Using feed additives to improve milk production efficiency. Dr. Irmgard Immig, Global Category Manager Ruminants Chilelácteo June, 2015

Transcription

1 Using feed additives to improve milk production efficiency Dr. Irmgard Immig, Global Category Manager Ruminants Chilelácteo June, 2015

2 Milk Production (kg/cow/year) Milk production increase in Holstein Friesian cows Breeding programs AI, ET, Sire evaluation Feed conservation technology, Concentrate, feed additives, Minerals,Vitamins Milk performance testing Breeders association Health service Winter feeding (Different sources) Year Page 2

3 Reasons for dairy cows culled too early in life (USDA, 2007) 16% 26% Reproductive problems Poor production Others Mastitis/Udder Lameness Every cow culled too early in life represents a major economic loss of 500 /cow 23% 19% 16%

4 Concentration in plasma Vitamin A, E and ß-Carotene levels in plasma decrease before parturition 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 ß-Carotene Vitamin A Vitamin E 0, Weeks ap/pp Source: Schweigert 1990

5 ß-Carotene mg/l Cows with higher ß-Carotene levels during the dry period resume faster their reproductive cycle 3,50 3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00 *** *** Critical period for ß-Carotene plasma levels to ensure ovulation post calving *** Weeks prior/after calving Ovulatory cows * Anovulatory cows Source: Kawashida et al., 2009

6 ß-Carotene: Significance for fertility Ovulation and pregnancy require high concentration levels of vitamin A in the follicle/cl Only ß-Carotene plasma levels can modulate/determine Vitamin A concentration in the follicle/follicular fluid Higher concentration of Vitamin A in the follicle compared to blood levels Oestradiol synthesis Stimulation of progesterone synthesis Scavange of free radicals during hormone production Lack of ß-Carotene decreases hormone synthesis Heat intensity reduced (silent heat) Ovulation retarded Corpus luteum function compromised Post partum diseases

7 Rapid identification of herds with low ß-Carotene status with icheck and iex Sampling Separation 5 minutes Reading few seconds Status assessment allows targeted supplementation with ROXIMIX ß-Carotene to match the requirements

8 ß-Carotene levels in plasma of cows before calving New Zealand!!! Lactating Dry cows

9 Improved pregnancy rate and milk yield increases the profitability of the herd (calculated per 100 cows) ß-Carotene (µg/ml plasma) 3.5% FCM (kg/d)* Pregnancy Rate (%)** Calving Interval d*** Aborts (%) Investment $/100 cows**** Control ROVIMIX ß-Carotene ,000 Extra Value $2,614 $24,200 $1,200 ROI 9.3:1 * P < 0.05 ** For the US: Intervention level < 12%, Goal >22%; Value per additional 1% = $ 22/cow. Milk price $.10/lb, cost of abort = $500/case. Total extra value = $28,014/100 cows, ROI 9.3:1 *** For Europe: 3 /cow/d more costs per day longer calving interval for loss in milk yield, vet costs, value calf, extra AI,... **** 425 mg ß-Carotene/hd/d over $/kg SSU Calculations based on Commercial Dairy Herd in NA (adapted from de Ondarza et al. 2009)

10 Farm testimonial Bovigold ß-Carotene State of Sao Paulo Period Pregnancy rate (%) Dez - Jan Dez - Jan What the vet said: Dec Jan 2014/15 were the 3 rd best months in pregnancy rate in the last 48 months, better than various months in winter. Fantastic result

11 Effect of supplemental ROVIMIX ß-Carotene colostrum quality

12 Blood IgG Conc. (g/l)- kids Blood ß-Carotene (ug/dl)-kids Effect of ROVIMIX ß-Carotene on mother goat and kid vitality 60 Results Blood IgG (g/l) Mother Colostrum IgG (g/l) 0 T1 T2 0 T1 T2 T1 T2 Conclusions & Benefits The supplementation of 30 mg ß-carotene/head/day Increased mean colostrum IgG concentration by 18% Increased IgG levels in the blood of the mother Increased the IgG status of the goat kids by 41% Increased the ß-Carotene levels in the blood of goat kids by 39% Decreased the number of still births Source: Coopérative CAVAC Report 2015

13 Cows and their nutritional requirements have changed tremendously Glucose requirement of a cow in early lactation (40 kg milk/cow/d) Milk composition Constituents in 40 kg milk (kg/day) Protein (3.2%) 1.3 Additives Fat (4.0%) 1.6 Lactose (4.8%) 1.9 Glucose requirement 2.85 Matthé et al 2000: The glucose requirement of a cow in early lactation = 1.5* lactose yield

14 What is the best glucose source for a cow in early lactation? Early lactation dairy cow producing 40 kg/d consuming either 8 kg of corn or 8 kg of wheat Corn Wheat Grain intake (g/hd/d) Starch intake (g/hd/d) Rumen degradability % By pass starch g/hd/d In % of daily glucose requirement ~60 19 Theoretical corn ration: 8 kg corn silage + 4 kg corn grain Theoretical wheat ration: 8 kg triticale + 4 kg wheat Corn starch is the preferred energy source for early lactation cows because its by-pass starch can cover up to 60% of the daily glucose requirement

15 Starch content and rumen degradability can vary depending on grain type but also on maturity & processing Starch source Starch content (% DM) Starch degradability in the rumen (% DM) Barley Wheat Corn silage 20-30% DM Corn silage 30-40% DM Corn grain (ground) Preferred range for cows in early lactation Corn silage of high maturity delivers more and slower degradable starch than corn silage of low maturity Corn grain has a higher starch content than other grain sources and delivers 20% more by-pass starch Page 15

16 Site of starch digestion in dairy cows receiving high moisture ear corn of increasing maturity Losses Preferred sites of digestion (Brandt et al. 1986) Decreased corn starch degradability in the rumen shifts starch digestion more towards the intestines. Going beyond the duodenum leads to starch losses and loose feces.

17 So what does this mean financially? Costs of starch losses via feces Typical starch intake in early 5,6 kg/cow/d Starch losses via feces (%) Starch losses (g DM/cow/d) Extra corn grain to be fed to substitute fecal starch loss (g/cow/d) /cow/day 0,07 0,15 0,22 0,30 1) 66% starch in corn grain, 88% DM 2) Costs of corn grain 164 /t

18 Exogenous amylase required? Yes, when total tract starch digestion is limited

19 New approach to maximize corn starch utilization in early lactation - RumiStar RumiStar is the first enzymes that works in the rumen. RumiStar significantly increases gas production from starch in vitro. Effects are higher in slowly degradable starch sources like corn and sorghum than in other starch sources. Source: DSM/Biopract 2006

20 RumiStar enhanced ruminal degradation rate in situ and shifts digestion more to the rumen Degradation rate /h Control RumiStar Corn grain Starch a b Corn silage NDF a b RumiStar TM doubles the degradation speed Rumen degradability (%) Control RumiStar Organic matter (OM) * Fiber (NDF) Increased ruminal degradability of OM NDF Starch Starch ** * P <0.01 ** P <0.03 Sources: Nozière et al, 2012 P<0.10 Source: Bach et al. 2013

21 RumiStar TM improves starch and NDF digestibility - More milk and better feed efficiency too +1,8 b +5,6 +4,6 +3,8 * * +10,8 * a kg * RumiStar significantly improves digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and fiber (NDF) in a corn-based diet. This results in an increase in fat corrected milk yield by kg/hd/d (+9%) and better feed efficiency (+5%). * P < 0.05 Source: Klingerman et al., 2009

22 Typical Italian diet in early lactating cows - RumiStar increases fat corrected milk (FCM) by 12%! Cows in early lactation Control RumiStar Difference Milk yield (kg/d) 42.9 a 46.0 b Milk fat (%) 3.17 a 3.35 b FCM (kg) 37.1 A 41.5 B RumiStar increases not only milk yield but also milk fat content leading to an increase in FCM of 4.4 kg/cow/day or + 1,45/cow/d a, b: P< 0.01 A, B: P< ROI: 4.4 kg * /0.125 Source: Masoero et al., 2011 ROI >10:1

23 In 10 out of 12 trials RumiStar shows a positive effect on milk yield (Cows < 150 DIM) Average milk yield response to RumiStar TM (12 trials) +2.0 kg/hd/d

24 RumiStar TM improves total lactation yield RumiStar supplementation Programming phase for entire lactation Cows on RumiStar TM not only produce more milk during the trial period but also afterwards up to 330 d. Total lactation yield increases by more than 700 kg/cow. Return: /cow/year Investment: 12,50 ROI: 17:1

25 Farm testimonial Bovigold RumiStar State of Paraná Year Milk yield kg/hd/d Fat % Fat kg Protein % Protein kg Jan Jan

26 RumiStar does not lower rumen ph There was a numerical trend (not statistically significant) for cows on RumiStar to have higher rumen ph values during the second half of the day. Source: Bach 2013

27 What does all of this has to do with production efficiency? Longevity is key for efficient milk production Cows need to produce kg to pay back their raising costs. Real earnings start only afterwards. Lifetime perfomance depends on healthy cows Mastitis, lameness, fertility problems, poor production all these reduce performance and lead to early culling Vitamin E, biotin, ß-Carotene play an important role for reducing the risk of production diseases and thus early culling Poor digestibility and nutrient excretion can lead to severe losses in profitability Amylase has the potential to fully exploit the nutritive value of rations rich in corn starch without negative effects on rumen ph This all adds up to an increased income on the dairy farm and thus production efficiency!

28 Muchas gracias por su atención

29 Precursor of vitamin A in the follicle and in the corpus luteum Blood vessel Follicle Carotinase Variable ß-Carotene levels in body fluids due to dietary intake Stable Vitamin A levels in body fluids due to homeostasis Temporally increased vitamin A demands in the follicle and corpus luteum can only be satisfied through the local conversion of ß-Carotene into vitamin A inside the follicle Vitamin A

30 Corn starch digestibility can vary depending on how it was processed Corn Source Ruminal Starch Degradability (%) Starch Digestibility (%) Milk (kg/d) Dry, cracked/rolled Dry, ground Dry, fine ground High-moisture, rolled High-moisture, ground (Firkins, et al. JAS, 2001; Knowlton et al. JDS, 1998) Depending on corn grain source and corn processing ruminal starch degradation and digestibility can vary significantly. Low digestibility decreases milk yield.

31 What is RumiStar and what is the mode of action Typical fermentation pattern Fermentation pattern with RumiStar TM Readily soluble (sugar, urea) Insoluble, but rapidly degradable (starch, insoluble easily fermentable protein) Key phase for optimum cell wall degradation Slowly degradable (cellulose, cell wall bound protein) RONOZYME RumiStar a specific pure α-amylase increases the speed of starch degradation in the rumen Lag time of fiber digestion Cell wall degradation Synchronization of ruminal protein & energy metabolism Microbial protein production Higher OM digestibility leads to higher animal performance

32 Corn delivers more by-pass starch than barley and and is also more favorable for the ruminal ph Slowly fermentable starch Corn Rapidly fermentable starch Barley Grain (% DM) Ruminal ph Increasing concentrations of barley in the ration are decreasing ruminal ph much stronger than increasing amounts of corn grain. ph levels < 6 increase the risk for acidosis Jentsch et al., 1992; Flachowsky, 1994

33 The effect is also seen in other corn based diets in other geographies i.e. Brazil Control RumiStar Dry matter intake kg/d 20.7 a 19.7 b Milk yield kg/hd/d 32.3 w 33.0 x Milk yield, ECM kg/hd/d ECM/DMI 1.52 a 1.63 b Plasma urea nitrogen (mg/dl) 14.7 a 13.6 b Glucose, mg/dl 59.3 y 68.6 z a,b P < 0.01; w, x P<0.02; y,z P< 0.07 (Andreazzi et al.,2013) Blood glucose concentration is significantly higher in RumiStar than in control cows. The increase of blood glucose indicates RumiStar activity also in the small intestine supporting energy supply to the cow.