary carbohydrate/protein in excess of need FA TAG Site of synthesis:-
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Faisal Al-Khatibe
number 24 Done by Mohammed tarabieh Corrected by Doctor Faisal Al-Khatibe 1 P a g e *Please look over the previous sheet about fatty acid synthesis **Oxidation(degradation) of fatty acids, occurs in the
More informationAn important function of the central nervous
Perspectives in Diabetes Insulin Signaling in the Central Nervous System A Critical Role in Metabolic Homeostasis and Disease From C. elegans to Humans Daniel Porte, Jr., 1,2,3 Denis G. Baskin, 3 and Michael
More informationIngestive Behaviors 33. Introduction. Page 1. control and story lines. (a review of general endocrinology) Integration (or the basic reflex arc model)
Ingestive Behaviors 33 (a review of general endocrinology) A neuroendocrine system: components, a reflex arc, the endocrine system, the AN, endocrine / nervous systems as afferents and efferents, the theoretical
More informationChapter 24 Cholesterol, Energy Balance and Body Temperature. 10/28/13 MDufilho
Chapter 24 Cholesterol, Energy Balance and Body Temperature 10/28/13 MDufilho 1 Metabolic Role of the Liver Hepatocytes ~500 metabolic functions Process nearly every class of nutrient Play major role in
More informationImplications of mitochondrial skeletal muscle metabolism on diabetes and obesity before and after weight loss
GG2 Implications of mitochondrial skeletal muscle metabolism on diabetes and obesity before and after weight loss Dr Giacomo Gastaldi CHRU Montpellier Folie 1 GG2 19.10.2009 GG_PC; 12.10.2009 Plan Introduction
More informationMotivation 1 of 6. during the prandial state when the blood is filled
Motivation 1 of 6 I. INTRODUCTION A. Motivation: a condition (usually internal) that initiates, activates, or maintains goal-directed behavior. B. Archery analogy 1. undrawn bow has no potential energy
More informationInsulin-Leptin Interactions
Insulin-Leptin Interactions Ahmed S., Al-Azzam N., Cao B. Karshaleva B., Sriram S., Vu K. If you understand a system, you can predict it. Agenda - Energy homeostasis Overview of leptin and insulin Signaling
More informationPeripubertal, leptin-deficient ob/ob female mice were used in an investigation of
ESSICK-BROOKSHIRE, ELIZABETH ANN, M.S. The Effects of Peripherally Administered 17-β Estradiol and BIBP3226, a NPY Y1 Receptor Antagonist, on Food Intake, Body Mass, Reproductive Development and Behavior
More informationEnergy flow in the organism
I. Parameters of energy metabolism, basal metabolic rate, measurements. II. Control of food intake, hunger and satiety Péter Sántha, 12.02. 2017. Energy flow in the organism NUTRIENTS PHYSICAL WORK HEAT
More informationSubject Index. postprandial glycemia and suppression in serum 51 recommendations 119, 120 supplementation pros and cons 118, 119
Acarbose, diabetes prevention trials 32, 33, 40 42 Accelerator hypothesis accelerators beta cell autoimmunity 140, 141, 147, 150, 151 insulin resistance 140, 142 144, 150 obesity 145 148 diabetes risk
More informationAND THE REGULATION OF ENERGY AND GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS. A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NUTRIENT-SENSING AND THE REGULATION OF ENERGY AND GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS by CAROL KA-LO LAM A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE
More informationLecture 5: Cell Metabolism. Biology 219 Dr. Adam Ross
Lecture 5: Cell Metabolism Biology 219 Dr. Adam Ross Cellular Respiration Set of reactions that take place during the conversion of nutrients into ATP Intricate regulatory relationship between several
More informationEnergy Balance. Applied Human Metabolism VII. Energy Out. Factors that effect BMR/RMR 17/03/2016
Energy Balance Applied Human Metabolism VII Weight Regulation The balance of energy taken in or leaving the body determines body mass Energy In = Energy Out Weight Maintenance Energy In < Energy Out Weight
More informationRestoration of hypothalamic lipid sensing normalizes energy and glucose homeostasis in overfed rats
Research article Restoration of hypothalamic lipid sensing normalizes energy and glucose homeostasis in overfed rats Alessandro Pocai, 1 Tony K.T. Lam, 1 Silvana Obici, 1 Roger Gutierrez-Juarez, 1 Evan
More informationLESSON 3.3 WORKBOOK. How do we decide when and how much to eat?
Appetite The psychological desire to eat, driven by feelings of pleasure from the brain. Hunger The biological or physiological need to eat, caused by a release of hormones from the digestive tract. LESSON
More informationRole of fatty acids in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Emerging Science Role of fatty acids in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus George Wolf Insulin resistance is defined as the reduced responsiveness to normal circulating
More informationPrinciples of Anatomy and Physiology
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 14 th Edition CHAPTER 25 Metabolism and Nutrition Metabolic Reactions Metabolism refers to all of the chemical reactions taking place in the body. Reactions that break
More informationEnergy metabolism - the overview
Energy metabolism - the overview Josef Fontana EC - 40 Overview of the lecture Important terms of the energy metabolism The overview of the energy metabolism The main pathways of the energy metabolism
More informationOverall Energy metabolism: Integration and Regulation
Overall Energy metabolism: Integration and Regulation We have discussed various fuels which are oxidized via different catabolic pathways to generate ATP, or reducing equivalents required to carry out
More informationLow ambient temperature lowers cholecystokinin and leptin plasma concentrations in adult men
ISPUB.COM The Internet Journal of Gastroenterology Volume 7 Number 2 Low ambient temperature lowers cholecystokinin and leptin plasma concentrations in adult men M Pizon, P Tomasic, K Sztefko, Z Szafran
More informationIntegration & Hormone Regulation
Integration Branchpoints in metabolism where metabolites can go several directions 1. Glucose 6-phosphate Energy needed (low energy charge): glycolysis Low blood sugar: high [glucagon], low [insulin] glycogen
More informationLecture 29: Membrane Transport and metabolism
Chem*3560 Lecture 29: Membrane Transport and metabolism Insulin controls glucose uptake Adipose tissue and muscles contain a passive glucose transporter GluT4 which takes up glucose from blood. (This is
More informationEmpower Preventive Medicine. Timothy J. McCormick, DO, MPH 4221 Baymeadows Suite 6 Jacksonville, FL
Empower Preventive Medicine Timothy J. McCormick, DO, MPH 4221 Baymeadows Suite 6 Jacksonville, FL 32217 904-367-4005 Drtim@emprevmed.com Obesity Medicine Old paradigm: Obesity was a matter of willpower,
More informationUNIVERSITY OF PNG SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
1 UNIVERSITY OF PNG SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS An Overview WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS? Homeostasis
More informationEAT TO LIVE: THE ROLE OF THE PANCREAS. Felicia V. Nowak, M.D., Ph.D. Ohio University COM 22 January, 2008
EAT TO LIVE: THE ROLE OF THE PANCREAS Felicia V. Nowak, M.D., Ph.D. Ohio University COM 22 January, 2008 THE ROLE OF THE PANCREAS Exocrine pancreas Endocrine pancreas THE ROLE OF THE PANCREAS EXOCRINE
More informationTHE ROLE OF DIETARY FAT IN HYPOTHALAMIC INSULIN AND LEPTIN RESISTANCE AND THE PATHOGENESIS OF OBESITY. Kelly Ann Posey.
THE ROLE OF DIETARY FAT IN HYPOTHALAMIC INSULIN AND LEPTIN RESISTANCE AND THE PATHOGENESIS OF OBESITY By Kelly Ann Posey Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University
More informationWhat systems are involved in homeostatic regulation (give an example)?
1 UNIVERSITY OF PNG SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS (Diabetes Mellitus Part 1): An Overview
More informationBEIGE AND BROWN FAT: BASIC BIOLOGY AND NOVEL THERAPEUTICS Dr. Carl Ascoli
BEIGE AND BROWN FAT: BASIC BIOLOGY AND NOVEL THERAPEUTICS Dr. Carl Ascoli Symposium Co-Chairs: Bruce M. Spiegelman (Harvard/Dana Farber) and Sven Enerbäck (U.Gothenburg) April 17-23, 2015 Snowbird Resort,
More informationMBB317. Dr D MANGNALL OBESITY. Lecture 2
MBB317 Dr D MANGNALL OBESITY Lecture 2 When the structure of the insulin receptor was first discovered it was assumed that the active beta subunit tyrosine kinase would phosphorylate some intracellular
More informationOxidation of Long Chain Fatty Acids
Oxidation of Long Chain Fatty Acids Dr NC Bird Oxidation of long chain fatty acids is the primary source of energy supply in man and animals. Hibernating animals utilise fat stores to maintain body heat,
More informationRoles of Lipids. principal form of stored energy major constituents of cell membranes vitamins messengers intra and extracellular
Roles of Lipids principal form of stored energy major constituents of cell membranes vitamins messengers intra and extracellular = Oxidation of fatty acids Central energy-yielding pathway in animals. O
More informationBCM 221 LECTURES OJEMEKELE O.
BCM 221 LECTURES BY OJEMEKELE O. OUTLINE INTRODUCTION TO LIPID CHEMISTRY STORAGE OF ENERGY IN ADIPOCYTES MOBILIZATION OF ENERGY STORES IN ADIPOCYTES KETONE BODIES AND KETOSIS PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX
More informationGhrelin mediates stressinduced. behavior in mice. Chuang et al 2011 L3: Love, Lust, Labor
Ghrelin mediates stressinduced food-reward behavior in mice Chuang et al 2011 L3: Love, Lust, Labor Agenda Introduction What is Ghrelin? Previous Models New model Methods Results Discussion Conclusion
More informationNUTRITION & MALIGNANCY: An Overview
NUTRITION & MALIGNANCY: An Overview UNIVERSITY OF PNG SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PBL MBBS II SEMINAR VJ Temple 1 Malignancy and Weight loss (Cachexia)
More informationIngestive Behavior: Feeding & Weight Regulation. Hypovolemic vs. Osmotic Thirst
Ingestive Behavior: Feeding & Weight Regulation 1 Hypovolemic Thirst Receptors, CNS, Responses Salt Appetite Digestive components Glucose Homeostasis: Insulin & Glucagon Diabetes Mellitus 1 & 2 CNS Hypothalamic
More informationCopyright 2017 The Guilford Press
This is a chapter excerpt from Guilford Publications. Eating Disorders and Obesity: A Comprehensive Handbook, Third Edition. Edited by Kelly D. Brownell and B. Timothy Walsh. Copyright 2017. Purchase this
More informationCentral Nervous System Regulation of Food Intake
Central Nervous System Regulation of Food Intake Michael W. Schwartz Introduction Some 50 years ago, Gordon Kennedy introduced the hypothesis that body fat stores are subject to homeostatic regulation
More informationSlimLine Setpoint Theory
According to the setpoint theory, there is a control system built into every person dictating how much fat he or she should carry - a kind of thermostat for body fat. Some individuals have a high setting,
More informationYiying Zhang, PhD Research Scientist. Research Summary:
Yiying Zhang, PhD Research Scientist Research Summary: Address: Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center at Columbia University Medical Center Russ Berrie Medical Science Pavilion 1150 St. Nicholas Avenue New York,
More informationDigestion: Endocrinology of Appetite
Digestion: Endocrinology of Dr. Ritamarie Loscalzo Medical Disclaimer: The information in this presentation is not intended to replace a one on one relationship with a qualified health care professional
More informationChapter 1, Part A: Biological background of obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia
General introduction The introduction to this thesis consists of two parts. The first part gives an overview of the current concepts and developments regarding obesity and insulin resistance, as well as
More informationTHE GLUCOSE-FATTY ACID-KETONE BODY CYCLE Role of ketone bodies as respiratory substrates and metabolic signals
Br. J. Anaesth. (1981), 53, 131 THE GLUCOSE-FATTY ACID-KETONE BODY CYCLE Role of ketone bodies as respiratory substrates and metabolic signals J. C. STANLEY In this paper, the glucose-fatty acid cycle
More informationFinal Review Sessions. 3/16 (FRI) 126 Wellman (4-6 6 pm) 3/19 (MON) 1309 Surge 3 (4-6 6 pm) Office Hours
Final Review Sessions 3/16 (FRI) 126 Wellman (4-6 6 pm) 3/19 (MON) 1309 Surge 3 (4-6 6 pm) Office ours 3/14 (WED) 9:30 11:30 am (Rebecca) 3/16 (FRI) 9-11 am (Abel) Final ESSENTIALS Posted Lecture 20 ormonal
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doi:10.1038/nature11464 Supplemental Figure S1. The expression of Vegfb is increased in obese and diabetic mice as compared to lean mice. a-b, Body weight and postprandial blood
More informationEffects of growth hormone secretagogue receptor agonist and antagonist in nonobese type 2 diabetic MKR mice
Effects of growth hormone secretagogue receptor agonist and antagonist in nonobese type 2 diabetic MKR mice Rasha Mosa (MBCHC, M.D, PhD candidate) School of Biomedical Sciences University of Queensland
More informationMotility Conference Ghrelin
Motility Conference Ghrelin Emori Bizer, M.D. Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology November 21, 2007 Ghrelin: Basics Hormone produced by the A-like A endocrine cells in the oxyntic mucosa (stomach body
More informationWEIGHT GAIN DURING MENOPAUSE EMERGING RESEARCH
MENOPAUSE WHEN DOES IT OCCUR? The cessation of the menstrual cycle for one year. WEIGHT GAIN DURING MENOPAUSE EMERGING RESEARCH Jan Schroeder, Ph.D. Chair of The Department of Kinesiology California State
More informationLecture 36. Key Concepts. Overview of lipid metabolism. Reactions of fatty acid oxidation. Energy yield from fatty acid oxidation
Lecture 36 Lipid Metabolism 1 Fatty Acid Oxidation Ketone Bodies Key Concepts Overview of lipid metabolism Reactions of fatty acid oxidation Energy yield from fatty acid oxidation Formation of ketone bodies
More informationObesity in Children. JC Opperman
Obesity in Children JC Opperman Definition The child too heavy for height or length Obvious on inspection 10 to 20% over desirable weight = overweight More than 20% = obese Use percentile charts for the
More informationFructose in Insulin Resistance- Focused on Diabetes 순천향대학교부천병원 내분비내과 정찬희
Fructose in Insulin Resistance- Focused on Diabetes 순천향대학교부천병원 내분비내과 정찬희 Introduction Unique characteristics of Fructose Metabolism Mechanism for Fructose-Induced Insulin Resistance Epidemiological Studies
More informationOVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY. Dharma Lindarto Div. Endokrin-Metabolik Departemen Penyakit Dalam FK USU/RSUP H Adam Malik Medan.
OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY Dharma Lindarto Div. Endokrin-Metabolik Departemen Penyakit Dalam FK USU/RSUP H Adam Malik Medan. Defining obesity Obesity - an excessive accumulation of body fat sufficient to impair
More informationGlycolysis Part 2. BCH 340 lecture 4
Glycolysis Part 2 BCH 340 lecture 4 Regulation of Glycolysis There are three steps in glycolysis that have enzymes which regulate the flux of glycolysis These enzymes catalyzes irreversible reactions of
More informationBiochemistry: A Short Course
Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 28 Fatty Acid Synthesis 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 28 Outline 1. The first stage of fatty acid synthesis is transfer
More informationMetabolic Syndrome. DOPE amines COGS 163
Metabolic Syndrome DOPE amines COGS 163 Overview - M etabolic Syndrome - General definition and criteria - Importance of diagnosis - Glucose Homeostasis - Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - Insulin Resistance
More information5.0 HORMONAL CONTROL OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
5.0 HORMONAL CONTROL OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Introduction: Variety of hormones and other molecules regulate the carbohydrates metabolism. Some of these have already been cited in previous sections.
More informationFatty Acid Degradation. Catabolism Overview. TAG and FA 11/11/2015. Chapter 27, Stryer Short Course. Lipids as a fuel source diet Beta oxidation
Fatty Acid Degradation Chapter 27, Stryer Short Course Catabolism verview Lipids as a fuel source diet Beta oxidation saturated Unsaturated dd chain Ketone bodies as fuel Physiology High energy More reduced
More informationGlucose. Glucose. Insulin Action. Introduction to Hormonal Regulation of Fuel Metabolism
Glucose Introduction to Hormonal Regulation of Fuel Metabolism Fasting level 3.5-5 mmol (1 mmol = 18 mg/dl) Postprandial 6-10 mmol Amount of glucose in circulation is dependent on: Absorption from the
More informationCentral nervous system control of food intake
insight review article Central nervous system control of food intake Michael W. Schwartz*, Stephen C. Woods, Daniel Porte Jr*, Randy J. Seeley & Denis G. Baskin* Departments of Medicine* and Biological
More informationMedical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology department
Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology department Cardiac Fuels [Sources of energy for the Cardiac muscle] Intended learning outcomes of the lecture: By the end of this lecture you would be able to:-
More informationLeptin-Insulin Signaling in the Brain. BY TEAM CEPHALIC Aman Hamdard, Kevin Artiga, Megan Imreh, Ronald Baldonado, and Sharri Mo
Leptin-Insulin Signaling in the Brain BY TEAM CEPHALIC Aman Hamdard, Kevin Artiga, Megan Imreh, Ronald Baldonado, and Sharri Mo Agenda Leptin in the Hypothalamus: Pathways and Roles Cross-talk between
More informationFatty acid synthesis. Dr. Nalini Ganesan M.Sc., Ph.D Associate Professor Department of Biochemistry SRMC & RI (DU) Porur, Chennai - 116
Fatty acid synthesis Dr. Nalini Ganesan M.Sc., Ph.D Associate Professor Department of Biochemistry SRMC & RI (DU) Porur, Chennai 116 Harper s biochemistry 24 th ed, Pg 218 Fatty acid Synthesis Known as
More informationGlucose Sensing Neurons in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Sensors 2010, 10, 9002-9025; doi:10.3390/s101009002 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors Review Glucose Sensing Neurons in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus Vanessa H. Routh Department
More informationDiabesity. Metabolic dysfunction that ranges from mild blood glucose imbalance to full fledged Type 2 DM Signs
Diabesity Metabolic dysfunction that ranges from mild blood glucose imbalance to full fledged Type 2 DM Signs Abdominal obesity Low HDL, high LDL, and high triglycerides HTN High blood glucose (F>100l,
More informationEnergy Metabolism and Body Temperature
Energy Metabolism and Body Temperature Hui-ping Wang( 王会平 ), PhD Dept. of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine wanghuiping@zju.edu.cn Part I Energy metabolism Definition The metabolic processes
More informationThe prevalence of overweight and obesity
THE NEUROLOGICAL AND ENDOCRINE COMPONENTS OF WEIGHT GAIN AND OBESITY * Louis J. Aronne, MD ABSTRACT The prevalence of overweight and obesity has reached epidemic proportions, affecting 64.5% of adults
More information