Weight control and satiety effects of flaxseed A Review. Kelley Fitzpatrick, M.Sc. NutriScience Solutions Flaxresearch.com
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1 Weight control and satiety effects of flaxseed A Review Kelley Fitzpatrick, M.Sc. NutriScience Solutions Flaxresearch.com
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3 Global Childhood Obesity Number and proportion estimated to be overweight including obese 201,373, % 217,021, % 223,960, % 1/7 268,763, % Number and proportion estimated to be obese 73,758, % 77,803, % 79,924, % 1/20 93,751, % World Obesity Federation, 2016
4 Distribution of the EU population aged 18 or over by Body Mass Index, 2014 (%) European Health Interview Survey, October 20, 2016
5 Natural Marketing Institute, 2016
6 Flaxseed (Linseed)
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9 Flaxseed Essential fatty alpha-linolenic acid (ALA - omega 3) Protein Bioactive peptides Lignans (phytoestrogens) and other antioxidants Dietary fibre
10 Total Fat 42% Polyunsaturated Fatty acids Alpha linolenic Acid 57% (C18: 3n-3) Linoleic Acid 16% (C18:2n-6) Saturates 9%
11 Dietary Fiber ~ 2.5 g / 1 T 7-10% of the DRI
12 Howarth NC, et al. Nutr Rev 2001 High fibre diets promote weight loss or prevent weight gain by absorbing water and increasing bulk in the small intestine. induce a feeling of fullness and delay gastric emptying. associated with increased satiety, reduced hunger and energy intake, and weight loss.
13 Flaxseed dietary fiber supplements for suppression of appetite and food intake Two single-blinded randomized crossover acute studies with 24 and 20 subjects, respectively. Iso-caloric (ca. 575 kj) iso-volumetric drinks: Control: 300 ml of a blackcurrant-flavored sugarsweetened beverage (Ribena Blackcurrant Squash) Flax drink: Control drink with addition flax fiber extract containing 2.5 g of soluble dietary fibers Flax tablets: Control drink plus flax fiber tablets to equal 2.5 g of soluble dietary fibers Ibrügger, S., et al. Appetite (2012)
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18 Fruit Bowl g Flaxseed per product g Fiber per product Strawberry Bar Apple and Pear Bar Orange Bar Apple and Blackcurrant Bites Mixed Berry Bites
19 Apparent digestibility of energy, fat and weight gain in growing rats Randomized feeding trial - 60 male, growing, Wistar rats, initial weight of ~200 g Diets (n = 10 per group): Low DF control (C) 5% DF from cellulose (5-CEL) CEL + 5% DF from whole (5-WF) or ground flaxseed (5-GF) CEL + 5% DF from flaxseed DF extract (5-DF) CEL + 10% DF from flaxseed DF extract (10-DF) Kristensen, M., et al. Nutrients (2013)
20 Faecal excretion increased with increasing DF content highest in 10-DF Apparent fat digestibility - lowest with 10- DF diet and decreased with increasing DF amount DF bioavailability (5-WF vs. 5-GF) proportion of viscous DF (5-GF vs. 5-DF) 10-DF lowest final body weight reduced body fat
21 Lignans Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) Polyphenol, phytoestrogen exerts weak estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects in mammalian tissue Precursor of mammal lignans Adolphe, JL., et al. Br J Nutr. (2010) Flaxseed richest source 375 mg/100g Reduced visceral (abdominal) fat in mice receiving a high fat diet with SDG (0.5 or 1.0%) Fukumitsu, S., et al. Br J Nutr (2008)
22 Lignan complex effects on metabolic syndrome composite score in older adults 100 subjects (ca 50 years) Flaxseed lignan (543 mg/d) or placebo Plus a 6 month walking program 6 risk factors for metabolic syndrome (fasting glucose, HDL cholesterol, TAG, abdominal adiposity, blood pressure, and inflammatory cytokines) measured at baseline and 6 months Cornish, SM., et al. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. (2009)
23 Lignan complex effects on metabolic syndrome composite score in older adults Men on flaxseed lignan reduced diastolic blood pressure (~ 6mm Hg) metabolic syndrome score Women on flaxseed lignan reduced diastolic blood pressure (~ 7mm Hg) No effects on metabolic syndrome score Less effective in postmenopausal women due to reduced estrogen receptor numbers??
24 Alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) and Inflammation Hanif Palla, A., et al. Inter Immunopharm. (2016); Turowski, JB., et al. BMC Comp Alt Med. (2015); Anand, R., et al. Inflammation (2014); Zhao, G., et al. Am J Clin Nutr (2007)
25 Flaxseed Supplementation in Metabolic Syndrome Management 44 patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) Lifestyle advice + 30g brown milled flaxseed daily vs. only lifestyle advice 12 weeks % of individuals with MetS decreased from baseline: 50% in control 82% in flaxseed group Yari, Z., et al. Phytother. Res. (2016)
26 Mean changes (95% CI) from baseline in metabolic characteristics by treatment group
27 Potential mechanisms by which flaxseed promotes weight management
28 THANK YOU Flaxresearch.com
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