Lysine Requirements of Native Chicken, Hinai-jidori (Rhode Island

Transcription

1 Lysine Requirements of Native Chicken, Hinai-jidori (Rhode Island Takayuki MURAMOTO*, Shinobu FUJIMURA, Motoni KADOWAKI and Teru ISHIBASHI Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata-shi (Received December 4, 1996) Abstract The lysine requirements of Hinai-jidori were estimated by using three parameters, body weight gain, feed efficiency and plasma concentration of amino acids. Experimental diets contained five graded lysine levels from deficient to excess. Four chickens of both sexes in each dietary group were housed individually in wire cages and fed the experimental diets and water ad libitum for 14 days at three growing stages, 7 to 21 (Stage 1), 42 to 56 (Stage 2) and 77 to 91 (Stage 3) days of age. The body weight gain and feed efficiency were determined for all stages, and plasma concentration of amino acids were determined for Stages 2 and 3 on the last day of experiments. The break point of each parameter was estimated as a requirement using a break line model. The lysine requirements were estimated to be 0.78, 0.63 and 0.52% of the diet for Stages 1,2 and 3, respectively. There were no differences in the lysine requirements between sexes, However, the lysine requirements of Hinai-jidori were different from those of layer pullets and broilers at corresponding growing stages (NRC, 1994). Anim. Sci. Technol. (Jpn.) 68 (5): , 1997 Key words: Hinai-jidori, Lysine requirement, Performance, Plasma amino acid sulfur amino acid (TSAA) requirements for Hinai-jidori along with growing stages were studied6,7). The results indicated that the requirements of these nutrients for Hinai-jidori were widely different from those for layer pullets and broilers. The individual essential amino acid requirements except TSAA for Hinai-jidori have not yet been determined. Next to TSAA, lysine was chosen in this study, because lysine is liable to be limiting for There is a claim that the taste of recent broiler is inferior to that of native chickens5). The demand for tasty native chickens is increasing now and the tastiness of native chickens is reevaluated not only in Japan but also in the world. The meat of Hinai-jidori, one of the native chickens, is more tasty than that of broilers3). However, there are no available feeding standards for native chickens. Therefore, all native chickens are under the traditional and experience-based feeding managements. corn-soybean type diets. The TSAA require- broiler and layer chicken fed the most popular In a series of experiments to estimate nutrient requirements of Hinai-jidori, the optimum concentration of methionine agreed with those ments determined by the response of plasma metabolizable energy (ME), dietary amino acid determined by other parameters, such as body and/or crude protein (CP) levels and total weight gain and feed efficiency7). The TSAA *Present address: Chugoku National Agricultural Experiment Station, Oda-shi 694 Anim. Sci. Technol. (Jpn.) 68 (5):

2 MURAMOTO, FUJIMURA, KADOWAKI and ISHIBASHI requirements of Hinai-jidori decrease remarkably with advancing age until the maximum performance is achieved, and slowly thereafter7). In practice, both sexes of Hinaijidori are reared together until marketing, though the growth rate of males is faster than females. The present study, therefore, was conducted to estimate the lysine requirements of Hinaijidori by using three parameters, body weight gain, feed efficiency and concentration of amino acid in plasma and to study the effects of age and sex on the lysine requirements at three growing stages. Materials and Methods Animals Stage 1 (7 to 21 days of age): Two hundred at Akita Prefectural Livestock Experimental Station were incubated in our laboratory. After hatching, chicks were sex-sorted and group-fed a starter diet containing 20% CP and 2,900 kcal ME/kg of diet until the start of the experiment. At seven days of age, 40 chickens were chosen and assigned to five experimental groups of four chickens of each sex with the same average body weight, 75.1g for male and 66.1g for female. During the assay period, the Table 1. Composition of basal diets used for Stages 1,2 and 3(%) acetate, 10mg; menadione sodium bisulfite, 0.959mg; thiamine nitrate 1.8mg; pyridoxine hydrogen chloride, 3mg; rivotlavin, 3.6mg; vitamin B12, 0.009mg; MnSO4, 165mg; ZnCO3, 40 mg; FeSO4, 218mg; CUSO4, 20mg; Ca(IO3)2, 0.5mg; MgCO3, 600mg; calcium pantothenate, mg; biotin, 0.15mg; nicotinic acid, 26.78mg and folic acid, 0.55mg. 460

3 Lysine Requirements of Hinai-jidori chickens were individually housed in wire were 91 days of age. The average initial body weight of male and female were 1,420 and 1,182 light, 5:00 to 19:00)-controled room. The other chickens were group-fed a grower diet containing 17% CP and 2,900 kcal ME/kg of diet until they were 42 days of age. Stage 2 (42 to 56 days of age): At 42 days of age, 40 chickens not used at Stage 1 were allotted into five experimental groups of four chickens of each sex and housed individually plasma concentration of amino acid with a initial body weight of male and female were high performance liquid chromatograph (LC and 526g, respectively. Stage 3 (77 to 91 days of age): At 77 days of age, from the remaining chickens, 40 chicks were assigned to five experimental groups of four chickens of each sex and housed individu- g, respectively. The experimental diet formulated for each stage and water were supplied ad libitum for 14 days. At the end of each experimental stage, body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency were determined. On the last day at Stages 2 and 3, about 0.5ml of blood samples were taken from the wing vein for determination of A Type, Shimadzu, Kyoto) as described by Fujimura Diets et al.4). The composition of basal diets is shown in Table 1. The basal diets were formulated to Table 2. Performance of male and female Hinai-jidori fed diets with five graded lysine levels for Stages 1,2 and 3 Values are means of four chickens.

4 MURAMOTO, FUJIMURA, KADOWAKI and ISHIBASHI contain all nutrients (except lysine) not less than those for the optimum levels estimated by Muramoto el al.6,7). The experimental diet for each stage contained five graded lysine levels. Statistical analysis Statistical significance was determined by analysis of variance and Duncan's new multiple range test using the General Linear Model procedure of SASR10). Statements of significance were based on P<0.05 level. The break point was estimated using a break line model by Ohtsuka and Yoshihara9). Results The data of performance obtained at three stages are summarized in Table 2. The body weight gain and feed efficiency in both sexes significantly increased, and then remained at high levels with the increasing dietary lysine levels for all stages. In males, the body weight gain tended to increase with the increasing dietary lysine levels for Stage 3. For Stages 2 and 3, the plasma concentration of lysine in both sexes remained low, and then increased with the increasing dietary lysine levels as shown in Table 3. The plasma concentration of arginine in both sexes decreased linearly with the increasing dietary lysine levels for Stages 2 and 3. The lysine requirements of Hinai-jidori estimated from two or three parameters obtained for the three stages are shown in Table 4. The lysine requirements were estimated to be 0.78, 0,63 and 0.52% of the diet and 4.11, 5.29 and 4.65% of dietary CP for Stages 1, 2 and 3, respectively. There were no differences in the lysine requirements between sexes. When the lysine requirements were expressed as mg per chicken per day, there were large differences between sexes. The lysine requirements were estimated to be 177, 428 and 586mg/day for males and 166,370 and 379mg/ day for females, respectively, for Stages 1, 2 and 3. The achieved maximum daily body weight gain for Stages 1, 2 and 3 were 9.8, 18.2 and 19.0 g for males and 9.2, 14.7 and 13.6g for females, respectively. The lysine requirements ex- Table 3. Plasma concentration of lysine and arginine of male and female Hinaijidori fed diets with five graded lysine levels for Stages 2 and 3 Values are means of four chickens. a-d Means within each column for the same stage with no common superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05). 462

5 Lysine Requirements of Hinai-jidori Table 4. Comparison of lysine requirements of Hinai-jidori with those of white-egglaying strain pullets and broilers (NRC, 1994) pressed as daily lysine intake (mg) per daily body weight gain (g) were calculated to be 18.1, 23.5 and 30.9 for males and 18.0, 25.2 and 27.9 for females, respectively, for Stages 1, 2 and 3. Discussion Though male Hinai-jidori consume more diet, sex had no effects on the CP and TSAA requirements expressed as percentages of diet6,7). There were no differences in the lysine requirements expressed as a percentage of diet for all stages for both sexes, which indicated that it is not necessary to formulate different diets for both sexes. The TSAA requirements of Hinai-jidori decreased remarkably with the advancing age 463

6 MURAMOTO, FUJIMURA, KADOWAKI and ISHIBASHI until the maximum performance is achieved, and slowly thereafter7). In this study, however, the lysine requirements decreased linearly with the advancing age throughout the experimental period. Methionine is more important for maintenance than for growth, and lysine is more important for growth than for maintenance in broiler chicks2). Therefore, the TSAA and/or methionine requirements of chickens may change slowly after the maximum performance stage, and remain constant following the rapid growing stages. Contrarily, the lysine requirements of chickens may decrease with depression in growth rate. For these reasons, it is necessary to formulate at least three adequate diets for Hinai-jidori with their respective growing stages for an effective utilization of dietary lysine. In Table 4, the estimated lysine requirements of Hinai-jidori are compared with those of broilers and white-egg-laying strain pullets (NRC, 1994)8). The lysine requirements expressed as percentages of diet of Hinai-jidori were lower than those of broilers at corresponding stages. Compared to the lysine requirements of whiteegg-laying strain pullets, those of Hinai-jidori were lower for Stage 1 and rather higher for Stages 2 and 3. The lysine requirements expressed as a percentage of dietary CP of Hinaijidori were lower than those of broilers and white-egg-laying strain pullets for Stage 1, and higher for Stages 2 and 3 than those of other strains. The lysine requirements expressed as mg per chicken per day of Hinai-jidori were lower than those of broilers at corresponding stages, however, those of Hinai-jidori were lower for Stage 1 and higher for Stages 2 and 3 than those of white-egg-laying strain pullets. The lysine requirements expressed as lysine intake (mg)/body weight gain (g) of Hinai-jidori were higher than those of broilers at corresponding stages, however, those of Hinai-jidori were lower for Stage 1, and similar to those of white -egg-laying pullets for Stages 2 and 3. These differences in the lysine requirements indicate that it is necessary to develop specific diets for Hinai-jidori compared to those for broilers and layer pullets for effective utilization of dietary lysine. The lysine requirements obtained from plasma concentration of lysine agreed well with the lysine requirements obtained from the body weight gain and feed efficiency as TSAA requirements in the previous report7) and in other species11). When chicks are fed the diet containing excess lysine, body weight gain is reduced1). The plasma concentration of arginine decreases with the increasing dietary lysine levels, and reaches the minimum levels when the dietary lysine exceeds the requirement levels in broilers fed the diets containing marginal and/or deficient levels of arginine12). In this study, however, excess dietary lysine had no negative effect on the performance of both sexes at all stages, and the plasma concentration of arginine did not reach the minimum levels. The depression in the performance of broilers caused by the excess dietary lysine is observed only when the arginine: lysine ratio is less than ). Because the arginine: lysine ratio of excess lysine diets were 1.36, 1.29 and 1.27 for Stages 1, 2 and 3, respectively, the negative effects of excess dietary lysine might not be observed on the excess lysine diets. In practice, Hinai-jidori is group-fed in a wide field instead of wire cages. Therefore, it is necessary to reconfirm whether the lysine requirement obtained with a small number of chickens within a relatively short period in this study is applicable in a practical farm with a large number of chickens. References 1) Austic RE, Scott RL. Involvement of food intake in the lysine arginine antagonism in 464

7 Lysine Requirements chicks. J. Nutr., 105: ) Chung E, Griminger P, Fisher H. The lysine and sulfur amino acid requirement at two stages of growth in chicks. J. Nutr., 103: ) Fujimura S, Katsukawa M, Watanabe E, Toyomizu M, Ishibashi T. Comparison of broiler, layer and Hinai-dori. Hokuriku J. Zootech. Sci., 62: ) Fujimura S, Annaka A, Watanabe E, Toyomizu M, Ishibashi T. Rapid analysis of amino acids in plasma and feedstuffs with high performance liquid chromatography. Bull. Fac. Agric. Niigata Univ., 44: ) Mae M. Specification of strains and crossbreds in native chicken. Jpn. Poult. Sci., Symposium 6) Muramoto T, Fujimura S, Ishibashi T. Effects of dietary amino acid and metabolizable energy levels on performance of native chicken, Hinai-dori. Jpn. Poult. Sci., 31: of Hinai-jidori 7) Muramoto T, Fujimura S, Kadowaki M, Ishibashi T. Total sulfur amino acid requirements of native chicken, Hinai-jidori. Anim. Sci. Technol. (Jpn.), 67: ) National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC ) Ohtsuka Y, Yoshihara M. Fitting a family of intersecting regression models with one or two intersection points. Applied Statistics, 5: ) SAS Institute Inc., SAS User's Guide: Statistics. 5th rev. ed. Cary, USA ) Totsuka K, Tatsumi K, Koide K, Watanabe E, Toyomizu M, Ishibashi T. Time course of changes of plasma-free amino acid concentration following dietary changes in laying hens. Jpn. Poult. Sci., 29: ) Ueno K, Koide K, Ishibashi T. Factors affecting arginine requirement in broilers. Anim. Sci. Technol. (Jpn.), 65: