Turkey MANAGEMENT GUIDE. A Complete Guide To Profitable Performance.

Transcription

1 Turkey MANAGEMENT GUIDE A Complete Guide To Profitable Performance

2 Feeding Your Future Founded in 1964, New-Life Mills delivers proven nutrition for profitable livestock performance. About Us Since 1964 New-Life Mills has been proud to be a Canadian owned developer and manufacturer of proven livestock nutrition. As a division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited, New-Life Mills is committed to the future of agriculture in Canada. For over 100 years P&H has been operating as part of the Canadian agriculture industry, with interests in grain handling, trading operations, flour milling, poultry farming and New-Life Mills animal feed division. Proven Nutrition New-Life Mills is committed to providing the best possible feed and services to the producers of chicken, eggs, turkey, beef, dairy, swine, goat and sheep. Company owned farms facilitate monitored commercial testing of new and innovative feeds and ingredients to ensure our nutrition programs perform and our customers profit. New-Life Mills is feeding the future through proven nutrition which supports profitable livestock performance. Profitable Performance New-Life Mill's nutrition programs promote animal health, optimize genetic potential and aspire to increase producer profitability. Feeding programs are designed to deliver efficient feed conversions and healthy livestock through premium feed and optimal management practices. Proven nutrition starts with the right inputs. Sourced locally when possible, our own nutrition team continuously delivers proven nutrition programs for broiler chickens, laying chickens, turkeys, beef cattle, sheep, goat and dairy cows. Working closely with breeders, producers and nutrition experts, feeding programs are continuously Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited monitored to improve desired results and respond to genetic changes. Through encouraging modern barn management practices and the strict implementation of Feed Assure (HACCP) programs throughout the manufacturing process, New-Life Mills delivers proven nutrition and profitable performance to livestock farmers across Canada. Knowledgeable People New-Life Mills takes Feeding Your Future very seriously. Our knowledgeable team of agriculture industry professionals is passionate about sharing their knowledge and experience to support the success of Canadian farmers. We develop our people through continuous education, supporting organizations which promote Canadian farming and its future, and partner with our customers to provide training opportunities designed to deliver the information needed to understand the application of animal nutrition and achieve profitable results. The Turkey Management Guide The management guide you hold in your hands has the ability to help enhance your production performance, managerial operations and profitability. New-Life Mill's poultry nutritionists and poultry specialists are pleased to have this opportunity to share with you what we have learned through the relationships we have built with you our customers, the ongoing research we conduct and our combined experience. We re looking forward to feeding your future, one flock at a time. Turkey Management Guide 1

3 Feed Safety... a priority Table of Contents FeedAssure is a comprehensive feed safety management and certification program developed for the Canadian feed industry through the Animal Nutrition Association of Canada (ANAC) in FeedAssure is a feed industry-customized HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) program of processes and controls which sets the highest safety standards for the production of animal feed. Each person in the production chain at New-Life Mills plays an important role in the overall success of the program. Order desk staff must make sure that orders are detailed and correct. Batchers and pellet mill operators double-check sequencing and flush equipment to prevent medication carry over. Receivers conduct inspections and testing of incoming ingredients for quality and reject any that do not meet our criteria. Drivers deliver feed to the correct farms and bins, taking care that medications make it to the prescribed flocks or livestock. With each role, comes a responsibility to stop and question any situation that poses a risk to the HACCP program at New-Life Mills - our employees' dedication to these high standards is what makes this program succeed. All New-Life Mills feed processing facilities in Canada are FeedAssure HACCP certified by ANAC (Animal Nutrition Association of Canada) through third-party auditors SGS Canada. This certificate demonstrates our commitment to the highest standards of feed production and quality. Feeding Your Future...1 Feed Safety...2 Weights & Feed...3 Impact of Nutrition...4 New-LIfe Mills Turkey Feeding Program...5 Feed Texture Guidelines...6 Breed Standards - Turkey Body Weights...7 Hens on MM2...8,9 Toms on TR...10,11 Raising Turkeys without Antibiotics (RWA)...12 Barn Management...13 Brooding Turkeys...14 Brooding Temperatures for Turkeys...15 Lighting Programs...16 Barn Ventilation...17 Cold, Humid Air is Lighter than Cold, Dry Air...18 Bird Health...19 Water Quality Standards for Turkeys...20 Water Soluble Products for Turkeys...21,22 Feed Medication Guidelines...23 Common Turkey Diseases...24,25 Biosecurity...26 The information in this manual should be used as a guideline only, and does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of performance in any way. Results will be affected by feeding program, water quality, environmental conditions, flock health and growing density. Please monitor your birds closely and make management decisions based on the observations in your barn and as mandated by law. Industry Contacts...27 Notes Turkey Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

4 Weights & Feed Impact of Nutrition Feed Program Feed Texture Guidelines Body Weights- Breed Standards Hens on MM2 Toms on TR Raised without Antibiotics Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Turkey Management Guide 3

5 Impact of Nutrition on Commercial Turkeys There have been significant advances made in regards to the genetic selection and growth potential of commercial turkeys over the last several years. Today, we are growing a very efficient bird in a variety of different scenarios. Nutrient requirements for growth and maintenance are influenced by factors such as: sex, age, health, genetics and the environment they are raised in. For optimal performance a high standard of care, health, biosecurity and nutrition is needed to realize the benefits of: Improved weight for age Improved feed conversion Increased growth rate Increased lean tissue accretion A practical feeding challenge exists in trying to satisfy all of the nutritional needs of the turkey since they have a very high requirement for energy, protein and amino acids. Energy Energy is supplied primarily by carbohydrates from grain sources, fats and oils. It is required for the growth of tissue and the maintenance of normal body functions. Dietary energy requirements will increase continuously throughout the lifecycle of the turkey. Turkeys are very efficient at using added fat to meet their high energy requirement. Protein Protein is supplied primarily from grains, oilseed meals and animal by-product meals. It is broken down into amino acids as a result of digestive processes - protein quality is determined by its balance of amino acids. Macro Minerals Macro minerals such as calcium and phosphorus are required for bone development and nervous and immune system function. Sodium, potassium and chloride are essential for a number of metabolic systems. Deficiencies can affect feed intake and growth, while in excess will encourage water intake and consequently wet litter. Vitamins and Minerals Vitamins and trace minerals are needed for all metabolic functions. They are supplied in trace amounts and are essential to maximize turkey growth. The Role of the Nutritionist Nutritionists must constantly re-evaluate nutrient requirements in order to determine the most profitable approach to feeding turkeys since the genetic potential is improving constantly. In addition, they must decide on the number and type of diets to be used in a feeding program in order to meet the needs of the growing turkey, while maximizing profitability. In turkey starter and early grower diets, protein and amino acids are often the most expensive nutrients in the formulation. In the late grower and finisher diets it is the high levels of added fat that drive the cost of the ration. The trick is to use the range of possible nutrient densities over the life of the flock to determine the most efficient and profitable way to maximize performance. Factors that Influence Performance Brooding conditions Stocking density Feeder space Feed availability Lighting programs Lighting intensity Air quality Temperature and humidity Heat/cold stress Health status & gut health Water quality Water availability Breeder flock age, health and nutrition Age, sex, breed Medications 4 Turkey Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

6 Turkey Feeding Program Hens Feed Type Kg/Bird 5.0 kg Broiler Hen 6.2 kg Hen 8.5 kg Heavy Hen Cumulative Kg/Bird MM2 Turkey Starter 1 Ration MM2 Turkey Starter 2 Ration MM2 Turkey Grower 1 Ration MM2 Turkey Grower 2 Ration Targeted FCR MM2 Turkey Starter 1 Ration MM2 Turkey Starter 2 Ration MM2 Turkey Grower 1 Ration MM2 Turkey Grower 2 Ration MM2 Turkey Finisher Targeted FCR MM2 Turkey Starter 1 Ration MM2 Turkey Starter 2 Ration MM2 Turkey Grower 1 Ration MM2 Turkey Grower 2 Ration MM2 Turkey Finisher MM2 Turkey Finisher Targeted FCR Weights & Feed LATE-LAY MID-LAY Toms Feed Type Kg/Bird 12.5 kg Light Tom 16 kg Tom Cumulative Kg/Bird TR Turkey Starter 1 Ration TR Turkey Starter 2 Ration TR Turkey Grower 1 Ration TR Turkey Grower 2 Ration TR Turkey Grower 3 Ration TR Turkey Finisher Targeted FCR TR Turkey Starter 1 Ration TR Turkey Starter 2 Ration TR Turkey Grower 1 Ration TR Turkey Grower 2 Ration TR Turkey Grower 3 Ration TR Turkey Finisher TR Turkey Finisher Targeted FCR Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Turkey Management Guide 5

7 Feed Texture Guidelines Feed Texture Guide Diet Phase Load Approx. Age* Feed Form Starter 1 1st Load 0-19 days Medium Crumb Starter 1 2nd Load days Coarse Crumb Starter 2 1st load days Short Pellet Starter 2 2nd load 36 days + Pellet Grower 1 All Loads - Pellet Grower 2 All Loads - Pellet To Market All Loads - Pellet *Below photos are not to scale days days days 36 + days Medium Crumb Coarse Crumb Short Pellet Pellet 6 Turkey Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

8 Turkey Body Weights Breed Standards Hens Body Weight Guidelines (kgs) Age (wks) Hybrid Nicholas Toms Body Weight Guidelines (kgs) Age (wks) Hybrid Nicholas Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Turkey Management Guide 7

9 Hens on MM2 Program Days of Age Body Weight (kg) Feed Intake (kg/bird) Daily Total Water Intake (ml/bird) Days of Age Body Weight (kg) Feed Intake (kg/bird) Daily Total Water Intake (ml/bird) Turkey Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

10 Age/ Weight Feed & Water Intake Days of Age Body Weight (kg) Feed Intake (kg/bird) Daily Total Water Intake (ml/bird) Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Turkey Management Guide 9

11 Toms on TR Program Days of Age Body Weight (kg) Feed Intake (kg/bird) Daily Total Water Intake (ml/bird) Days of Age Body Weight (kg) Feed Intake (kg/bird) Daily Total Water Intake (ml/bird) Turkey Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

12 Age/ Weight Feed & Water Intake Days of Age Body Weight (kg) Feed Intake (kg/bird) Daily Total Water Intake (ml/bird) Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Turkey Management Guide 11

13 Raising Turkeys Without Antibiotics (RWA) Without Antibiotics The use of antibiotics in agriculture and its impact on antibiotic resistance in humans has received a lot of media attention over the last few years. Currently, the poultry industry manages/controls antibiotic use and feels these medications are used responsibly while the government maintains strict control on antibiotic approvals and their use in turkey barns. The poultry industry is actively researching the availability and efficacy of alternative ingredients and there are programs in place for turkeys raised and marketed without the use of antibiotics (RWA). New-Life Mills does offer a RWA (raised without antibiotics) program that is specifically designed to maximize the performance of turkeys grown without the use of medications. The feeding program is designed to use a very specific ingredient matrix as well as research proven additives designed to promote and enhance the health and well-being of turkeys in conjunction with vaccination programs. Ask your New-Life Feed Consultant how to get started on an RWA program. In order to grow turkeys successfully without the use of antibiotics many factors need to be considered. These include: stress, barn environment, health status, management and nutrition. With close monitoring and management of these parameters, it is possible to achieve a successful antibiotic-free turkey program. 12 Turkey Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

14 Barn Management Brooding Lighting Ventilation Humidity Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Turkey Management Guide 13

15 Brooding Turkeys A Good Start To ensure a good start for your turkeys, you must pay particular attention during the brooding period as careful management of lighting, water, feed, and air is critical for successful brooding. Lighting Light intensity during the brooding period should be between 60 to 80 lux. The brighter the light, the better the reflection or sparkle there is on the water and grit in the feed. This will help attract the poults to the water and the feed. The sooner they start on feed and water, the lower the incidence of starve out and dehydration. Early access to feed and water will also stimulate the development of the gut and promote the absorption of the yolk sac, helping to get poults off to a great start. Water Poults should be provided with clean, fresh water that is free from pathogens at all times. It is very important to clean and disinfect water lines and drinkers between crops to ensure there is no bacterial buildup. The addition of satellite drinkers for the first 5 to 7 days helps to provide the poults with easy access to additional water sources. Water lines should be flushed 24 hours prior to placement to ensure water is at room temperature. This will help prevent the poults from becoming chilled. Feed Poults should be provided with easy access to a generous supply of feed. Filling feed lines and hand feeding the pans to keep them full for the first 5 to 7 days allows easier feed access and reduces the chances that poults won t be able to find the feed. One tray or box full of supplemental feed per 100 poults is recommended. The feed trays should be topped up with fresh feed daily for the first 7 to 10 days. Providing poults with additional grit on the top of the feed will act as an attractant, as it sparkles under the bright lights in the barn. Brooding Brooding for most operations will consist of cardboard rings around the stoves or tube heaters. By doing this type of brooding, smaller groups of birds are created thereby allowing them to thrive in an area where we have created the perfect environmental conditions. By using these smaller groupings, a low stress environment is created with perfect floor and air temperature close to feed and water. When these rings are created, be sure to count the number of feeders and nipples in each area to ensure there is a suitable supply for the number of birds in each ring. Constantly observing your birds and making the necessary environmental adjustments will help you to keep them free from stresses, which will allow the birds to thrive and perform at their optimal potential. Temperature Whether you are heating the barn with radiant tube heaters or stove brooders, it is important to pre-heat the barn sufficiently in order to bring the concrete floor temperature up to the desired temperature of 89⁰F to 92⁰F. This will help to create a comfort zone for the poults of 102⁰F to 104⁰F on the bedding. If the concrete floor is too cold, the birds will become chilled. The cooler concrete will also force the heater to cycle more often, thereby increasing the intensity of the heat. The increased intensity can lead to dehydration of the poults and will raise the C02 level in the barn. All barns are different when it comes to set point. Probe placement and height will greatly affect the temperature that the poults will feel from the heaters. The probe height should be at bird level to ensure the heaters and fans are running to create the appropriate temperature at the bird level, as this is the environment the birds are in. The other factor that needs to be considered during the brooding period is the differential and offset on the control for the heaters. If the heater is set with an offset and differential that is too wide, it will cause the heaters to run for an extended period of time, dehydrating the poults, as well as raising C02 levels, and potentially increasing the number of flips. This will also increase stress levels of the birds and will hinder the start up. Establishing the set point while brooding should be done by tracking floor temperatures and recording information daily, as well as observing bird behaviour. This will make it easier to choose a start temperature for future flocks. High C02 levels will hinder poult performance and therefore should be kept below 2800ppm for an optimum start. 14 Turkey Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

16 Brooding Temperatures Whole Room Brooding Temperature Guidelines Females Males Day ⁰F ⁰C ⁰F ⁰C Ring Brooding Temperature Guidelines Females Males Days ⁰F ⁰C ⁰F ⁰C Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Turkey Management Guide 15

17 Lighting Programs for Commercial Turkeys Lighting programs used to grow commercial turkeys can have a significant impact on overall performance and growth. Ultimately, it is difficult to recommend one lighting program for all types of turkey production however; in the tables below we have outlined examples of suitable lighting programs for both hens and toms grown in commercial settings. Confinement Growing Lighting Program Age in Days Hours of Light/ Day Time of Lighting TOMS Midnight Snack Foot Candles Light Intensity am - 10 pm am - 9 pm am - 7 pm 11 pm - 1 am Lux am - 8 pm HENS 11 pm - 1 am (2hrs) Age in Days Hours of Light/ Day Time of Lighting Midnight Snack Foot Candles Light Intensity Lux am - 10 pm am - 9 pm am - 8 pm am - 8 pm 11 pm - 1 am (2hrs) 11 pm - 1 am (2hrs) Turkey Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

18 Barn Ventilation for Commercial Turkeys The purpose of ventilation in a turkey barn is to optimize the barn environment and bird health, thereby maximizing production. This is done through removal of C02, as well as the control of humidity levels and temperatures. Controlling C02 starts before the birds even get to the barn. Pre heating and bringing the concrete temperature up in the barn reduces the cycling time of the heaters. By doing this, we will be able to exhaust the highest levels of C02 before the birds arrive. If the concrete on the floor is not heated enough, cold will radiate from the concrete reducing temperature, forcing heaters to cycle more often and increasing C02 levels. This will result in more fan power required to exhaust C02, causing temperature to decrease, and forcing the heaters to cycle more frequently, which may cause stress to the birds. Achieving a concrete temperature of 87 F to 92 F and a litter temperature of 98 F to 115 F before birds are placed will reduce heater cycling and reduce C02. C02 levels should be kept below 2500 ppm for optimum starts for turkeys. Humidity in the barn must be controlled to reduce wet litter and caking on the barn floor. If wet litter and caking occurs, there will be an increase in the ammonia level in the barn. If moisture is allowed to be absorbed in the litter, this will provide a place for bacteria to grow, increasing disease pressure and compromising the birds immune system. Ventilation fans, circulation fans and inlets are most commonly used to reduce humidity and temperature. The air speed entering the barn from the inlet is dependent on the static pressure within the barn. The fans running creates a negative pressure in the barn. Different barn designs and fan stages require different static pressures, which will change the air path in the barn. We want a low enough static pressure that the air comes in the barn and remains at the ceiling to mix with the warm air, then flows across the floor removing and suspending moisture in the air for the exhaust fans to remove from the barn. If there is not enough static pressure, cool air will fall and will not preheat or have enough air speed to lift and suspend moisture. Today s controls will adjust inlets and fan speeds based on humidity to maintain a desired humidity level. A good rule of thumb to follow is: at 50% RH, humidity is decreasing and at 70% RH, it is increasing. Keeping a lower humidity when the birds are younger will reduce caking and preserve your litter throughout the rest of the crop. Circulation fans also play a part in our ventilation as they are used to mix air, balancing the temperature throughout the barn when we are in minimum ventilation, as well as to lift moisture from the litter and suspend that moisture in the air until the exhaust fans remove it. When we consider temperature, we must understand what the controller is trying to do. If the ambient temperature is below our set point, we are in minimum ventilation mode and the heaters will most likely be cycling on and off. Minimum ventilation fans will be running at a slow speed or on a timer cycling on and off to remove C02 and humidity. If the ambient temperature is above the set point, additional fans will come on and speed up to try to lower the ambient temperature down to the set point. As the temperature of the barn continues to rise, the fan stages will continue to come on. We want maximum ventilation to be achieved by 7 F-9 F above our set point. This will depend on the bird age and density. Misting, sprinkling and cool cells all may be used to reduce temperature - cooling by evaporation. When the air comes in contact with the water molecules, the warm air evaporates the water molecules, resulting in a decrease in air temperature due to the loss of heat during evaporation. The smaller the water droplet or more surface area of the water exposed to the air, the more air contact and evaporative cooling. On days with higher levels of humidity, we can see a reduction in evaporation and a reduction in cooling of the air. It is important to note that all evaporative cooling will raise the humidity. All temperature charts, fan speed and cfm charts are guidelines for operating your barn. Measuring as much data as possible in your barn will give you the information that you need to ventilate your barn efficiently and adequately. Pay close attention to your bird's behaviour. This will be an indicator of potential problems which need to be addressed. Fan Diameter (inches) Average Airflow Capacity (CFM) 12" " " " " " " " Note: All temperature, fan speed, and CFM charts are guidelines for operating your barn. Collecting as much data as possible in your barn will give you the information that you need to ventilate your barn efficiently and adequately. Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Turkey Management Guide 17

19 Cold, Humid Air Is Lighter than Cold, Dry Air University of Georgia: College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Cooperative Extension, Poultry Housing Tips, November 2009 Probably the vast majority of people on the street, if you asked them, would say that humid air is heavier than dry air. After all, humid air has more moisture in it and therefore should weigh more than air that contains less moisture. In actuality, dry air weighs more than humid air. (Figure 2) This is because moist air contains more water molecules, which tends to displace oxygen and nitrogen molecules (actual oxygen levels in air are not significantly affected by humidity). Since a water molecule (H2O) weighs approximately 36% and 44% less than those of Nitrogen (N2) or Oxygen (O2), respectively, the air becomes lighter as the percentage of water molecules contained in the air increase - though the density of air does decrease as humidity increases, the effect is actually quite small. For instance, the density of 40 F air decreases less than one percent as the relative humidly increases from 20% to 100%. Though it is true that the density of warmer air changes more with humidity (due to the fact warm air can hold more moisture than drier air), the differences are still very minimal (less than 1%) at temperatures typically seen in poultry houses. Though relative humidity doesn t significantly affect the density of air, temperature in contract does. As we have all learned in grade school, warmer air is lighter than cooler air. As a general rule, increasing the temperature of air by 50 F decreases its density by approximately 10%. As a result, the hotter the air, the lighter it becomes, the faster it will move towards the ceiling in a poultry house. Air emanating from a brooder or from a furnace is much hotter than that produced by the birds, as a result rises to the ceiling much faster than the heat produced by the birds. So, as you might expect, temperature stratification can be a much greater problem during brooding than it is during the last few weeks of a flock. Cold entering through an inlet tends to fall to the floor due to the simple fact that it is heavier than the air in the house. The colder the air, the heavier it is, the more likely it will fall to the floor, causing problems with chilled birds and wet litter. This is why during cold weather producers should try to operate their inlet systems at a slightly greater negative pressure when it is very cold outside than they typically do during mild times of the year. A great negative pressure will increase the speed at which the cold air enters the house. The faster the air enters the house the further it tends to be thrown in towards the center of the house, increasing the likelihood that it is thoroughly mixed with the hot air collecting at the ceiling before it moves down to bird/floor level. So, though it is true that air on a cold, rainy day will tend to fall to the floor more quickly than on a warm dry day making it more of a challenge to properly ventilate a house, the reason it is falling to the floor has nothing to do with the high relative humidity of the air and everything to do with its temperature. Hot air rises and cold air, regardless of humidity falls. Figure 2 Density of air Vs. Relative Humidity 18 Turkey Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

20 Bird Health Water Quality Standards Water Soluble Products Water Soluble Medications Feed Medications Common Diseases Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Turkey Management Guide 19

21 Water Quality Standards for Turkeys Criteria Total Disolved Solids Concentration (ppm) Comments Good Satisfactory: Possible laxative effect Over 3000 Unacceptable: Mortality, laxative effect, wet droppings, reduced water intake, poor growth Hardness Less than 100 (soft) Over 100 (hard) Good Satisfactory: Possible interference with effectiveness of disinfectants and medications ph Acceptable range. May require acid/base treatment outside of this range Sulfates Less than 300 Over 300 Over 500 Less than 300 Usually no problem, but levels over 50ppm may have a laxative effect if magnesium and chloride are high Laxative effect Laxative effect. May interfere with copper absorption, additive laxative effect with high chloride Not a problem but may exacerbate laxative effect of sodium or sulfate Chloride 500 Maximum desired level Over 500 Laxative effect, wet droppings, reduced feed intake, increased water consumption Sodium Acceptable range. May cause loose droppings if sulfates are over 50ppm and chloride is over 14ppm. Potassium Less than 500 Over 500 Generally not a problem, but laxative effect may be additive with sodium level Laxative effect Magnesium Less than 200 Generally not a problem, but if sulfates are higher than 500 ppm there may be a laxative effect Calcium Over 200 Laxative effect 600 Maximum desired level Iron Less than 0.3 Over 0.3 Acceptable Unacceptable. Bad taste and smell. Encourages bacterial growth Fluoride Over 40 Unacceptable. Causes soft bones. Nitrate Nitrogen 10 Maximum acceptable level. Nitrite Nitrogen Trace (less than 1ppm) Greater than 1ppm indicates fecal runoff contamination Bacterial Coliforms 0 Levels above 0 indicate fecal contamination 20 Turkey Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

22 Water Soluble Products for Turkeys* Product Supplier Reason for Use Rate Vet Script Withdrawal Electrolytes Plus Vetoquinol Stimulates appetite during stress caused by disease, moving, crowding or hot weather 400g per 750L 5 days no none Poly-Tonine A Complex Vetoquinol Aid in the prevention of vitamin deficiencies 100g per 225L no none Neo-Chlor Vetoquinol Aid in the treatment of infectious disease caused by microorganisms sensitive to tetracycline and neomycin 100g per 225L yes 10 days Pot-Pen Vetoquinol Reduces the symptoms associated with Necrotic Enteritis caused by penicillin susceptible Clostridium Perfringens 1 Jar per 1682L for 5-7 days yes 1 day Chlortetracycline Hydrochloide Citadel Aids in the treatment of Coccidiosis in turkeys 2.2g per 4.25L yes 5 days Amprol 9.6% BAM Aids in the treatment of Caecal Coccidiosis in turkeys 500ml per 200L 5 to 7 days no 7 days Vital Jefo A,D+E vitamin supplement-used when birds are off feed due to stress 100ml per 1000L no none Jefacid Jefo Liquid acidifier for drinking water. lowers ph to enhance the effectiveness of other water treatments varies no none Quinnoxine-S Vetoquinol As an aid in the prevention of Coccidiosis 20ml per 20L for 2 days out of 5 repeat if necessary yes 4 days Super Booster Vetoquinol Aid to starting chicks. Stimulates weight gain, helps overcome stress, maintains weight gain through mild cases of Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) 400g per 720L 4 days yes 5 days * Not all products are compatable with all water types, read the label and consult the supplier if you have questions or concerns Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Turkey Management Guide 21

23 Water Soluble Medications for Turkeys Step 1: To determine the amount of water-soluble medication required you need to take the number of birds you placed and divide it by In the table provided, water consumption is expressed in liters per thousand turkeys. To determine the estimated water consumption in a specific flock, look up the age of the bird and the temperature in the house. This will give you your water consumption. Multiply this number by the number of birds in your flock divided by Example; 10,000 birds placed/1000 =10 If the birds are five weeks old and the temperature in the house is 25⁰C, they are estimated to be consuming 243 liters per thousand. 243 liters (per 1000 turkeys) x 10 = 2430 liters per day Step: 2 Look up the usage rate of the medication you are going to use, and divide the liters the turkeys are estimated to consume by the liters on the package. Example; Poly-Tonine A Complex states that each package medicates 180 liters of drinking water 2430/180=13.5 packages per day A withdrawal period is required on some medications before birds can be slaughtered for human consumption. Always remember to read the label on the package. Medication used in water must be indicated on HACCP forms. An ample supply of clean, fresh water is essential to the success of your flock. If the turkey cannot get an adequate supply of water, normal growth can be hindered. Water consumption should be monitored daily with the use of a reliable water meter. By keeping records of water consumption, the farm manager can be satisfied that the birds are receiving the proper amount of water. Water requirements depend on age, body weight and ambient temperature. Typically, birds consume by weight about twice as much water as feed. Anything which restricts water intake will also cause a reduction in feed intake. Both mineral content and quality must be considered. Water provided to livestock and poultry should meet human drinking water standards. Water samples should be taken at least twice per year and analyzed by a reputable laboratory. E. coli and fecal coliforms should be checked along with mineral content. Pressure and use rate should be monitored daily and a regular routine of flushing should be implemented. A number of water treatments are available today. These include chlorination, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, acidification and filtration, ultraviolet and electrical descales. No one treatment is suitable for all applications; consult a water treatment expert to ensure the best quality for your flock. While chlorination (or use of peroxide, etc.) may help to improve the bacteriological characteristics of the water, it will do little to change the mineral content. Softened water is not recommended for poultry as the resulting sodium content may be excessive. Daily Water Consumption Liters per 1,000 Turkeys Age (weeks) F C F C F C 95 F + 35 C Water consumption can be affected by a variety of factors including but not limited to; temperature, diet, health and sex. 22 Turkey Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

24 Feed Medication Guidelines for Turkeys Product Brand Name Active Ingredient Purpose Kg / tonne of Product mg/kg in Feed Withdrawal (in days) Amprol Feed Premix Amprolium Anticoccidial (Up to 16 weeks) Avatec 20 Lasalocid Sodium Premix1 Lasalocid Sodium Anticoccidial (Hens up to 14 weeks) (Toms up to 16 weeks) Coban Premix1 Monensin Sodium Anticoccidial Clinacox 0.5% Premix Diclazuril Anticoccidial (up to 14 weeks) Cygro 1% Premix Maduramicin Ammonium Anticoccidial Robenz Medicated Premix Robenidine Hydrochloride Anticoccidial (up to 8 weeks) Zoamix Medicated Premix Zoaline (3, 5 dinitro-o-toluamide) Anticoccidial (up to 7 weeks) Albac 110 Zinc Bacitracin Premix1 Zinc Bacitracin2 Necrotic Enteritis Control Vet Script Required BMD 110 G Medicated Premix Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate2 Necrotic Enteritis Control Vet Script Required Stafac 44 Virginiamycin Necrotic Enteritis Control Vet Script Required Oxytetracycline 100 Premix1 Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride Non specific Enteritis Control Multiple brand names are available for this product. 2Not approved for use at the level in turkey feed must be vet scripted. Measurements: A mg/kg (milligram per kilogram) is the same as a ppm (part per million). Veterinary Prescriptions: Any combinations or inclusion rates may require a veterinary prescription. For veterinary scripted medication options refer to the veterinary prescriptions for specified withdrawal times. Products may have additional claims than those listed. For more information see the Compendium of Medicating Brochures on the CFIA website: Rotation and Shuttle Programs: A rotation program refers to changing coccidiostats in subsequent flocks. If coccidiostats are changing within the same flock it is called a shuttle program. Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Turkey Management Guide 23

25 Common Turkey Diseases Air Sacculitis Air sacculitis is a bacterial infection in the air sacs, caused by E. coli usually, but may also result from aspergillosis, avian cholera, mycoplasmosis, ornithobacteriosis and other disease conditions. E. coli infection may affect other body systems in a more generalized infection, termed colibacillosis. Inflammation of the air sacs results in thickening, opacity, increased vasculature, and/or accumulation of caseous or purulent material. An active infection of the air sacs at processing will result in condemnation. Avian Influenza Avian influenza is known informally as avian flu or bird flu. Avian flu refers to an illness caused by any of many different strains of influenza viruses that have adapted to the specific host. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is of the greatest concern to commercial turkey growers. Symptoms include sudden high mortality, decreased feed consumption, excessive thirst, coughing, sneezing, depression and ruffled feathers. Consult your veterinarian immediately if you are concerned about this disease. It is a reportable disease and strict biosecurity protocols must be followed. Breast Blisters Abscesses are usually found in the breast. They often result from the infection of keel or breast cyst. If the abscess is localized and in the chronic phase, the affected parts are removed. If there are generalized systemic effects or evidence of septicemia, the bird will be condemned. It will also be condemned if the abscess is too widespread and affects the greater part of the breast, since trimming will then be too risky because of possible cross contamination. Cannibalism/Pecking Cannibalism/Pecking is a general term used to describe aggressive behavior in turkeys. Most often times, turkeys become extremely aggressive and will attack and peck at other birds to the point of drawing blood and causing a life threatening injury. This condition is a complex problem that can be caused by a variety of factors including: density, lighting, ventilation, floor space, gender, age and nutrition. All causative factors associated with this condition should be investigated immediately once the behavior has been detected. Early detection of this behavior is critical in solving and preventing the problem from enduring throughout the life of the flock. Foot Pad Dermatitis (FPD) Foot Pad Dermatitis (FPD) is characterized by lesions on the foot pad of turkeys, which, when severe, lead to the erosion of the skin layers and causes pain when weight is put on the foot. The severity of these lesions can be used as an indication of welfare, due to the pain associated with the lesions. Pain caused by these lesions may lead to reduced mobility, which may lead to a reduction in feed and water consumption. The most common cause of FPD is the litter moisture being too high. Lesions caused by FPD can be reversed during the life of the flock if attention is paid to barn management. Any management tools that will reduce litter moisture will have a positive impact on FPD lesions. Using fans to reduce humidity in the barn, regularly checking water lines for leaks and making sure they are set to the correct pressure and height, and monitoring the flock to watch for any sign of flushing and disease will all contribute to the reduction of FPD. 24 Turkey Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

26 Common Turkey Diseases Pendulous Crop/Drop Crop A Pendulous crop can occur in chickens and turkeys. The crop is distended and impacted with food, pieces of litter and liquid. There is loss of muscle tone. The birds may be in good flesh or emaciated. The carcass is condemned only if there are signs of emaciation. Poult Enteritis/Flushing Flushing is a general term used to a gastric upset leading to what can be described as diarrhea in turkeys. This condition can happen at any time in a turkey s life and can lead to poor feed intake, reduced growth rate and is often to blame for wet litter. One of the first signs that poults are about to flush is an increase in vocalization and pacing behavour near the feed lines. This is a sign of discomfort and should be noted in your flock as you can expect flushing to begin within a day or two. While the exact cause of flushing is unknown, there are steps that can be taken to reduce this condition in your barn. Birds should always have access to feed and clean fresh water. An extended period of time without feed can lead to flushing. Ensure that the particle size/texture is appropriate for the age of the turkey in the barn at any given time so that birds continue to consume feed regularly. Ensure biosecurity practices are in place to prevent the spread of pathogens and disease as enteric diseases are also know to upset the gut and can lead to flushing. Rickets Rickets, a condition of young growing poults, may occur within the first 28 days. A deficiency or imbalance of calcium, phosphorus and/or vitamin D, often as a result of mal-absorption of nutrients due to enteritis (bacterial or viral) can initiate rickets. Low feed intake at placement retards gut maturation and impairs nutrient absorption, which may also result in rickets. Early signs are stiff gait, sitting on hocks, reluctant to move and use of wings for support. Post-mortem indications include rubbery beaks, beaded ribs, soft flexible long bones, and thickened growth plates. Worms Worms are a category of parasite known to infect all types of poultry. Turkeys become infected with worms by picking up worm eggs from litter, soil, or droppings. Once infected, worms can have a negative effect on gut health and overall performance. The degree of worm infection is dependent on the amount of infective eggs that a bird picks up. Some symptoms of a worm infection include unthriftiness, weakness, poor growth and possibly death. The best way to control worm infection is to adhere to a strict biosecurity protocol. However, if birds need to be treated for a severe infection a veterinarian will be involved as a veterinary prescription is required to treat a worm infection. Yolk Sac Infection Yolk Sac Infection is due to bacterial infection of the navel and yolk sac of newly hatched poults. The infection may occur as a result of contamination before healing of the navel. Various types of bacteria may be involved in causing the infection. Some of the symptoms include huddling, poor appetite, slow growth, pasty vents, swollen abdomen and dehydration. Mortality may continue for up to 14 days post hatch. Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Turkey Management Guide 25

27 Disease Prevention Meets Biosecurity Good biosecurity protocols are essential to reducing the risk of poultry disease on your farm. Having good biosecurity protocols in place will help prevent the financial and emotional toll that happens during a disease outbreak. The time and economic impact a disease has on a farm can be substantial and recovering from such an event is a slow process. It is important that all producers establish and maintain their own biosecurity protocols and ensure all visitors are aware of and follow these procedures. Producers need to communicate these protocols with their industry representatives and any visitors. Understanding and maintaining good biosecurity protocols throughout the entire industry will help prevent the spread of poultry disease and ensure everyone can do their jobs effectively. For advice on effective disinfectants, please contact your New-Life Mills Feed Specialist. Points to Remember Have a gate in the farm entrance Disinfect vehicle tires before entering the driveway Have a biosecurity area in the entrance of the farm Have spare coveralls, hairnets, boots, and gloves available for visitors Wear a different pair of boots and clothes and/or coveralls in the barn Have a foot bath station Limit/minimize visitors Be sure to have visitors sign the Visitor's Log Have visitors leave disposable coveralls on farm for you to dispose of Disinfect vehicle tires when leaving the driveway Emergency Disease Response Plan To minimize the threat of infectious diseases to poultry and livestock producers and to agri-business, New-Life Mills has taken a leadership role in developing emergency disease response plans to minimize the risk and spread of infectious diseases. Components of this plan involve procedures for feed personnel visiting farms, a communication module, and clearly defined procedures for when a disease outbreak is suspected or confirmed. 26 Turkey Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

28 Industry Contacts Poultry Veterinarians Saskatchewan & Western Canada Dr. Jenny Fricke Poultry Extension Veterinarian University of Saskatchewan Dept. of Veterinary Pathology 52 Campus Drive Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4 Poultry Health Services Ltd. 97 East Lake Ramp Rd. NE Airdrie, AB T4A 0C3 Phone: Fax: Ontario Animal Health Laboratory Laboratory Services University of Guelph General Inquiries Phone: Dr. Elizabeth Black Elfrida Poultry Diagnostic Services 1354 Regional Road #66 Caledonia, ON N3W 1R2 Phone: Dr. Mike Joyce, D.V.M. Dip Path., Diplomate A.C.P.V. R.R. #1 Hillsburgh, ON N0B 1Z0 Phone: Kemptville Lab 79 Shearer Street Kemptville, ON K0G 1J0 Phone: Lakeside Poultry Veterinary Services: Shahbaz Haq M.Sc. (Vet Pathology), D.V.M., Dip A.C.P.V. Unit A, 240 Graff Ave. Stratford, ON N5A 6Y2 Phone: Dr. Mike Petrik Box 1900 St Marys, ON N4X 1C2 Phone: Dr. Joanne B. Rafuse, D.V.M. Zorra Veterinary Services R.R. #2 Thamesford, ON N0M 2M0 Phone: Smith & Weisz Poultry Veterinary Services Professional Corp 519 Maltby Road West Guelph, ON N1L 1G3 Phone: Dr. Lloyd J. Weber, D.V.M.A.C.P.V. Poultry Heath Consultant 519 Maltby Road West Guelph, ON N1L 1G3 Phone: Québec Dr. Michel Desroches 260 rue Principale St.Cleophas-de-Brandon, QC J0K 2A0 Phone: Industry Contacts Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 1341 Baseline Road Ottawa, ON K1A 0C5 Phone: Toll Free: Poultry Industry Council 483 Arkell Road Guelph, ON N1H 6H8 Phone: Turkey Farmers of Canada 7145 West Credit Avenue Building 1, Suite 202 Mississauga, ON L5N 6J7 Phone: Saskatchewan Turkey Farmers of Saskatchewan 1438 Fletcher Road. Saskatoon, SK S7M 5T2 Phone: Ontario The Ontario Agri Business Association Research Lane Guelph, ON N1G 5B2 Phone: Turkey Farmers of Ontario Conestoga College Boulevard Kitchener, ON N2P 2N6 Phone: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs 1 Stone Road West Guelph, ON N1G 4Y2 Phone: ag.info.omafra@ontario.ca Québec Les Éleveurs de volailles du Québec 555, boul. Roland-Therrien, bur. 250 Longueuil (Québec) J4H 4G1 Tél : Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Turkey Management Guide 27

29 Notes 28 Turkey Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

30 Clavet Mill & Saskatchewan Sales Twp Road 30 Box 419 Clavet, SK S0K 0Y0 Phone: Toll Free: Fax: Denfield Mill Denfield Road R.R. #2 Denfield, ON N0M 1P0 Phone: Toll Free: Fax: Inkerman Mill Box Queen Street Inkerman, ON K0E 1J0 Phone: Toll Free: Fax: Ontario Sales & National Nutrition Office 1060 Fountain Street North Cambridge, ON N3E 0A1 Phone: Toll Free: Fax: Corporate Head Office Box th Street Hanover, ON, N4N 3C5 Phone: Toll Free: Fax: Wyoming Mill Box Main Street Wyoming, ON N0N 1T0 Phone: Toll Free: Fax: MAR-2016-CDN-EN For more information contact a New-Life Mills Poultry Specialist or turkeyproduction@newlifemills.com