Change over 25 years in efficiency, composition and nutrient excretion of pigs. By Justin Fix. Objective

Transcription

1 Change over 25 years in efficiency, composition and nutrient excretion of pigs By Justin Fix Objective To assess differences in efficiency, composition and nutrient excretion between pigs representative of 1980 and 2005 commercial industry when fed feeding programs representative of the same time periods

2 Outline Genetic samples Feeding programs Experimental design Growth and performance Nutrient Intake and Excretion 1980 Genetic Sample Pigs representative of 1980 commercial industry DAMS Parity 1 sows from Control population of whiteline females formed from Large white and Landrace reciprocally crossed Founded from Nebraska Control Line (Neal et al., 1989) formed in 1979 and maintained at NCSU Tidewater Station since 1989 Selected to maintain zero genetic gain SIRES Frozen semen from boars commercially available in 1980 Duroc (3) or Hampshire (3) 8 Duroc sired litters and 7 Hampshire sired litters

3 IBS 1. Big Sky 2. Basic 3. Standard 4. Yes SGI 1. Macomb 2. Ocean 2005 Genetic Sample Pigs representative of current commercial industry (2005) Obtained from a North Carolina commercial producer DAMS Large White x Landrace FI females SIRES Duroc

4 Feeding Programs 2005 Formulation based on current industry practice 7 phases Lysine % ME Kcal/kg Pelleted diets Antibiotics Added dietary fat Added phytase 1980 Formulation based on 1978 Pork Industry Handbook 4 phases Lysine % ME Kcal/kg Meal diets No antibiotics No added dietary fat No added phytase 1980 Feeding Program Prestarter Starter Grower Finisher Crude Protein, % Metabolizable Energy, Kcal/kg Calcium, % Phosphorus, % Nitrogen, % Lysine, % Amount budgeted per pig, lbs to market

5 2005 Feeding Program Prestarter Starter 1 Starter 2 Grower 1 Grower 2 Finisher 1 Finisher 2 Crude Protein, % Metabolizable Energy, Kcal/kg Calcium, % Phosphorus, % Nitrogen, % Lysine, % Lard, % Antibiotics Chlortetracyline, g/t Tiamulin, g/t Tylosin, g/t Virginiamycin, g/t Amount budgeted to per pig, lbs market Production Time Line Group 1 Slaughter Dates Structure Initial Dates Final Date scoring Group 1 Group 2 Group 1 & 2 Group 2 3/26 4/8 4/26 5/6 Farrowing On-test Date Date 8/15 8/23 8/30 10/4/2005

6 Feeding Program 2 x 2 x 2 Factorial Design Number of Pens (Pigs) per Treatment 1980 Genetic Sample 2005 Genetic Sample Barrows Gilts Barrows Gilts (18) 7 (21) 7 (21) 7 (21) (15) 8(24) 7 (21) 7 (21) Growth Performance On-test to nursery (OTN) Nursery to slaughter (NS) On-test to slaughter (OSS) ADG ADFI G:F Days (OSS) First RTU to slaughter ON-test to slaughter Lean ADG Lean G:F Behavior Resident Intruder Number of attacks Attack latency Structure and mobility Structure Front leg side Rear leg side Front view Rear view Mobility Mobility score Real-time Ultrasound 45 kg Backfat depth Loin area 70 kg Backfat depth Loin area 95 kg Backfat depth Loin area DNA testing Halothane Rendement Napole Data Collection Carcass Measures Hot carcass weight 45 min ph Carcass length 1 st rib fat depth 10 th rib fat depth Last rib fat depth Last lumbar fat depth Loin muscle area Ham weight Foot weight Loin weight Whole belly weight Trimmed Belly weight Butt weight Picnic weight Head weight Leaf fat weight Neck bone weight Loin Quality Ultimate ph Color Score Marbling Score Firmness Score Wetness Score Minolta L, a, b Percentage drip loss Percentage intramuscular fat Warner Bratzler Shear force Percentage Moisture Ham Quality Ultimate ph Color Score Firmness Score Wetness Score Minolta L, a, b Belly Quality Belly length Belly thickness Ham end Shoulder end Loin edge Teat edge Stick test Fatty acid Profiles and IV Belly fat Loin fat Ham fat Viscera Weights Small intestine Large intestine Heart Liver Lung Kidney Stomach Spleen Uterus Ulcer Score Consumer Taste Panel Loin Country Ham Bacon Trained Taste Panel Loin Country Ham Bacon Whole Body Composition Metabolism Trial Nutrient excretion Odor Panel

7 Growth and Performance Materials and Methods All pigs were weighed every two weeks Feed weigh back was done on all pens at this time Feed intake for the two week period was recorded Real-time ultrasound measurements were taken at the 10 th rib for BF and LMA every 4 weeks beginning Week 8 farrowing group 1 Week 10 farrowing group 2

8 Materials and Methods All pigs were slaughtered when the average BW of the pen exceeded 255 lbs Pens were weighed and removed on a weekly basis Traits Measured ADG, ADFI and ADG:ADFI for on-test to nursery (OTN), nursery to slaughter (NS) and on-test to slaughter (OTS) On-test BW (15.4 lbs) Nursery BW (59.3 lbs) Slaughter BW (255 lbs)

9 Traits Measured Lean ADG and lean ADG:ADFI for on-test to slaughter (OTS) and first real-time ultrasound to slaughter (FSS) Fat free lean calculations from National Pork Board (2000) Real-time ultrasound for LMA and BF 1 = week 8 or 10; adjusted to 99 lbs 2 = week 12 or 14; adjusted to 154 lbs 3 = week 16 or 18; adjusted to 210 lbs Carcass LMA and BF BF and LMA adjusted to 255 lbs Changes Over 25 Years in BF 1980GS 1980FP different than 2005GS 2005FP

10 Changes Over 25 Years in BF Due to Genetics Difference between means Changes Over 25 Years in BF Due to Feeding Program

11 Changes Over 25 Years in LMA 1980GS 1980FP different than 2005GS 2005FP Changes Over 25 Years in LMA Due to Genetics Difference between means

12 Changes Over 25 Years in LMA Due to Feeding Program Difference between means BF and LMA 1980 Genetic Sample 1980 Feeding Program 2005 Genetic Sample 2005 Feeding Program

13 Carcass Composition 1980 GS 2005 GS 1980 FP 2005 GS 1980 GS 1980 FP Changes Over 25 Years in ADG 1980GS 1980FP different than 2005GS 2005FP

14 Changes Over 25 Years in Daily Feed Intake 1980GS 1980FP different than 2005GS 2005FP Changes Over 25 Years in Feed Efficiency 1980GS 1980FP different than 2005GS 2005FP

15 Changes Over 25 Years in ADG, ADFI and Feed to Gain Due to Genetics Feeding Period Nursery Grow-Finish Overall Genetic Sample ADG, lbs ADFI, lbs Feed to Gain Means are different Changes Over 25 Years in ADG, ADFI and Feed to Gain Due to Feeding Program Feeding Period Nursery Grow-Finish Overall Feeding Program ADG, lbs ADFI, lbs Feed to Gain Means are different

16 Changes Over 25 Years in Lean Gain First Scan at 99 lbs 1980GS 1980FP different than 2005GS 2005FP Changes Over 25 Years in Lean ADG, ADFI and Feed to Lean Gain Due to Genetics Time Period Overall First Scan to Harvest Genetic Sample LADG, lbs ADFI, lbs Feed to Lean Gain Means are different

17 Changes Over 25 Years in Lean ADG, ADFI and Feed to Lean Gain Due to Genetics Time Period Overall First Scan to Slaughter Feeding Program LADG, lbs ADFI, lbs Feed to Lean Gain Means are different Changes Over 25 Years in Age at Harvest Means are different

18 Changes Over 25 Years Due to Genetics and Feeding Program Means are different Live Comparisons 1980 Genetic Sample 1980 Feeding Program 2005 Genetic Sample 2005 Feeding Program

19 Estimated Nutrient Intake Determined total feed intake for each diet Based on nutrient composition of diet estimated total intake of nitrogen and phosphorus Changes Over 25 Years in Phosphorus Intake 1980GS 1980FP different than 2005GS 2005FP

20 Changes Over 25 Years in Phosphorus Intake Due to Genetics Means are different Changes Over 25 Years in Phosphorus Intake Due to Feeding Program Means are different

21 Changes Over 25 Years in Nitrogen Intake 1980GS 1980FP different than 2005GS 2005FP Changes Over 25 Years in Nitrogen Intake Due to Genetics Means are different

22 Changes Over 25 Years in Nitrogen Intake Due to Feeding Program Means are different Nutrient Excretion Changes Pelleting Phase feeding/split sex feeding Phytase Improving feed efficiency 0.1 points Reduction In Excretion 5% for N and P 6 to 15% all nutrients 25 to 50% P 3.3% all nutrients Adapted from van Heugten and van Kempen (2001)

23 Estimated Nitrogen Excretion Used total lean gain Fat free lean calculations from National Pork Board (2000) Converted to whole body protein increase NRC (1998) Estimated nitrogen content of protein increase Determined nitrogen excretion (N intake-n increase)/n intake Changes Over 25 Years in Nitrogen Excretion 1980GS 1980FP different than 2005GS 2005FP

24 Changes Over 25 Years in Nitrogen Excretion Means are different Bottom Line Growth Performance Not additive

25 Bottom Line Nutrient Intake and Excretion Conclusion Changes in both genetics and feeding program have led to improvements in lean efficiency and dramatic reduction in nutrient intake and excretion

26 Acknowledgements Funding North Carolina Pork Council North Carolina Agricultural Foundation North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service North Carolina Agricultural Research Service Murphy Brown, LLC Acknowledgements Central Crops Research Station James Pope Morris Dunston Reid Evans NCSU Animal Science Kyle Lovercamp David Lee Frank Hollowell Peggy Overton Oulavhan Phillips Elizabeth Harris Wei Feng Jon Holt Christina Smith Christian Lanier Jennifer Young Mike van Stauldiehein International Boar Semen Swine Genetics International Tidewater Research Station Steve Barnes NCSU Food Science Dr. Maryanne Drake Dr. George Catignani Dr. Leon Boyd Dr. Lisa Dean Ruth Watkins Michele Yates Joanna Foegeding Holly Deal Danielle StHillarie Murphy Brown, LLC Dr. Jeff Hansen Dr. Dustin Kendall University of Illinois Dr.Floyd McKeith, UI Sean Holmer, UI Southern States Mike Nash Lake Wheeler Field Lab Curtis Powell Charles Salmon Bailey Slaughterhouse

27 QUESTIONS? Barrows vs. Gilts Barrow Gilt Pooled SEM P-Value ADG,(OTS) kg/d <0.05 ADG,(NS) kg/d <0.01 ADFI, (NS) kg/d <0.01 ADFI, (OTS) kg/d <0.001 ADG:ADFI (NS) <0.05 LADG:ADFI (OTS) <0.01 LADG:ADFI (FSS) <0.01 Final Wt, kg <0.05 Final Age, d <0.001