Effect of different Levels of Probiotic, Biogen, on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens

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1 Effect of different Levels of Probiotic, Biogen, on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens Ahmed M. E. Eltrefi 1, Abdelrahim A.Mohamed 2, Abdelbasit B. Habib 3*, Egbal S.Abu shulukh 1, Abubaker A.Abubaker 3, Mohammed F. Mohammed 2, Ghada A. Ibrahim 1, Haytham H.Abdelwahid 4 1 Department of Meat production, College of Animal Production, University of Bahri, Sudan 2 Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Production, University of Bahri, Sudan 3 Department of Poultry Production, College of Animal Production, University of Bahri, Sudan 4 Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, College of Animal Production, University of Bahri, Sudan Abstract - The objective of the present experiment was to evaluate the effect of Biogen as feed additive on performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of broiler chicks. A total of 300 unsexed one- day old (Ross 308) broiler chicks were divided into four treatments (3 replicates for each treatment) and fed the experimental diets for 42 days. The birds were divided randomly into four groups to receive either control diet (T1) or control diet plus 0.5 (T2) 0.75 (T3), 1 (T4) biogen kg/ton -1. Results indicated that addition of biogen at a level of 1kg/1000kg (T4) increased (P<0.05) feed intake compared to other dietary treatments, while body weight gain and feed conversion ratio was higher (P<0.05) in groups fed T1 and T4. Higher level of biogen (T4) reduced (P<0.05) the mortality rate of broiler chicks throughout the experimental period. Breast muscle contents of moisture, crude protein, fat and ash did not differ, however, dressing percentage was lower (P<0.05) in chicks consumed 1 kg/ton -1 Biogen. Of the non-carcass components evaluated liver and heart weight did not differ, whereas gizzard weight was higher (P<0.05) in broiler chicks received diet free of Biogen. Breast muscle water holding capacity was highest (P<0.05) in groups received 1kg/ton -1 Biogen, however, the acidity and ph of breast muscle were similar among the treatments. Based on the results of the current study, probiotic, Biogen, up to 1 kg/ton -1 improved the growth performance of the broiler chicken; however, breast meat quality was not affected. Keywords - Probiotic, Biogen, Broiler chickens, Performance, Carcass Characteristics. I. INTODUCTION The success of poultry industry depends on good hygiene and economic sufficient feed. As the world population increases, there is a great demand for more protein and calories food sources, to feed the increasing world population. Antibiotics have played an important role in livestock production in the past few decades [1]. However, excessive use of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria or result in antibiotic residue in animals and resulting animal products. Therefore, there is a significant need to exploit effective and safe substitutes for antibiotics in the feed industry. Microbial agent can be ideal antibiotic alternatives because it does not produce any residues and microbial resistance and any pollution to the environment [2]. Supplementation of microbial dietary probiotics has been recently considered as an alternative way to substitute antibiotics, thereby improving chicken s intestinal homeostasis balance. This could contribute to positive impacts on chicken s feed intake and digestion, immune response, and resistance to disease DOI : /IJRTER BJ5DG 82

2 [3, 4,5]. Along with such advantages on chicken growth performance and health, the probiotic supplementation in feed or drinking water could improve the quality attributes of chicken meat, such as water holding capacity, tenderness, oxidation stability, sensory properties and/or microbial growth [6,7,8,9,4,5]. The presence of the microorganisms in gastro intestinal fluid also plays a great role on health and performance of the broiler chickens. These microorganisms produces antibiotics, naturally, which inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, but their ability is so minute to fight the disease causing organisms, therefore, exogenous solution is required to act as a supplement to strengthen the immunity of the bird[10]. Contradictory results were reported by using different types of probiotic in the feeds, whether the growth performance of poultry would be affected and improved or not [11]. Moreover, there is no identified optimum levels for each type of probiotic used. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of probiotic, Biogen, on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicken. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Site of the experiment The experiment was conducted at the poultry production unit, training and research farm, College of Animal Production, University of Bahri, Kadaro (Khartoum North) during 20 September, 20 th to November, 2 nd 2015 in standard management conditions (closed system) where minimum and maximum temperature were 28 0 C and 34 0 C, respectively. The experiment last for 6 weeks in a complete randomized block design. 2.2 Experimental birds and House Management Three hundred unsexed one- day old (Ross 308), broiler chicks were purchased from a commercial company (Inmaa for poultry production company, Omdurman Sudan). Upon arrival, the chicks were weighed and the average initial weight was 41g. In the first week, the chicks were allowed to adapt to the environment and feeding and drinking facilities and fed on pre-starter (pellets) diet at the rate of 100 g/chicken (Table 1). Additionally, multi-vitamins containing AD3E+coliston 0.2 ml/l were provided in drinking water. Chicks were received the starter and finisher diet (mash) at a rate of 1.25kg /chick for the rest of the experimental period. Chicks were provided with clean drinking water freely throughout the experimental period. Vaccination program recommended by purchasing company was followed. The experimental chicks were kept in an open experimental wire mesh pen which was constructed on the concrete floor (1.5 m 2 ) inside the poultry house. Partitioning of the pens was done by using the wire mesh. Each pen was supplied with nipples line of drinking water and 2 feeders (5 kg) which were cleaned and disinfected before feeding started. The feeders and water lines heights were adjusted, according to the progressive growth of the All Rights Reserved 83

3 TABLE (1): The chemical composition of the pre-starter diet (pellets) Ingredients Percentage (%) Crude Protein Crude Fat 7.00 Crude Fiber 3.00 Sodium 0.19 Lysine 1.30 Methionine 0.55 Meth. +Cyst Calcium 0.95 Total Phosphorus 0.65 * ME (Kcal/KG) = Experimental diets The experimental diet was formulated to meet the dietary requirements of the broiler chickens as recommended by (NRC) [12]. Chickens were divided randomly to receive probiotic, Biogen, (containing Bacillus subtitles at a ratio not less than 1x10 11 CFU; Cellulose unit; Protease unit, α-amylase unit and β-amylase20000 unit) in different levels as follows: control diet without Biogen supplement (T1); control diet + 500g/ton -1, (T2), 750g/ton -1 (T3) or 1000 g/ ton -1 (T4). The percentage of ingredients and chemical composition of the starter and finisher diets are presented in (Table 2 and 3) Data collection Growth performance Average body weight, weight gain and feed consumption for all groups were recorded weekly throughout the experimental period. Health of the experimental stock and mortality data were observed and recorded daily. TABLE (2): The ingredients percentage of starter diets Diets T1 T2 T3 T4 Ingredients % Dura (feterita) Groundnut cake Concentrates Wheat bran Lime stone Salt Lysine Methionine Biogen T1, Control diet; T2, Control diet g/ ton-1 Biogen; T3, Control diet g/ ton-1 Biogen; T4, Control diet g/ ton-1 All Rights Reserved 84

4 TABLE (3): The ingredients percentage of finisher diets Diets T1 T2 T3 T4 Ingredients % Dura (feterita) Groundnut cake Concentrates Wheat bran Lime stone Salt Lysine Methionine Biogen T1, Control diet; T2, Control diet g/ ton-1 Biogen; T3, Control diet g/ ton-1 Biogen; T4, Control diet g/ ton-1 Biogen Carcass Characteristics At the end of the experiment, the birds were fasted overnight except for water. Five birds from each group were randomly selected, Leg labeled, individually weighed and manually slaughtered without stunning and immersed in hot water (51-55ºC) for 120 seconds in order to lose the feathers. The feather was removed by hand pinning. Head, shank, viscera, giblet (heart, liver and gizzard) were removed to measure the meat yield parameters Dressing percentage Bird were defeathered and dressed by removing the head, neck, shanks, and feet and eviscerated by cutting around the vent and carefully removing the viscera. Hot carcass weight was recorded and the dressed carcasses were weighed and the dressing % was obtained by expressing the dressed carcass weight as a percentage of live body weighed. Dressed carcass Dressing % = Live slaughter weight X Carcass Cuts % Breast, back, wings, drum stick, thigh and neck percentages were recorded as percentage of dressed carcass Non-Carcass Components Internal organs including liver, gizzard and heart were weighed and recorded individually; weights of parts were expressed as percentage of respective slaughter body weight Chemical and physical attributes of breast meat 100 g of breast meat was sampled from 5 birds in each dietary treatment and stored at -20 ºC for chemical analysis. Moisture, crude protein, fat and ash contents were determined according to the procedure described by (AOAC) [13]. Water holding capacity (WHC) of chicken breasts was determined in duplicate according to the centrifugal method described by (Kim) [14]. The WHC (%) was estimated by calculating the percentage breast weight before and after All Rights Reserved 85

5 WHC (%) = sample weight after centrifugation (g) sample weight befor centrifugation 100 For ph determination, Three grams samples of chicken breasts were homogenized with 27 ml of distilled water using a homogenizer at 6,000rpm for 30 seconds. The ph value of chicken breasts was determined in triplicate using an electronic ph meter Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) as completely randomized block design using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS) [15]. Means were separated by Duncan multiple range test [16] at P<0.05. III. RESULTS AND DISUSSIONS Probiotic effects may be due to a great efficiency in the utilization of feed, resulting in improvement of the growth. It is well established that, probiotics have digestion stimulating properties and anti-microbial establishing ability due to multiplications of beneficial microorganisms in the gut. As results shows in (Table 4) supplementation of probiotic, Biogen, at the highest level (T4) had increased (P<0.05) daily feed intake. However, daily body weight gain, on one hand, was lower (P<0.05) in treatment (T2) compared to control group (T1) and (T4). On the other hand, there were no significant differences between treatments (T2) and (T3). Feed conversion ratio was reduced (P<0.05) when broiler chickens received (T2) and (T4) compared to those received control (T1) diet without any significant (P>0.05) differences between (T2) and (T3). The result of the present study revealed that dietary supplementation of probiotic, Biogen, improved the growth performance of broiler chickens without a clear effect of levels of supplementation. These results agreed with previous finding of (Bai et al., 2013) who reported that the growth performance of broilers was increased by feeding probiotics (Lactobacillus fermentum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at levels ranging from 0.1 to 0.3% during 1 to 21 d. We therefore recommended supplementing 1g /kg diet probiotic, Biogen, product in diets for better performance of broilers which can be evidenced by higher dietary consumption and lower feed conversion ratio. Similarly, [17] and [18] demonstrated that a 0.1% Lactobacillus-supplemented diet improved average daily gain and feed efficiency from 1 to 21 d of age, but not from 22 to 42 d of age. [19] found that a commercial probiotic mixture of yeasts and other microbes improved growth performance in the starter phase, and there was no significant difference among different levels (0.2 to 0.6%). In contrast, [20] and [21] reported that adding probiotic to poultry diets did not affect the growth performance of broiler chickens. This inconsistency may be due to the differences in microbial species or strains of microorganisms used, probiotic concentrations, or yeast product formulations All Rights Reserved 86

6 TABLE (4): Growth performance of broiler chickens fed different levels of Biogen Parameters Treatments T1 T2 T3 T4 SE LS Feed intake g/day b b b a 2.15 ** Body weight gain g/day a b ab a 4.45 ** Feed conversion ratio 1.11 a 1.03 b 1.07 ab 1.06 b ** (g feed/g BWG) Mortality rate (%) T1, Control diet; T2, Control diet g/ ton-1 Biogen; T3, Control diet g/ ton-1 Biogen; T4, Control diet g/ ton-1 Biogen. L.S, Level of Significance. SE, Standard Error of Means. * P< ** P<0.01. a,b Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05). The results of the present study showed that mortality rate was low in broilers fed on diets supplemented with Biogen. The reduction in mortality rate in probiotic treated birds might be due to the presence of surface adhesions (mucus-binding proteins) on the surface of probiotic bacteria [23] which mediate the attachment of probiotics with intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and this interaction between probiotic bacteria and IECs may inhibit the colonization of pathogenic bacteria in intestinal mucosa [24]. TABLE (5): Effect of different levels of probiotic (Biogen) on carcass characteristics, whole sale cuts and noncarcass components in broiler chickens Parameters Treatments T1 T2 T3 T4 SE LS Slaughter weight/kg 1.67 b 1.68 b 1.72 b 2.20 a 0.12 * Dressed carcass/kg N.S Dressing % a a a b 0.98 * Meat: bone breast N.S drum stick N.S thigh N.S Whole sale cuts (%) Breast N.S Thigh N.S Drum stick N.S Back N.S Wing N.S Neck N.S None-carcass components (%) Gizzard 3.02 a 2.10 b 2.14 b 1.86 b 0.15 * Liver N.S Heart N.S T1, Control diet; T2, Control diet g/ ton-1 Biogen; T3, Control diet g/ ton-1 Biogen; T4, Control diet g/ ton-1 Biogen. L.S, Level of Significance. SE, Standard Error of All Rights Reserved 87

7 * P< N.S not significant. a,b Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05). TABLE (6): Effect of different levels of probiotic (Biogen) on physiochemical composition of broiler breast meat Parameters Treatments T1 T2 T3 T4 SE LS Moisture % N.S Crude Protein% N.S Fat% N.S Ash% N.S PH N.S Acidity N.S WHC 1.48 d 1.61 c 1.67 b 1.71 a 0.01 * T1, Control diet; T2, Control diet g/ ton-1 Biogen; T3, Control diet g/ ton-1 Biogen; T4, Control diet g/ ton-1 Biogen. L.S, Level of Significance. SE, Standard Error of Means. * P< N.S not significant. a,b Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05). The results of carcass characteristics, whole sale cuts and non-carcass components are presented in (Table 5). The slaughter weight was higher (P<0.05) in chickens received the highest level of Biogen (T4) compared to the rest of dietary treatments. Nevertheless, the dressing percentage was the lowest (P<0.05) in (T4). The results of the current study shows that adding the probiotic, Biogen, had no effect (P>0.05) neither on breast, thigh, and drum sticks meat: bone ratios nor the whole sale cuts percentages at any level of supplementation. The benefits of probiotics use on carcass characteristics of broiler chickens have been reported by other researchers [25,26,27]. (Kabir) [28] reported that adding 2g probiotic per each of liter water consumed by broiler chickens increased thigh and breast yield compared with the control treatment. However, our findings on carcass composition were in contrast to those of (Pelicano) [29], [30] and [31]. As pointed out before, these differences between reported results could be related to the mode of action of those feed additives, which may be quite different, particularly regarding their antimicrobial activity [32]. However, they may exert similar physiological effects by modifying intestinal ph, altering the composition and balance of intestinal flora, enhancing nutrient digestibility and improving growth rate and carcass characteristics. In the current experiment, addition of probiotic, Biogen, in the diet of broiler chicken increased (P<0.05) the gizzard weight compared to the control diet; however, the weights of liver and heart were not affected. This finding is not in line with the data reported by (Fallah) [33] who reported that the internal organs of broiler chickens were increased in probiotic fed group compared to the group received no probiotic. The inconsistency may be related to different in management, environmental condition and type of diets used All Rights Reserved 88

8 Chemical composition and physical properties of broiler breast meat fed different levels of probiotic, Biogen, are presented in (Table 6). The results showed that addition of probiotic, Biogen, at different levels had no effect on breast meat content of moisture, crude protein, fat, ash and ph. However, water holding capacity (WHC) was increased (P<0.05) as the level of probiotic increased in the diet of broiler chicken. Although there has been an increasing interest in dietary probiotics in the poultry industry, there are little or no published reports on the impact of dietary probiotics feeding on meat quality attributes [14]. Though, some studies reported that dietary probiotic supplements to chicken could improve meat quality attributes, such as (WHC), tenderness, lipid oxidation stability, sensory properties, and microbial safety [35,36,37]. On the other hand, some studies noted that there was no effect of probiotics on chicken meat quality [38,4]. IV.CONCLUSION The results of the present study indicated that probiotic, Biogen, inclusion in the diet of broiler chicken up to 1kg/ ton -1 improved daily feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and slaughter weight. However, tested carcass and meat quality attributes were not affected. More research is required to evaluate the effect of Biogen on other meat quality parameters such as proteolytic potential, oxidative stability, cooking loss and fatty acid composition. V.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors wish to thank the staff of training and research farm, college of Animal production, University of Bahri for care of experimental birds throughout the study period. REFERENCES 1. Myaing, T. T., Saleha, A. A., Arifah, A. K., and Raha, A. R. Public health aspects of antibiotics use in farm animals. Journal of Agriclture, Forestry, Livest and Fishery Sciences 8, ( 2002). 2. Wang, J. H. Research status of micro-ecological feed additives and their application in livestock and poultry production. Animal Husbandry and Feed Science 30, (2009). 3. Kabir, S. M. L. The role of probiotics in the poultry industry. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 10, (2009). 4. Zhang, Z. F., Zhou, T. X., Ao, X., and Kim, I. H. Effects of β-glucan and Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, blood profiles, relative organ weight and meat quality in broilers fed maize soybean meal based diets. Livestock Science 150, (2012). 5. Zhou, X., Wang, Y., Gu, Q., and Li, W. Effect of dietary probiotic, Bacillus coagulans, on growth performance, chemical composition, and meat quality of Guangxi yellow chicken. Poultry Science 89, (2010). 6. Ali, F. H. M. "Probiotics feed supplement to improve quality of broiler chicken carcasses. World Journal of Dairy and Food Sciences 5, (2010). 7. Liu, X., Yan, H., LV, L., Xu, Q., Yin, C., Zhang, K., Wang, P., and Hu, J. Growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens supplemented with Bacillus licheniformis in drinking water. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 25, (2012). 8. Pelicano, E. R. L., Souza, P. A., A, S. H. B., Oba, A., Norkus, E. A., Kodawara, L. M., and A, L. T. M. Effect of different probiotics on broiler carcass and meat quality. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 5, (2003b). 9. Pelicano, E. R. L., Souza, P. A., Souza, H. B. A., Oba, A., Boiago, M. M., Zeola, N. M. B. L., Scatolini, A. M., Bertanha, V. A., and Lima, T. M. ACarcass and cut yields and meat qualitative tratis of broilers fed diets containing probiotics and prebiotics. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 7, (2005). 10. Mohan, B., Kadirvel, R., Natarajan, A., and Bhaskaran, M. Effect of probiotic supplementation on growth, nitrogen utilisation and serum cholesterol in broilers. British Poultry Science 37, (1996). 11. Taklimi, S. M. S. M., Lotfollahian, H., Shahne, A. Z., Mirzae, F., and Alinejad, A. Study on efficacy of probiotic in broiler chickens diet. Agricultural Sciences 5, 5-8. (2012). 12. NRC. Nutrient requirements of poultry, 9 th Revised Edition, National Academy Press, Washington D.C. (1994). 13. AOAC.Official Methods of Analysis, 14th edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, Va, USA. (1989). 14. Kim, H., Yan, F., Hu, J., Cheng, H., and Kim, Y. Effects of probiotics feeding on meat quality of chicken breast during postmortem storage. Poultry science 95, (2016). 15. SAS.User s Guide: Statistics. 9.1 ed. Cary, NC.: SAS Institute Inc. All Rights Reserved 89

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