Managing Tobacco Nematodes Using Isothiocyanate Products
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1 Managing Tobacco Nematodes Using Isothiocyanate Products Chuck Johnson Virginia Tech So. Piedmont AREC October 10, 2016
2 Materials & Methods Small plot field experiments, , Virginia Tech So. Piedmont AREC, Blackstone VA. Randomized complete block design, 4-6 replications. 3-row plots, 12.2m long on 1.2m centers, all data from center row.
3 Materials & Methods: Data Collection G. t. solanacearum (TCN) population densities: TCN eggs in soil before treatment & after harvest Juveniles in roots ~6 weeks after transplanting Plant vigor ratings & growth data periodically through the season Cured leaf yield
4 Isothiocyanates and Nematode Control Vapam, etc. generate methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) upon contact with moist soil MITC broad spectrum biological activity against nematodes, fungi, insects & weeds MITC not gaseous at ambient temperatures MITC diffuses 99:1 in water:air Rapidly diffuses through soil water More fumigant-like pesticide vs soil fumigant MITC decomposes relatively quickly into innocuous compounds
5 MITC Products and TCN in Tobacco Roots TCN/g Feeder Root in Mid-June/July Nematicide Rate/ha Method AVERAGE Telone II 98 L Fum-Row 12 bc 11 c-f 31 d 64 cd 68 a 36 Telone C L Fum-Row 29 ab 14 efg 37 cd 31 de 126 a 47 Temik 22.4 kg Band-Bedding 17 a 86 a 73 b 312 a 147 a 127 Metam sodium 281 L Fum-Row 18 a 2 gh 24 d 13 ef 106 a 33 Metam sodium 234 L Fum-Row a --- Metam sodium 187 L Fum-Row a --- Untreated Control ab 152 a 51 bcd 249 ab 110 a 120
6 MITC Products and TCN in Tobacco Roots Nematicide Rate/ha TCN/g Feeder Root in Mid-June/July Method AVERAGE Telone II 98 L Fum-Row 68 a 30 a 19 ab 39 Telone C L Fum-Row 126 a 9 a 17 ab 51 Temik 22.4 kg Band-Bedding 147 a 22 a.. Metam sodium 234 L Fum-Row 56 a 11 a 8 b 25 Metam sodium 187 L Fum-Row 73 a 5 a 14 a 31 Untreated Control a 84 a 118 a 104
7 MITC Products and Plant Growth: June-July Number of Leaves/Plant in Mid-June/July Nematicide Rate/ha Method AVERAGE Telone C L Fum-Row 17.3 a-d 23.3 a 21.8 a 18.0 a 20.1 Temik 22.4 kg Band-Bedding 14.3 cd 21.8 ab 19.5 ab 16.5 ab 18.0 Metam sodium 187 L Fum-Row 18.5 a 21.8 ab 22.8 a 19.3 a 20.6 Untreated Control d 20.0 b 22.5 a 15.0 ab 17.8
8 MITC Products and Tobacco Yield Nematicide Rate/ha Cured Leaf Yield (kg/ha) Method AVERAGE Telone II 89 L Fum-Row 3,322 a 2,326 ab 2,824 Telone C L Fum-Row 3,454 a 2,559 a 3,007 Temik 22.4 kg Band-Bedding 3,286 a 2,119 b 2,703 Metam sodium 234 L Fum-Row 3,286 a 2,372 ab 2,829 Metam sodium 187 L Fum-Row 3,457 a 2,293 ab 2,875 Untreated Control ,249 a 1,608 c 2,429
9 AITC Generation from Plant Cells glucosinolates
10 Allyl Isothiocyanate (AITC) Products Mustard seed meal (Mustgro, BioFence) Biofumigants : Dominus (96% AITC) IRF 266 (Dominus + Chloropicrin)
11 AITC: Mustard Seed Meal and TCN in Soil Final TCN/500 cc Soil Nematicide Rate (/ha) Method Telone II 86 L Fum-Row 10,228 b 30,544 a 24,291 a Telone C L Fum-Row 11,369 b Metam Sodium 234 L Fum-Row 10,888 b Vydate C-LV 5.0 L Bcast-PPI ,125 a 27,969 a Mustard Seed Meal 280 kg Bcast-PPI 12,298 b 28,298 a --- Mustard Seed Meal 560 kg Bcast-PPI 16,296 ab 22,059 a --- Mustard Seed Meal 841 kg Bcast-PPI 10,528 b 17,819 a --- Mustard Seed Meal 1,345 kg Bcast-PPI 12,200 b 19,901 a --- Mustard Seed Meal 1,681 kg Bcast-PPI ,129 a Mustard Seed Meal 1,962 kg Bcast-PPI ,209 a Mustard Seed Meal 2,242 kg Bcast-PPI ,543 a Untreated Control ,358 ab 26,732 a 33,669 a
12 AITC: Mustard Seed Meal and Plant Growth Vigor (1-5) in Mid-June Nematicide Rate (/ha) Method Telone II 86 L Fum-Row 3.8 a 4.3 a 3.7 abc Telone C L Fum-Row 4.0 a Metam Sodium 234 L Fum-Row 3.8 a Vydate C-LV 5.0 L Bcast-PPI a 3.7 abc Mustard Seed Meal 280 kg Bcast-PPI 3.8 a 3.8 a --- Mustard Seed Meal 560 kg Bcast-PPI 4.0 a 3.5 a --- Mustard Seed Meal 841 kg Bcast-PPI 3.3 a 3.5 a --- Mustard Seed Meal 1,345 kg Bcast-PPI 3.8 a 3.5 a --- Mustard Seed Meal 1,681 kg Bcast-PPI a Mustard Seed Meal 1,962 kg Bcast-PPI abc Mustard Seed Meal 2,242 kg Bcast-PPI ab Untreated Control a 3.3 a 3.3 de
13 AITC: Mustard Seed Meal and Tobacco Yield Cured Leaf Yield (kg/ha) Nematicide Rate (/ha) Method Telone II 86 L Fum-Row 3,263 a 4,248 a 4,071 a Telone C L Fum-Row 3,555 a Metam Sodium 234 L Fum-Row 3,602 a Vydate C-LV 5.0 L Bcast-PPI --- 3,957 a 3,981 ab Mustard Seed Meal 280 kg Bcast-PPI 3,125 a 3,870 a --- Mustard Seed Meal 560 kg Bcast-PPI 3,343 a 4,022 a --- Mustard Seed Meal 841 kg Bcast-PPI 3,175 a 4,039 a --- Mustard Seed Meal 1,345 kg Bcast-PPI 3,508 a 3,890 a --- Mustard Seed Meal 1,681 kg Bcast-PPI ,686 a-e Mustard Seed Meal 1,962 kg Bcast-PPI ,951 ab Mustard Seed Meal 2,242 kg Bcast-PPI ,848 abc Untreated Control ,194 a 3,688 a 3,551 b-f
14 AITC Fumigants and TCN in Tobacco Roots Nematicide Rate (L/ha) TCN/g Feeder Root Method Telone II Fum-Row 7.1 c 30.5 a-d 96 def Velum Total TPW 11.6 bc 13.5 a-d 124 b-f Vydate C-LV TPW+2C 25.4 abc 30.5 a-d --- Dominus (AITC) 187 Fum-Row 7.1 c Dominus (AITC) Fum-Row 45.2 ab 34.9 a-d 179 a-d Dominus (AITC) Fum-Row 44.8 ab 65.8 abc 147 b-f Dominus (AITC) 66 Fum-Row abc IRF 266 (AITC+Pic) 188 Fum-Row c-f IRF 266 (AITC+Pic) 140 Fum-Row a-d --- IRF 266 (AITC+Pic) Fum-Row abc 124 b-f IRF 266 (AITC+Pic) Fum-Row abc 145 b-f Untreated Control a 74.8 ab 225 ab
15 Nematicide AITC Fumigants and Tobacco Growth Rate (L/ha) Plant Height (cm) in Mid-July Method Telone II Fum-Row 52.2 a 43.4 b 20.3 abc Velum Total TPW 40.9 c-g 28.2 cde 21.1 ab Vydate C-LV TPW+2C 39.4 c-g 34.0 c --- Dominus (AITC) 187 Fum-Row 46.1 abc Dominus (AITC) Fum-Row 49.4 ab 33.0 cd 16.8 bc Dominus (AITC) Fum-Row 45.8 a-d 23.9 de 14.2 c Dominus (AITC) 66 Fum-Row bc IRF 266 (AITC+Pic) 188 Fum-Row a IRF 266 (AITC+Pic) 140 Fum-Row a --- IRF 266 (AITC+Pic) Fum-Row ab 17.5 bc IRF 266 (AITC+Pic) Fum-Row e 16.5 bc Untreated Control efg 20.6 e 18.0 abc
16 AITC Fumigants and Tobacco Yield Cured Leaf Yield (kg/ha) Nematicide Rate (L/ha) Method Telone II Fum-Row 3,383 a 4,042 abc Velum Total TPW 3,133 bc 3,669 a-f Vydate C-LV TPW+2C 3,084 bcd --- Dominus (AITC) 187 Fum-Row 3,364 a --- Dominus (AITC) Fum-Row 3,241 ab 3,691 a-f Dominus (AITC) Fum-Row 3,017 cd 3,048 e-i Dominus (AITC) 66 Fum-Row IRF 266 (AITC+Pic) 188 Fum-Row IRF 266 (AITC+Pic) 140 Fum-Row --- 4,512 a IRF 266 (AITC+Pic) Fum-Row --- 4,318 ab IRF 266 (AITC+Pic) Fum-Row --- 3,130 d-i Untreated Control ,118 bc 2,802 i
17 CONCLUSIONS At appropriate rates, isothiocyanate (ITC) products reduce TCN parasitism, thereby increasing flue-cured tobacco growth & yield, similarly to 1,3-D fumigants: But perhaps less consistently than 1,3-D fumigants. Comparable nematicidal activity to Velum (fluopyram) & Nimitz (fluensulfone)? AITC products/methods: More environmentally friendly? More variable than MITC? especially with Mustard Seed Meal, etc.? More expensive than MITC? Brassicaceous cover/rotation crops? Potential sufficient to justify continued research on IT products and application programs for tobacco disease control.
18 Acknowledgements Philip Morris International Virginia Bright Flue-Cured Tobacco Board So. Piedmont AREC staff
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