Index 511. Dehydration, 172, 371 affecting temperature regulation and physiological functioning, 175 impair exercise performance, 176

Transcription

1 Index AA pool, 326 Absorbitol, 241 Achievement goal theory task-oriented vs. ego-oriented individuals, 47 Acute exercise bout studies strength/ resistance 4+hours throughout rest of day strength/resistance, 472 supplementation before, during, and immediately after resistance exercise, CHO provides positive protein balance, supplementation 1 4 hours after strength/resistance training, CHO-PRO/AA, supplementation immediately after resistance exercise, CHO-AA and CHO-PRO, Adonis complex, 49 incidence of muscular dissatisfaction, 50 muscle building supplements, Adulterated products penalties for conviction of introducing, 5 Adverse event defined, 19 serious, 19 Adverse Event Reporting (AER) legislation, 19 b-alanine, 330, 499 Amino acid, 354, 385, 413 Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) abuse, positive psychological outcomes associated with AAS administration, 51 Anabolic hormones, 205 Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1990, unlawful steroid distribution or possession subject to punishment, 16 of 2004, prohormone supplements, effects of, performance-enhancing substances in sports, use of, Anabolic steroids analysis of new compounds, 17 defined, 17 educational programs for children regarding dangers of, 17 Anabolic window, 197 Androstenedione ban on, 10 exemption criteria, Anticatabolic supplements, Antioxidants, , 357, 433 functions, 343 supplementation of vitamin C reduced muscle damage, 344 supplementation of vitamin E decreases creatine kinase leakage, 343 Arginine roles, 331 Arginine/a-ketogluturate, growth hormone and influence on body composition and muscle function, effects on, 333 pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of, 332 Aromatase, 334 Aromatase inhibitors, body composition and changes in serum hormone levels, effect on, 335 increase testosterone levels, 335 Aromatization, 210 Ascorbic acid, see Water-soluble vitamins, vitamin C Attitudes,

2 510 Index Balance theory, 46 Banned drugs androstenedione, ephedra supplements, 8 10 BCAAs, see Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) Biotin, see Vitamin H; Water-soluble vitamins, vitamin B 7 Bitter orange mechanism of action, pharmokinetics and cardiovascular effects, examining, weight loss, effects on, Xenadrine-EFX on metabolism and substrate utilization, acute effects of, Blue-green algae (case study) adverse effects, producing hepatotoxins (microcystins), Body image and eating disorders, problems related to, 48 social physique anxiety, 48 supplement use to lose weight, 48 Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), 100, 281 Brindelberry, 241 Caffeine, 51 53, 283, , on aerobic and anaerobic exercise, 350 beneficial effect of, enhance performance, 387 improvement in time-to-exhaustion and work output, Parkinson s symptoms, effect on, 53 as psychological ergogenic, 51 reversal of withdrawal effects, controlling, 52 state of arousal, linked to, Caffeine or caffeine and aspirin (ECA stack) efficacy for treatment of obesity, 228 See also Herbal ephedrine Calciferol, see Fat-soluble vitamins, vitamin D Calcium, adiposity, role in, 247 body weight, effect on, 248 carbonate supplements, 149 citrate supplements, 149 mechanism of action, Caloric expenditure, 107 Caloric intake, 79, 80, 106 Calories (or joules), 76 Carbohydrate, , classes of, 97 definition, 97 Glycemic Index of common foods, and protein intake, 439 simple, 97 Carbohydrate protein supplements casein-whey proteins and effects on muscle anabolism, 201 increasing protein synthesis and degradation, 200 liquid form, 201 Cardiovascular drift, 371 L-Carnitine, 434, 495 Carnosine, 329 Carnosine/b-alanine, beneficial effects of supplementing, 331 Carotenoids, 135 Casein protein combined with whey increase in lean muscle mass, 195 Casein-whey proteins promoting net muscle protein, 201 Chitosan body weight, effects on, Chloride, 422 Cholesterol good, 102 high density lipoproteins (HDLs), 102 low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), 102 CHO-PRO supplementation, effectiveness of, ingestion of supplemental beverage every 15 minutes enhance performance, CHO supplementation, performance-enhancing effect of, 456 rate of CHO oxidation, 457 timing of, 457 Chromium, 239 Chromium picolinate (CrP) body weight and body composition, effect on, 240 body weight reduction, effect on, Citrus aurantium, See also Bitter Orange Colostrum, 394

3 Index 511 Conduction, 371 Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), , 428 body weight and body composition, effect of, positive effects on body composition, 245 Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) health and performance-enhancing benefits, 346 immune system, plasma lipids and glucose, effect on, 346 Convection, 371 CortiSlim TM, 232 Creatine, , , 429 cognitive benefits in humans, 55 CrM and CrP supplementation, effect of, 325 dosage, 202 increases lean body mass, 202, 203 loading on anaerobic working capacity (AWC), 325 longer-term supplementation, neuroprotective effects, 54 short-term supplementation, 202 side effects, 202 supplementation with CrM on muscular performance, 325 supplements as bodybuilding and strengthboosting, creatine content in select foods, 391 role in cellular energy production, 391 supplementation on endurance performance, 392 in treatment of TBI, Huntington s disease and cognitive functioning, 54, 55 Creatine monohydrate (CrM) benefits of, 284 Creatine-phosphocreatine (Cr-PCr) system in muscle fiber functions of, 261 Cyamposis tetragonolobus (Indian cluster bean), 250 Cyanocobalamin, see Water-soluble vitamins, vitamin B 12 Dehydration, 172, 371 affecting temperature regulation and physiological functioning, 175 impair exercise performance, 176 recommendations for hydration guidelines, 465 Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 8, 11 Dehydrogenation, 103 Descriptive norm, 45 Dietary fiber, 251 Dietary guidelines, 86 Dietary reference intakes (DRIs), 122 adequate intake (AI), 122 estimated average requirement (EAR), 122 recommended dietary allowance (RDA), 122 tolerable upper intake level (UL), 122 Dietary supplements, 3 4, supplements containing banned substances/drugs, 36 Dietary Supplement and Nonprescription Drug Consumer Protection Act, 19 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA), 3, 34 Dihydroxyacetone (DHA), 236 ECA stack, 228 Electrolyte balance, 422 Electrolytes, 422 Elephant yam, 250 Elsinore pill, 227 Endurance athlete, 370 nutritional supplements for, 370 proper training and nutrition, 369 supplementation improving performance, 370 Endurance enhancement carbohydrate and protein needs, fats, role of, 83 Energy expenditure, Ephedra, adverse effects with preexisting cardiovascular or cerebrovascular conditions, efficacy and safety of, 228 risks and benefits of, 227 See also Ma huang Ephedra supplements ban on, 8 10 Ephedrine, 283 role in enhancing endurance exercise performance, 388 Ephedrine plus caffeine (EC) risks and benefits associated with, 229 safety and efficacy of, 228

4 512 Index Ergogenic aids, 50, 260 Ergogenic aids, 374 Essential amino acids, 100, 101, 193, 194, 278 Essential and nonessential micronutrients and sport minerals macrominerals, microminerals/trace elements, vegetarian athlete, practical application, 160 vitamins fat-soluble vitamins, water-soluble vitamins, Essential nutrients, 345 Ethics of sport, 399 Evaporation, 371 Evolution of sports nutrition, effect of government regulation on Adverse Events Regulation & Legislation, advertising, research substantiating advertising claims, 24 Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1990, of 2004, contamination or adulteration, blue-green algae, examining, cost of nontruth, substantiation need for claims, 27 unsubstantiated marketing claims, 26 dietary ingredients, 5 7 application process, 7 8 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, 3 4 FDA in regulation of dietary supplements, 3 4 doping contaminated supplements and banned ingredients, FDA regulatory action androstenedione, ephedra supplements, 8 10 government protections from dietary supplement hazards and risks, 4 5 FDA authorized to protect consumers from dietary supplements, 4 5 legal precedence, factors evaluating substantiation, 26 FDA guidance regarding claims and compliance guidelines for dietary supplements, 24 substantiation from perspective of research, need for lemon law, 23 Exercise, immediately after, CHO-PRO/CHO-AA supplementation maximizes replenishment of muscle glycogen stores, Exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH), 419 Exercise performance, 283 Exercise recovery, classification of supplements, 411, immune function, minimizing oxidative damage, muscle fuel energy, rehydration, repair of muscle damage, phases of recovery, fast (partial), 410 slow (complete), 410 Extracellular fluid, (ECF), 168 Fast (partial), exercise recovery, 410 from catabolic to anabolism, cellular transitions, Fat, functions, 102 and lipids, triglycerides, 102 Fat-soluble vitamins, adverse effects with oversupplementation, 135 vitamin A, adverse effects associated with overdose of, 138 funtions, 135 vitamin D (calciferol), adverse effects, 138 forms, 138 source of, 138 vitamin E, deficiency, effects of, 139 functions, 139 oxidative stress, effects on, vitamin K, 140 deficiency, effects of, 140 forms, 140 functions, 140 See also Phylloquinones

5 Index 513 See also Vitamin supplementation to improved athletic performance, benefits of Fatty acids essential and trans, FDA, see Food and Drug Administration Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 4, 25 Fiber soluble and insoluble, 97 Fluid regulation for life and human performance carbohydrate drinks and exercise performance, benefits of carbohydrate intake, 181 carbohydrate concentration, 181 electrolytes replacement, maintaining fluid balance and exercise, 178 rehydration and recovery of fluid balance, 178 restoring fluid balance, 178 water replenishment, exercise and hydration requirements, dehydration and exercise performance, effects of, fluid intake on core temperature and running time, effect of, 173 weight gain in wrestlers, 174 weight loss, effect of, 175 function of water in human body, 168 extracellular fluid, (ECF), 168 intracellular fluid, (ICF), 168 glycerol, facilitates hyperhydrating, 180 facilitating intestinal water absorption and extracellular fluid retention, 180 hyponatremia preventing development of, 179 symptoms, 179 nature of water in human body, 167 practical applications, recommendations concerning fluid intake before, during, and after exercise, water balance, dietary reference intake values for total water, 169 factors affecting, 169 fluid loss and replenishment, 170 water intake sources, water loss, reasons for, water balance and exercise after exercise, 177 before exercise, during exercise, 177 replacement of water, 176 risks associated with dehydration, preventing, 176 Fluid replacement, 178, 180 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA), 3 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 3 ban on androstenedione, defined, 4 prohibiting ephedra supplements, 8 10 risk-to-benefit analysis on ephedra supplements, 9 10 Free radical, 431 FTC, see Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Future trends driving sales and growth, product considerations, future market predictions, 498 industry defined, 492 regulations in sport, creating category, research directions, legal matters, sales growth, United States sport nutrition and weight loss category market, 493 trends, breakthrough in carnitine research, Garcinia cambogia, comparing effects of three HCAcontaining products, 244 HCA on body weight, effect of, HCA on fat oxidation and metabolic rate, effect of, HCA in combination with CrP and herbal caffeine, 244 See also Brindelberry Genetic sugar, 430 Ginkgo biloba as therapeutic aid, 56 Ginko biloba extract (EGb) beneficial effects on Alzheimer s disease and dementia, 58 for medical and research purposes, 57 positive effects of, 56 GI value, 98

6 514 Index Glucomannan (Amorphophallus konjac) effect of, 250 See also elephant yam Glutamine, , , beneficial effects of supplementation, 396 cellular hydration, 440 functions, 339, 395 role in enhancement of immune system, 339 supplementation and training, effect of, Glutathione reductase, 433 Glycemic index (GI), 376 BCAA supplements on exercise performance, 386 caffeine and ephedrine, effects of, 389 caffeine s ergogenic effect, carbohydrate (CHO) concentration, effect of, 378 carbohydrate-protein combination in stimulating protein synthesis, 382 on cycling endurance and muscle damage, effects of, 379 on reducing muscle protein degradation and speeding postexercise recovery, effects of, 379 creatine content in select foods, 391 ideal nutrient composition for sports drink during exercise, 380 of carbohydrate, effect on glucose and insulin responses, 377 protein and carbohydrate alone and in combination on protein synthesis, effect of, 383 typical amino acid composition of whey, casein, and soy isolates, 385 typical caffeine content in common beverages, pills, and other products, 388 Glycerin, 389 Glycerol, , in postexercise rehydration supplements, 416 See also Glycerin Glycogen, 97 resynthesis, , 303 Glycogen storage immediately after exercise postexercise synthesis of glycogen, 424 Glycogen supercompensation differences between simple carbohydrates, 426 Growth hormone, arginine aspartate, effects of, arginine stimulates, 207 improving body composition, 206 Growth of sports nutrition industry, Growth of supplements, 34 Guarana, 228, 229, 232, 234, 235, 252 Guar gum adverse effects, 250 effectiveness for reducing body weight, determining, 250 Herbal caffeine, Herbal ephedrine, 230 HMb, 267, 288 Huntington s disease, 55 transgenic mouse model of, 55 Hydration, 178, 180 Hydration level methods to determine, 177 b-hydroxy-b-methylbutyric acid (HMB), , increasing lean body mass, effect on, 213 inhibits protein degradation, 341 role in regulation of protein breakdown, 340 strength and body composition, effects on, 341 supplementation on muscle damage, 341 Hypertrophy, 190 Hyponatremia factors leading to, 420 Hyponatremia, 179 IGF-1, 206 See also Mechano growth factor Immune function, exercise recovery, glutamine, Injunctive norm, 45 Insensible perspiration, 170 Insulin net protein balance, role in improving, 199 Intracellular fluid, (ICF), 168 Isoflavones (antioxidants) decreasing risk of developing cardiovascular disease and cancer, Keto 1 (3-acetyl-7-oxo dehydroepiandrosterone), 8 A-Ketoisocaproic acid (KIC), 212

7 Index 515 Lactate, 372 Lactic acid, 372 Lean body mass, increasing, 192 Lean System 7 (weight loss product), 235 Lemon laws, 23 Lipid peroxidation, 431 Lipids conjugated linoleic acid, Low carbohydrate, 494 Macrominerals body weight and sweat losses, effects on, calcium, compounds, 149 magnesium, deficiency, effects of, 151 functions, 151 physical performance, effect on, phosphorus, deficiency, effects of, 150 oversupplementation, physical performance, role in, potassium, exercise performance, effects on, functions, 152 sodium and chloride, 153 fluid replacement guidelines for exercise, 154 recommended intake, 153 sulfur, 152 functions, 152 sources of, 152 Macronutrient intake determining, balanced diet, 108 based on body weight and activity recommendations, 109 daily recommendations, 108 Macronutrient intake for physical activity determining intake needs caloric needs, case study, 110 macronutrient intake, metabolic expenditure of given activities, 107 macronutrients carbohydrates, fat, metabolic usage, protein, maintaining optimal health during training and competition, factors contributing to incidence of infection in athletes, 112 macronutrients, role of, 112 nutrient timing, nutritional considerations for vegetarian athlete carbohydrate, 115 creatine supplementation, 116 energy, 114 fat, protein, Macronutrient profiles, Magnesium role in cellular reactions, 337 Ma huang, 227 Maintenance diet for male athlete training 5 days per week final meal plan for maintenance diet, 90 food group categories: one day s menu, Mechano growth factor, 206 Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) role of, 428 Metabolife-356 1, 229 Metabolism, 170, 297 Microminerals/trace elements iron, deficiency, effects of, 155 functions, performance impairment, 155 Micronutrients, role of, 121 Minerals functions, 142 Monosaccharides, 97 Motivational climate, 43 Motivational theories resulting in reward contingencies, 41 Muscle damage, repair of, Muscle dysmorphia, 49, 50 effects of, 50 See also Reverse anorexia Muscle fuel energy, exercise recovery, 423 carbohydrate, glycogen restoration, 423 glycogen storage immediately after exercise, 424 creatine, D-ribose, glycogen supercompensation, differences between simple carbohydrates, 426

8 516 Index Muscle fuel energy (cont.) insulin regulates synthesis of glycogen, 425 lipids conjugated linoleic acid, protein, general guidelines for postexercise carbohydrate and protein intake, 427 glycogen synthesis pathway mechanisms, 427 sustained post-exercise glycogen storage, 425 postexercise rate of glycogen storage, 425 Muscle glycogen, 423 Muscle hypertrophy, 436 Muscle mass and weight gain nutritional supplements anabolic hormone enhancers growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, 206 testosterone, anticatabolic supplements b-hydroxy-b-methylbutyrate, glutamine, 214 a-ketoisocaproic acid, 212 aromatase inhibitors, to increase testosterone levels, 211 carbohydrate protein combinations insulin, amino acids, and protein synthesis, resistance training in absence of nutritional intake, timing of ingestion and importance of, creatine lean body mass, effects on, physiological mechanisms for increasing lean body mass, satellite cell activity, importance of net protein balance, nitric oxide boosters, protein supplements requirements, types of, skeletal muscle hypertrophy, role of genes in, Muscle repair, 413 Muscle substrates creatine, dietary sources of, 429 D-Ribose, Myogenic regulatory factors, 204 Myonuclear domain theory, 204, 205 Myosin, 190 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), 503 Neo-Synephrine, 231 Net protein balance, positive, 190, 197 New dietary ingredient (NDI) application process with example, 8 submitting for review of safety to FDA, 7 8 criteria for adulteration, 6 defined, 6 reasonable expectation of safety, 6 7 Niacin, see Water-soluble vitamins, vitamin B 3 Nitric oxide, affecting metabolic control during exercise via multiple mechanisms, physiological functions, 214 Nonvitamain, nonmineral supplements (NVNM), 35 Nutrient database software (for meal planning), USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, 88 Nutrient dense diet, 75, foundational food group categories, 78 variety among food groups and from within each group, Nutrient-dense diet, designing establishing viable energy requirements combination of nutritional supplementation to a quality nutritional dietary profile for athletes, 81 evaluating amount of caloric needs for athletes, optimal training/performance outcomes, Nutrient density, 92 defined, 76 77, 92 Nutrient intake, timing of purposes of, 454 Nutrients, 345 Nutrient timing, 84, importance of, 196

9 Index 517 maximize and replenish glycogen stores, 111 Nutrition, 3 Nutritional design, 96 Nutritional ergogenic aids, 374 Nutritional sports ergogenic, 383 Nutritional supplements, 373 defined, 78 Nutritional supplementation, 80 benefits for athletes, 79 performance enhancement, role in, Nutritional supplementation and meal timing immune function and oxidative stress between exercise sessions, 473 during exercise, prospective resistance training studies and supplementation timing, vitamin C, effect of, 474 practical applications, prolonged exercise after exercise (replacement, recovery, regeneration, adaptation), carbohydrate-protein (CHO-PRO) supplements, 456 dehydration: fluid, during exercise, guidelines for timing of supplemental CHO ingestion, strength/resistance training acute exercise bout studies, Nutritional supplement combinations, effective addition of protein to carbohydrate supplement for increased efficiency of muscle glycogen storage, chronic adaptations: supplement combinations promote muscle hypertrophy and strength, combinations enhance aerobic/ anaerobic performance, combinations shown to enhance anaerobic/ aerobic exercise performance, creatine + protein or creatine + carbohydrate for better muscle hypertrophy, change in contractile protein, 302 change in lean body mass, 301 PCr-Cr system in exercise metabolism, multifaceted role of muscle, supplement combinations enhance muscle anabolism, enhance muscle glycogen, enhance phosphagen system, supplement timing double gains in muscle mass, body composition changes after 10 weeks of training, 305 Nutritional supplements complementing nutrient-dense diets, role of designing nutrient-dense diet establishing viable energy requirements, determining macronutrient profiles endurance enhancement, weight gain and muscle growth, 83 establishing adequate dietary foundations, details of nutrient density, 76 example diet plans maintenance diet for male athlete training 5 days per week, nutrient-dense diet, foundational food group categories, 78 nutrient-dense diet, role of supplements in, creatine and protein supplement, 79 nutrient density defined, amount of energy available in athlete s diet, 76 calorie intake, 76 macronutrient and micronutrient contents of select fluids, 77 nutritionally dense restoration timing consideration, estimation of daily energy needs of men and women based on activity intensity, 85 guidelines for nutritional timing for athletic and exercise populations, 84 nutritional supplements defined, 78 nutritional aids category, 78 translating nutrients into food, Food Guide Pyramid (dietary guidelines ), 86 nutrient database software (for meal planning), 87 88

10 518 Index Nutritional supplements complementing nutrient-dense diets (cont.) nutrients and calories per serving of food from each food group and from teaspoons of added sugar, 87 Nutritional supplements for endurance athletes additional concerns, factors limiting endurance athletic performance lactate, immune system and endurance erformance, exercise affecting thyroid hormones and testosterone levels, 398 importance of nutrient timing, signs and symptoms, 392 practical applications, supplements for endurance athletes glycemic index, nutritional ergogenic aids, 374 partial list of glycemic index of foods using glucose as standard, preexercise nutrition, 374 Nutritional supplements for strength power athletes practical applications and conclusion, supplements for strength and power athletes, supplements enhance immune function conjugated linoleic acids, vitamins and minerals, supplements enhance strength, power, or hypertrophy directly arginine/a-ketogluturate, aromatase inhibitors, carnosine/b-alanine, creatine, protein and amino acids, zinc magnesium aspartate, supplements for strength and power athletes, supplements promote recovery antioxidants, b-hydroxy-b-methylbutyric acid, glutamine, supplements provide energy and enhanced workouts caffeine, carbohydrate, Nutritional supplements to enhance recovery classification of recovery supplements, 411, exercise recovery, immune function glutamine, minimizing oxidative damage L-carnitine, 434 oxidation and reduction reactions, vitamins C and E, muscle fuel energy carbohydrate, glycogen supercompensation, lipids, other muscle substrates, protein, sustained post-exercise glycogen storage, 425 phases of recovery, characteristics, fast recovery, 410 slow recovery, 410 practical applications, 441 rehydration carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions, 415 electrolyte balance, 422 exercise-associated hyponatremia, fluid balance in American football players, glycerol, water and sodium, repair of muscle damage anabolic hormones and putative and established secretagogues, 437 carbohydrate and protein intake, 439 glutamine, leucine and muscle protein synthesis, protein and amino acid intake, Nutritional timing system, 85 Nutrition Business Journal (NBJ), 491 NV TM (weight loss beauty pill), 47 Obesity, 226 incidences of overweight and obese in U.S., 226

11 Index 519 treatment for ma huang and guarana, effects of, 229, 230 mixtures of ephedrine and caffeine, 229 Oligosaccharides, 97 Operant conditioning, punishment, 44 reinforcers of behavior, 44 Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, 226 Hydroxycut TM, 228 Overtraining syndrome, 392 Overweight, Oxidation, 431, 432 See also Reduction Oxidation-reduction/redox reactions, 432 Oxidative damage, minimizing, L-carnitine, 434 oxidation and reduction reactions, Vitamins C and E, Oxidative stress, 342, 431 Pantothenic acid, see Water-soluble vitamins, vitamin B 5 Pellagra, 132 Perceived behavioral control, 45 Persuasion and conformity balance theory, 46 muscle-building supplements, 44, 46 normative influences on behavior, 45 Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), 44 appliedtosport/exercise supplement, 45 Pharmacological sports ergogenics, 386 Phosphagen system CrM on performance and strength training, effects of, 261 PCr system role in muscle energy metabolism, 260 Phosphocreatine (PC), 323 Phylloquinones, 140 Physical performance, 135 Physiological mechanisms for increasing lean body mass, creatine and factors involved in gene expression, effects of, 203 creatine on myogenic regulatory factor gene expression, effects of, 204 Physiological sports ergogenics, 389 Plantago ovata or Plantago psyllium, 251 D-Pinotol, 267, 296 Polysaccharides, 97 Potassium, 422 Preexercise hydration, 176 Prohormones/prosteroids, 16 Protein, , 289 and amino acids, beneficial effects of postexercise protein supplementation, 438 enhances muscle protein synthesis, 328 intake, postexercise net protein synthesis, effects on, 327 protein synthesis, increases, 328, 352 role in development of skeletal muscle, 327 balance, 278, 279, 282, 289 complete, 101 essential and nonessential amino acids, 101 incomplete, 101 role in maintaining muscle mass and providing essential amino acids for cellular protein synthesis, 462 simple, 100 Protein hydrolysate, 438 Protein supplements, classification of amino acids, 194 complete, 194 to increase lean body mass, 192 types of casein protein, 195 classification of amino acids, 194 egg protein, 196 soy protein, whey protein, Proteolysis, 340 P/S ratio, 102 Psyllium, 251 Punishment, 44 Pyridoxine, see Water-soluble vitamins, vitamin B 6 Pyruvate (PYR), exercise, effects of, 238 PYR during training on body composition, effect of, 238 weight loss, effects on, See also Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) Radiation, 371 Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 431

12 520 Index Recovery from exercise, 409 See also Exercise recovery Reducing agent/reductant, 432 Reduction, 432 Rehydration, exercise recovery, carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions, 415 electrolyte balance, 422 exercise-associated hyponatremia, fluid balance in American football players, glycerol, recommendations for marathon runners, 421 water and sodium, Reinforcers, 44 Relax-Aid, 14 Replenishment of energy reserves, 412 Resistance training, , 282 Resistance training in absence of nutritional intake, improved net protein balance, 197 rates of protein synthesis and breakdown, Reverse anorexia, 49 Riboflavin, see Water-soluble vitamins, vitamin B 2 D-Ribose, 430 See also Genetic sugar St. John s wort negative interactions with drugs, 59 reduced depression, 59 risk benefit of, Satellite cell activity, influence of creatine and protein supplementation on, 205 Saturation, 102 Scurvy, 135 Skeletal muscle hypertrophy, 190 factors regulating gene transcription, 191, 206 protein translation, 190, 206 satellite cell activity, positive net protein balance for, 197 protein supplements for, 192 recommendations for protein intake, 193 role of genes in, sports supplements increasing protein synthesis, 191 synthesis and breakdown, 191 See also Muscle hypertrophy Skinny Water 1, 242 Social physique anxiety, 48, 50 Sodium, 422 Sodium bicarbonate, 284 Sodium/water solution for rehydration, 414 Soy protein decrease or prevent exercise-induced damage to muscle, 196 Sport and exercise, psychology of supplementation in biobehavioral effects of selected supplements for performance, fitness, and health caffeine, creatine, Ginkgo biloba, St. John s wort, use rates and motivation definition of dietary supplement, motivational theories applied to supplement use, prevalence of supplement use, Sports drinks, 76, 412 nutrition, 3, 196 Sports nutrition and weight loss, or SNWL industry, 492 Sports nutrition industry, 492 Sport-specific eating, 96 Starch, 97 Strength athletes supplement needs of, Substantiation doctrine, 25 Supplementation, 263, 273, 277, 282 Supplement combinations enhance aerobic/ anaerobic performance benefits of CrM, 284 caffeine ephedrine, CrM + sodium bicarbonate, enhance anaerobic/ aerobic exercise performance BCAA + arginine + glutamine, 293 CrM+b-alanine, 293 enhance muscle anabolism AA-CHO, PRO-CHO, enhance muscle Cr accumulation ALA+CrM+CHO, CrM+CHO vs. CrM, 263 CrM+D-pinitol, 266 CrM+PRO, CrM+PRO+CHO,

13 Index 521 high-cho diet with CrM vs. high- CHO diet without CrM, 263 enhance muscle glycogen CHO/AA, 276 high-gi CHOs vs. low-gi CHOs, 273 PRO-CHO, promote muscle hypertrophy and strength CrM and b alanine, 289 CrM-CHO vs. CrM-PRO, 286 CrM+PRO+CHO, , 292 CrM to PRO-CHO, 287 CrM with magnesium or HMb, 288 supplement timing with CrM-PRO- CHO, effects of, 291 whey + BCAA + glutamine, 290 Supplements biobehavioral effects of, 34 Supplement use motivational theories applied to achievement goal theory, 47 adonis complex, body image and eating disorders, operant conditioning, persuasion and conformity, practical applications, prevalence of commonly used vitamins/minerals in United States, reasons for using herbal/ supplements, 37 sport-specific use, 40 usuage rates, 37 problems associated with, in sports, 36 Testosterone anabolic effect, 334 free/bioavailable, 209 Tribulus Terrestris, 210 ZMA, testosterone levels, effects on, Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG), 17 Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), 44 applied to sport/exercise supplement use, 45 Thiamine, see Water-soluble vitamins, vitamin B 1 Timing nutrient intake purposes of, 454 Total energy expenditure (TEE), 105 exercise energy expenditure and activities of daily living, 106 resting metabolic rate (RMR), determining, 105 thermogenesis, 106 Tryptophan, 384 Ultimate Thermogenic Fuel TM, 232 Unreasonable risk of illness or injury supplements containing ephedra/ ephedrine alkaloids, 5 Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), USDA Food Guide Pyramid, 86, 89 Vegetarian athlete boron, bone mineral density, effects on, 159 functions, 158 chromium, chromium supplementation and exercise, effects of, 158 forms, 157 side effects associated with deficiency, 158 food sources of specific micronutrients, 157 lacto-, 156 lacto/ovo-, 156 other minerals, 159 ovo-, 156 vegans, zinc, deficiency, effects of, 156 supplementation, Vitamin A, Vitamin B 1 (thiamine), Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin), 131 Vitamin B 3 (niacin), 132 Vitamin B 5 (pantothenic acid), 132 Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine and related compounds), 133 Vitamin B 7 (biotin), 133 Vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin), 134 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), Vitamin D (calciferol), Vitamin E, Vitamin H, 133 Vitamin K, 140 Vitamins, Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) recommended intakes of elements,

14 522 Index Vitamins (cont.) recommended intakes of vitamins, fat-soluble, water-soluble, Vitamin supplementation to improved athletic performance, benefits of, , Water factors affecting range of water content, 167 as sport rehydration beverage, Water intoxication, 179, 420 See also Hyponatremia Water-soluble vitamins, as antioxidant, 127 folic acid, deficiency, 133 exercise performance with folate supplementation, effects on, 134 functions, 133 vitamin B 7 (biotin), 133 functions, 133 vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin), 134 deficiency, effects of, 134 functions, 134 vitamin B 3 (niacin), 132 deficiency, effects of, 132 functions, 132 vitamin B 5 (pantothenic acid), 132 functions, 132 vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine and related compounds), 133 exercise performance with pyridoxine supplementation, effects on, 133 vitamin B 2 (riboflavin), 131 supplementation, effect on, 131 symptoms of deficiency, 131 vitamin B 1 (thiamine), deficiency, 127 exercise performance with thiamine supplementation, effects on, 131 forms, 127 functions, 127 vitamin C (ascorbic acid), exercise performance, effects on, 135 functions, See also Vitamin supplementation to improved athletic performance, benefits of Weight gain and muscle growth nutritional requirements, 83 Weight loss nutritional supplements nutritional supplements increase energy expenditure bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), ephedra alkaloids and herbal caffeine, pyruvate, other dietary supplements, supplements increase satiety glucommannan, guar gum, and psyllium, supplements modify carbohydrate and fat metabolism calcium, chitosan, chromium picolinate, conjugated linoleic acid, Garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid), Whey protein faster acting, 194 optimize protein synthesis, Zinc, 336 Zinc magnesium aspartate benefits to resistance training athletes, 337 deficiency, effects of, ZMA on anabolic hormones and muscle function, effects of, 338