What you should bring during the Pharmacognosy Laboratory I - White coat - Cleaning tissues - Matches - The printouts for these presentations -

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1 What you should bring during the Pharmacognosy Laboratory I - White coat - Cleaning tissues - Matches - The printouts for these presentations - Notebook (A4)

2 A. OPTICAL PARTS Illuminating Parts Light Source Mirror* Diaphragm** Condenser*** Magnifying Parts**** Objectives Ocular***** * used to reflect light. (concave) In case the light source is closed to the microscobe, concave mirror is used. ** regulates the amount of light reflected *** The condenser bundles the rays from the light source, so they are projected equally on the object. Thus, every part of the object is illuminated on the same brightness level. **** Magnification ability of the microscope to magnify or enlarge an object (example: 4x, 10x, 40x) ***** fixed at 10X

3 B. MECHANICAL PARTS Base to keep microscope s position Arm Body Tube Stage place for putting object Objective Revolver (Revolving Nosepiece) Macrometer (Coarse Adjustment) to focus image quickly Micrometer (Fine Adjustment) to focus image slowly

4 1. Before examining your samples you should clean your microscope, adjust the mirrors. 2. Examine the organoleptic specifications of the sample and write down for your report. 3. Prepare your samples carefully as described. 4. Draw the cells, tissues etc. for your report. 5. Write down the magnification you use. 6. After drawing the element you see, you need to get approval for your drawings. 7. You should write your analysis as a report to your notebook. 8. Keep clean the needles you use all the time. You should make sure that the reactive bottles are tightly closed after you use. 9. You need to clean your microscope and bench before you leave the laboratory.

Lab Report Write Up Must include: Name, number, date, subject Plant: Aaaaa aaaa Sample: Cccc Cccc Reagent: Chloral hydrate/sartur/water Microscope Magnification: (the scale of objective)

5 Lab Report Write Up Must include: Name, number, date, subject Plant: Aaaaa aaaa Sample: Cccc Cccc Reagent: Chloral hydrate/sartur/water Microscope Magnification: (the scale of objective) x (the scale of ocular) fixed at 10X Drawings Organoleptic properties: Taste: bitter/sweet... Odour: odourless/characteristic Appearance: homogeneous/heterogeneous Colour: green/brown/...

Place 1 or 2 drops of reagent (water, Sartur or chloral hydrate TS) on a clean glass slide. Moisten the tip of a needle with water and dip into the powder.

6 Place 1 or 2 drops of reagent (water, Sartur or chloral hydrate TS) on a clean glass slide. Moisten the tip of a needle with water and dip into the powder. Transfer a small quantity of the material that adheres to the needle tip into the drop of fluid on the slide. Cover the sample using the cover slip, do this slowly and gently, with a 45 degree angle this will help preventing the formation of air bubbles. In case a heat-induced reagent is used, carefully boil over a small flame of a micro burner until the air is completely removed.

7 Carefully replace the fluid that evaporates and ensure that the space beneath the cover slip is completely filled with fluid at the end of the operation. Excess liquid should be removed by using blotting paper, if there is overflowing reagent.

8 Water, distilled Chloral hydrate Solution Sartur Reagent

9 Water, distilled: Used for observing of starches. Chloral hydrate Solution: (chloral 50 g, water 50 ml) A valuable and widely used clearing agent. While using the solution add a few drops to the plant material, and boil briefly over a small flame. Chloral hydrate dissolves cellular contents (starches) and allows cell walls to be easily observed. It can be used to assist in the identification of cork, fibers, vessels, calcium oxalate crystals, trichomes, stomata, and pollens. Sartur Reagent: (Sarım Çelebioğlu & Turhan Baytop) Sartur reagent contains KI, I, aniline, Sudan III, lactic acid, alcohol, and water. It is a heat-induced reagent and does not damage calcium oxalate crystals.

10 Lactic Acid: Clarify sections and preparates. Sudan III: Stains oils and suberized walls (cork tissues) to orange-brown. It is also useful for the examination of secretory cells and ducts. Aniline: Reacts with lignin in acidic conditions and forms yellow color (stains the sclerenchyma tissues, xylem, stone cells and scleroids) Iode: Reacts with starch and stains yielding blue-purple color. Potassium iodide: It is essential to dissolve iode. Alcohol 95% and water are the supporting elements for the preparation of reagent.

11 Amyloplasts are plastids which function to produce and store starch within internal membrane compartments. Amyloplasts are derived from a group of plastids known as leucoplasts. Leucoplasts have no pigmentation and therefore appear colorless. Starch grains has classified into two groups, the simple and the compound grain: Simple starch grain. The typical starch grain in this type has one starch granule in an amyloplast. Compound starch grain. The amyloplast has a few of aggregated starch granules. centric/concentric: Hilum is situated closed to the middle of the granule. eccentric: Hilum located towards one edge of the granule.

12 Plant: Solanum tuberosum (Potato) Sample: Amylum Solani (Potato Starch) Reagent: Distilled water Microscope Magnification: 10x μm in size, oval and pyramidal There are occasional compound granules having 2-4 components Eccentric hilum All granules have clearly visible striations

13 Plant: Triticum vulgare (Wheat) Sample: Amylum Tritici (Wheat Starch) Reagent: Distilled water Microscope Magnification: 10x40 Rounded or elliptical, lenticular in side view 2-10 μm or μm in diameter Intermediate sizes are very rare The central hilum is invisible or barely visible

14 Plant: Zea mays (Corn) Sample: Amylum Maydis (Corn/Maize Starch) Reagent: Distilled water Microscope Magnification: 10x μm Polyhedral with blunt angles Cleft or fissured centric hilum

15 Plant: Oryza sativa (Rice) Sample: Amylum Oryzae (Rice Starch) Reagent: Distilled water Microscope Magnification: 10x μm, polyhedral and polygonal grains Aggregated from component Rarely we can detect the presence of centric hila

16 Senna Leaf P.N: Cassia sp. R: Chloral hydrate Solution

17 Diagnostic elements: Epidermal fragment with palisade parenchyma Nonglandular, one-celled, conical hairs Paracytic stoma Sclerenchyma fibers (vascular tissue with crystals) (Parallel-celled): On each side, the stoma has one or more subsidiary cells parallel to the long axis of the pore and guard cells.

18 Digitalis Leaf P.N: Digitalis purpurea R: Chloral hydrate Solution

19 Diagnostic elements: Anomocytic stoma Covering trichomes with a collapsed cell Glandular trichomes with unicellular heads Glandular trichomes with bicellular heads (Irregular-celled): The stoma is surrounded by a varying number of cells in no way differing from those of the epidermis generally

20 Licorice Glycyrrhiza sp. R: Sartur Reagent

21 Diagnostic elements: Fragments of yellow thick-walled fibres accompanied by prisms of calcium oxalate Fragments of cork

NEW JERSEY TEA, DRIED FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS CEANOTHUS AMERICANUS SICCUM FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS

NEW JERSEY TEA, DRIED FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS CEANOTHUS AMERICANUS SICCUM FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS Ceanothus americanus siccum ad praeparationes homoeopathicas Other Latin name used in homoeopathy