FOOD SAFETY: Where Do We Stand in China

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1 FOOD SAFETY: Where Do We Stand in China Yongning WU Department of Monitoring and Control for Contaminates and Residues National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety China CDC Beijing 15, China

2 SAFE FOODS State of the Art Broad public concern about the safety of the food supply BSE, dioxin, E.coli 157, GM food crops Low public trust in how food crises were handled Low trust in the Regulatory System in the World, even in Europe

3 ADMINISTRATORS The Food Debate! POLITICIANS EXPERTS MEDIA SCIENTISTS IUSTRY ACTION GROUPS CONSUMERS

4 Challenges to food safety in China Greater demand of safety foods, after food security problem is basically solved, Follow the rules of WTO in international food trade, Further reform in agriculture production and up-grade of food industry.

5 Major food safety issues in China Food borne illness Chemical contamination including lack of background data for certain chemicals Export rejections Food safety standards development behind production development With significant variations among different geographical regions and different industries

6 Food borne illness caused by pathogenic microorganisms is the No. 1 food safety issue According to WHO, the under-reporting rate of food borne illness in the developing countries is estimated to be more than 95%. Therefore, the current reported data to the Ministry of Health is only the tip of the iceberg.

7 Characteristics of food safety issues in China Country in economical transition both traditional and modern issues, e.g. unhygienic food processing and industrialized chicken farming. Source contamination millions of individual farmers producing agricultural products.

8 Characteristics of food safety issues in China (cont.) Small food enterprises as major force most people consuming foods produced by small or medium size enterprises. However, large and modernized food producing facilities do exist and are being increased rapidly.

9 Recent actions taken by Chinese government (cont.) Reconstructing national food safety legislations Food Hygiene Law-have being revised (MOH) Law of Quality and Safety for Agri-Product (MOA)

10 Food Safety Law (Revising) Basic principle - Protection of people s health is the ultimate priority - Take measures on scientific basis and in consideration of international trends and public sentiment Responsibilities and roles of persons concerned - National and local authorities - Food-related business operators - Consumers Basic direction for policy formulation: Implementation of risk analysis method - Policy formulation based on the risk assessment - Obligation for risk communication

11 Food safety programme Health environmental health nutrition veterinary public Health drugs Agriculture Commerce Industry Environment Education Tourism Municipalities Bureau of Standards Planning Finance

12 Recent actions taken by Chinese government (cont.) (cont.) Strengthen national food safety control system by each step from farm to table Source control in agriculture production by the Ministry of Agriculture Production control of food products by State Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine Market control of food products by State Administration of Industry and Commerce Consumption control by Ministry of Health pay more attention on risk assessment via national food contamination monitoring network

13 Improvement in national food safety regulations, including standards in compliance with international standards, e.g. Codex standards, and the application of risk analysis principles. Codex Committee for Food Additives: MOH Codex Committee for Food Additives: MOA Recent actions taken by Chinese government (cont.) Strengthen self-management by food industry, including the application of GMP, HACCP, etc. Communication dissemination of proper scientific information through mass media.

14 Recent actions taken by Chinese government (cont.) Capacity Building National Support Program of Science and Technology on Key Food Safety Control Techniques, Ministry of Science and Technology, 21-25, and As a part of the Medium and Long Term National Science and Technology Development Program, Strengthen international collaboration and seek technical assistance from developed countries.

15 the Medium and Long Term National Science and Technology Development Program Health Trade Bottle-neck Problem risk assessment Detection Monitoring Alert Control Demonstration Food Safety Assurance Innovation for Food Safety Science Capacity Building

16 Emerging Chemical Contaminants: Plus natural hazards

17 Global Community Environmental Burden of Disease in Percent of Total DALYs.5 Total = 4.3% Road Traffic Accidents Occupational Lead Outdoor Air Pollution 1.5 Highest (above 8%) in middle-income regions

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19 6 DALDs Per Capita by Age Group Annual loss per person Selected World Regions 2 1 China Very poor Africa Poor South Asia Poor Latin America Middle Income East Asia North America Western Europe Japan/Australia

20 Comparative Risk Assessment Method Exposure Levels: Past actual and past counterfactual Exposure-response Relationships (risk) Disease Burden by age, sex, and region Attributable Burden by age, sex, and region

21 FOOD CHEMICAL DATA Maximum permitted Highest reported Trial mean or median Monitoring data Correction factors applied As consumed TARGET GROUP BODY WEIGHT Foetus Infant Children mean or standard deviation Adults mean or standard deviation RISK CHARACTERIZATION Acute RfD ADI PTWI/PTDI RDI Exposure Assessment FOOD CONSUMPTION (including drinking water) Highest reported High percentile Mean (eaters only) Mean population OTHER FACTORS Nutritional Status, esp. malnutrition Occupation Health status Age Gender Genetics Multimedia EXPOSURE TIME Lifetime Year Month Week Day One meal Elements of Exposure Assessment

22 Sampling: 132 sites large city from 4 plus 14 Medium & small city Rural I Rural II Rural III Rural IV News release on Oct 12, 24 State Council 22 s s National Survey on Diet and Health Status

23 The 22 National Nutrition and Health Survey covered all 31 provinces (132 sites) in mainland China and included four parts questionnaire survey 221,44 subjects; physical examination height, weight, waist, blood pressure (221,44 subjects); laboratory tests blood lipids (94,996 subjects), blood hemoglobin (211,726 subjects), blood sugar (98,59 subjects), plasma VA (13,87 subjects) dietary survey - 23,463 households (7,683, 15,78 rural), 69, 25 subjects; FFQ, 3 x 24-hr. recall and household 3-day weighing and recording.

24 Food Consumption, 1982, 1992 and 22 (g/reference person/day) Urban Rural Rice & flour Other cereals Tubers Vegetable & fruits Meat & poultry Fish & shrimp Vegetable oil Salt

25 Meat and poultry and sea food consumption (gram/person day) Sea food Meat & poultry Urban Rural

26 Food contamination monitoring system in China Nationwide food contamination monitoring network 17 provinces, large sample size, focus on concentration; Total diet study 12 provinces, smaller sample size, focus on intake.

27 Chinese Network of Contamination Monitoring in Food

28 Study sites of total diet study in China North 1 North 2 South 1 South 2

29 Objectives of TDS in China General objectives: To assess the overall safety and nutrition quality of Chinese diet Specific objectives To estimate the dietary intakes of chemical contaminants by Chinese population; To compare the intakes of chemical contaminants with recommended tolerable levels; To monitor the trends of chemical contaminants in Chinese diet; To provide scientific basis for developing food safety regulations and standards.

30 The development of methodology for TDS in China 199 composite food, adult male only, 22 contaminant and 76 nutrients 1992 composite food, adult male + 4 gender-age groups, spring and fasll, urban and rural, 25 contaminant and 5 nutrients 2 composite food + individual food, adult male + 1 gender-age groups, around 3 contaminant and 19 nutrients 27- Ongoing, 15 pesticides, POPs.

31 Dietary survey (12 provinces) Sampling (144 sites) Food consumption calculation Food grouping, aggregation (13 groups) Cooking, preparation (662 food samples) Provincial basket preparation (12X12 composites) Working Procedures of the 2 Chinese Total Diet Study Regional basket preparation (4X12 composites) Laboratory analysis (96 analytes) Four Market Baskets 48 Food composites 662 Individual samples

32 Food groups (13) Cereals and products Legumes, nuts, and products Meats and products Eggs and products Aquatic foods and products Milk and products Vegetables and products Fruits and products Sugar Beverages and water Alcohol beverages Condiments and cooking oils

33 The analytes in 2 Chinese Total Diet Study Heavy metals and harmful elements Lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic Pesticides Organochlorine pesticides HCH, DDT Organophosphorus pesticides methamidophos, dichlorvos, parathion, parathion-methyl, trichlofon, dimethoate, acephate, disulfoton, fenitrothion, malathion, fenthion, phosmet Dioxins and PCBs, choloropropanols, acrylamides, organic Sn Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1; other mycotoxins Minerals and trace elements potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, Iron, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium Lipid fat, cholesterol, fatty acids

34 The application of data from China TDS in food safety control Assessment of chemical contamination, in particular exposure assessment overall assessment, specific emerging contaminants (chloropropanol, acrylamide, etc.) Analysis of trends Tracing of source contamination (Cd) Provided scientific data for the development of MRLs in food, e.g. pesticides, Pb, etc.

35 Procedures for identifying targeted source of food contamination High level of contamination was found in a certain food composite from a certain market basket The same contaminant was analyzed in the same food composite from three provinces to identify the problematic province The same contaminant was analyzed in each individual foods which comprised the food composite to identify the contaminated food

36 1. Heavy Metal 2.Chlorinated Pesticides 3. Dioxin and Dioxin-like PCBs 4. Chloropropanols 5. Acrylamide 6. Organic Tin

37 6 5 Change of Dietary Cadmium Sources in 1992 and 2 Chinese Total Diet Study % Cereals Legumes Potatos Meats Eggs Fishes Milk Vegetables Fruits Sugar Bev.&Water Alcohol

38 Procedures for the identification of sources of Cd contamination in TDS 149 µg/kg of Cd was found in the aquatic foods composite from North 1 basket Cd was further analyzed in aquatic foods composite from Heilongjiang, Liaoning and Hebei provinces High concentration Cd was found in the aquatic foods composite from of Liaoning Cd was analyzed in 7 individual aquatic foods which comprised of the aquatic food composite 1498 µg/kg of Cd was found in the sea crab sample

39 The Cd content of aquatic foods composite from Heilongjiang, Liaoning and Hebei provinces Province Cadmium (µg/kg) Heilongjiang 29.7 Liaoning Hebei 259.7

40 The Cd content in 7 aquatic foods of Liaoning province Food Cadmium (mg/kg) Sea crab 1498 Sleeve-fish 3. Hairtail 14.7 Sea shrimp 52.2 Herring 6. Salted sea fish 36.3 Carp 78.6

41 Dietary intake of lead by Chinese adults and children in Total Diet Study (μg/person/day) adults 2-7yr. 1 5 North 1 North 2 South 1 South 2 mean mean mean PTWI (199) (1992) (2)

42 Review of Regulation for Metal Contaminants based on Exposue Assessment in China e.g., MLs for Pb Food GB2762 GB CAC Cereals Pulses Potatos.2.4.1(Peeled) Meat s Liver and Kindey Fish Crustaceans (6) Molluscs (6) Animal Oils Plant Oils Fruits Berries and other small fruits,grape Vegetables(Except leaf, mushroom, herb) Brassica vegetables(except bubl) Leaf Vegetables(except Spinash) Fresh Milk Infant Formula(Milk based) Eggs Wine Fruit Juice.5 -.5

43 Review of Regulation for Metal Contaminants based on Exposue Assessment in China e.g., MLs for Pb Intake from MLs in G B : 16.4%of PTWI Intake from revised MLs (GB ): 82.% of PTWI

44 1. Heavy Metal 2. Chlorinated Pesticides 3. Dioxin and Dioxin-like PCBs 3. Chloropropanols 4. Acrylamide 5. Organic Tin

45 Dietary intakes of organo-chlorine pesticides by average adult Chinese in Total Diet Studies (mg/person/day) TDI HCH DDT

46 The percent for isomers of DDT in each food groups(%) 1 8 pp'-dde op'-ddt pp'-ddd pp'-ddt Plant(9) Plant() Animal(199) Animal()

47 1 8 alpha beta gama delta The percent for isomers of HCH in each food groups(%) Plant(9) Plant() Animal(199) Animal()

48 16 Dietary intakes of HCH from each food groups in 2 (ng/d/person) Cereals Potato Lugum Vegetables Fruit Meat Egg Fish Milk Total 2 China Mean

49 Various HCH isomers in aquatic foods in the 4 regional baskets μg/kg α-hch β-hch γ-hch South1 South2 North1 North2

50 γ-hch in aquatic food samples from various provinces μg/kg μg/kg Hubei Guangxi Sichuan Heilongjiang Liaoning Hebei South 2 North 1

51 γ-hch concentrations in individual aquatic food samples μg/kg Sea Fish River Fish River shrimp 1 Hubei Heilongjiang

52 Carp from heilongjiang province Pomfrit from hubei province North 1 North 2 South 1 South 2

53 1. Heavy Metal 2. Chlorinated Pesticides 3. Dioxin and Dioxin-like PCBs 3. Chloropropanols 4. Acrylamide 5. Organic Tin

54 Contamination level egg meat fish milk PCDD/Fs and Dioxin-like PCBs in Chinese food (pg WHO-TEQ/g) PCDD/Fs North 1 PCBs PCDD/Fs North2 PCBs South1 PCDD/Fs PCBs south2 PCDD/Fs PCBs

55 terlaboratory Comparison on Dioxin in Food Herring Z-score=.51 Breast milk Z-score= -.2 Reindeer Z-score=.53 Egg yolk Z-score=.9 od liver oil Z-score=.7 Halibut filet Z-score=

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57 Contamination level PCDD/Fs and Dioxin-like PCBs in Chinese food (pg WHO-TEQ/g) Egg Meat Fish Milk Egg Meat Fish Milk Egg Meat Fish Milk Egg Meat Fish Milk North1 North2 South1 South2 PCBs PCDD/Fs

58 Dietary intakes of PCDD/Fs and Dioxin-like PCBs and food contribution (pg WHO-TEQ/day) North1 North2 South1 South2 gg PCDD/F s 4.42 PCBs 2.49 sum % PCDD/F s.59 PCBs.76 sum % PCDD/F s 3.4 PCBs 3.95 sum % PCDD/F s 3.43 PCBs 2.4 sum % eat % % % % ish % % % % ilk % % % % otal % % % % % % % % 21.6

59 Exposure Assessment Comparison of dietary intakes of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in China PCBs PCDD/Fs WHO-TEQ/day) (pg Egg Meat Fish Milk Total Egg Meat Fish Milk Total Egg Meat Fish Milk Total Egg Meat Fish Milk Total North1 North2 South1 South2

60 Exposure Assessment Comparison on dietary intake of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs between countries (pg TEQ /day/ kg.bw) PCBs PCDD/Fs North1 North2 South1 South2 Japan U.S. Holand Finland Spain Belgium

61 1. Heavy Metal 2. Chlorinated Pesticides 3. Dioxin and Dioxin-like PCBs 4. Chloropropanols 5. Acrylamide 6. Organic Tin

62 FAPAS Test for 3-MCPD & 1,3-DCP (Chinese Result) China participants AQA Control GD CDC BJ CDC GD CDC FJ CDC CH CDC ZJ CDC JS CDC SY CDC JS CDC SY CDC ZJ CDC BJ CDC FJ CDC CH CDC

63 FAPAS Test for 3-MCPD in Soy Sauce Test Material AQA Control SY CDC SY CDC CH CDC GD CDC FJ CDC ZJ CDC JS CDC BJ CDC

64 Level of 3-MCPD 3 in Chinese foods (mg/kg) Cereals Potatoes Legumes Vegetables Fruits Meat Egg Aquatic foods Milk Sugar Beverages Alcohol South South North North Averag 3.4 e

65 Exposure Assessment Comparison on dietary intakes of 3-MCPD3 South1 South2 North1 North2 Chinese Average Australia Holland μg/kg b.w./day.21~.26.32~.42.35~.39.27~.27.29~.34.21~ Percent of PMTDI 1.2%~12.3% 15.1%~2.1% 16.4%~18.4% 12.9%~13.5% 14.%~16.4% 1.5%~4.5% 74%

66 1. Heavy Metal 2. Chlorinated Pesticides 3. Dioxin and Dioxin-like PCBs 4. Chloropropanols 5. Acrylamide 6. Organic Tin

67 AQA Control Participants China CDC1 China CDC2 Beijing CDC Jiangsu CDC Zhejiang CDC Shenyang CDC FAPAS Test for Acrylamide Chinese Result Method GC-MS LC-MS/MS LC-MS/MS LC-MS/MS LC-MS/MS LC-MS/MS Lab. NO Value(μg/kg ) Z-scores

68 FAPAS for Acrylamide in Potato Crisps Test Material AQA Control JS CDC BJ CDC CH CDC1 CH CDC2 2 SY CDC ZHJ CDC

69 Acrylamide level in Chinese food (μg/kg Contamination level Food Groups Cereals Potatos Beans Vegetables Fruits Meat Eeg Seafood Milk Sugars Beverage & water South South North North Mean Alcoholic

70 Dietary intake of acrylamide MOE1(Morphological change in nerves), MOE2(Reproductive, developmental and non-neoplastic), MOE3( Exposure Assessment Regions South 1 South 2 North 1 North 2 Mean Caculation method Lower limit 1/2LOD Upper limit Lower limit 1/2LOD Upper limit Lower limit 1/2LOD Upper limit Lower limit 1/2LOD Upper limit Lower limit 1/2LOD Upper limit Dietary intake (μg /kg.bw.d) MOE MOE MOE

71 Exposure Assessment JECFA China Beijing TDS Comparison of China and JECFA evaluation Intake (μg /kg bw/day) General population High consumer General population 3 1,34 2,143 MOE High consumer

72 1. Heavy Metal 2. Chlorinated Pesticides 3. Dioxin and Dioxin-like PCBs 4. Chloropropanols 5. Acrylamide 6. Organic Tin

73 Comparison of total organic tin levels in various food groups (μg/kg ) South 1 South 2 North 1 North 2 North 2 North 1 South 2 South 1 Beans Vegetables Fruits Meat Eeg Seafood Milk Sugar Alcoholic Beverage & Water Potatos Contamination level Cereals

74 Exposure Assessment South 1 South 2 North 1 North 2 Mean Dietary intake of organic tin Calculation method Lower limit 1/2LOD Upper limit Lower limit 1/2LOD Upper limit Lower limit 1/2LOD Upper limit Lower limit 1/2LOD Upper limit Lower limit 1/2LOD Upper limit Daily intake (μg /kg.bw.d) Percent of TDI (WHO) Percent of TDI (Japan)

75 Exposure Assessment Comparison of dietary intake for total organic tin (μg/kg bw) South 1 South 2 North 1 North 2 Mean TDI/TBT Intake

76 Tracing Assessment Organic tin levels in aquatic food from three provinces in south 1(μg/kg) Compound TMT DMT TBT DBT MBT MPhT DPhT Fujian Shanghai Jiangxi TPhT.8

77 Tracing Seafood from Fujian province (μg/kg) ompounds Shrimp Grass carp Hairtail Cuttlefish Yellow fish Pomfret MT MT BT BT BT.7 PhT PhT PhT otal ontribution f BT (%)

78 Summary China TDS Well developed field programme and laboratory methods; Methodology under development; Results used in food safety control; Need to learn from developed countries; 4th China TDS will be Conducted in 27.

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80 ISS Shared data ConsumIT.mdb Mycotox.mdb EU FP6: Promoting Food Safety through a New Integrated Risk Analysis Approach for Foods User Central server Shared data ConsumNL.mdb PestNL.mdb Processing.mdb User data CopyOwn.mdb MCRA/PROAST/ (Safe Food-CT CT ) PC cluster NIPH Shared data ConsumCZ.mdb PestCZ.mdb NFA DFVF RIVM BAG China CDC Shared data Shared data Shared data Shared data Shared data ConsumS.mdb ConsumDK.mdb OPtoxdat.mdb Toxin.mdb ConsumCHN.mdb PestDK.mdb Safetyfactors.mdb PestCHN.mdb Coordinators: Dr.Kuiper and Dr. Marvin Total budget: : 14,5 Number of partners: : 32 Number of countries involved: 18 Organisation scheme E-platformE : 18

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82 Extended Monte Carlo Risk Assessment Probabilistic Exposure Assessment Acute and Chronic risks Uncertainty analysis by means of bootstrap web-based Can combine data from different countries (E-platform) To be extended with algorithms for effect modeling

83 Thank you!