Exp Research Report. Digestibility of energy and concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy in high

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2 Exp. 582 Research Report Digestibility of energy and concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy in high protein and conventional DDGS fed to growing pigs. C. D. Espinosa and H. H. Stein University of Illinois April 2017

3 INTRODUCTION Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a co-product of dry-grind ethanol production, are commonly included in diets for pigs (Stein and Shurson, 2009). However, introduction of new technologies in the industry has resulted in production of different sources of DDGS with greater concentrations of protein (DDGS-HP). However, information about the concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in DDGS-HP has not been reported. Therefore, the objectives of this experiment were to determine the concentrations of DE and ME and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy in DDGS-HP and in conventional DDGS (DDGS-CV) by growing pigs. MATERIALS AND METHODS A corn based basal diet and 2 diets containing either DDGS-HP or DDGS-CV were formulated (Table 1). Vitamins and minerals were included in all diets to meet or exceed current requirement estimates (NRC, 2012). A total of 24 barrows were randomly allotted to the 3 diets with 8 pigs per diet. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates that were equipped with a self-feeder, a nipple watered, and a slatted floor. A screen and a urine pan were placed under the slatted floor to allow for the total, but separate, collection of urine and fecal materials. Pigs were limit fed at 3 times the energy requirement for maintenance (i.e., 197 kcal/kg BW 0.60 ; NRC, 2012), which were provided each day in 2 equal meals at 0800 and 1600 h. Throughout the study, pigs had ad libitum access to water. Feed consumption was recorded daily and pigs were fed for 14 days. The initial 7 days was considered the adaptation period to the diet, whereas urine and fecal material were collected during the following 5 days according to standard procedures using the marker to marker approach (Adeola, 2001). Urine was collected in urine buckets over a preservative of 50 ml of hydrochloric acid. Fecal samples and 20% of the collected urine were stored at -20 o C immediately after collection. At the conclusion of the experiment, urine samples

4 were thawed and mixed within animal and diet, and a sub-sample was lyophilized before analysis. Fecal samples were thawed and mixed within pig and diet, and then dried in a 50 C forced air drying oven prior to analysis. Ingredients (corn and both sources of DDGS), diets, fecal sampels, and urine samples were analyzed for GE using bomb calorimetry (Parr Instruments, Moline, IL). Following analysis, the ATTD of GE was calculated for each diet and the DE and ME in each diet were calculated as well. The DE and ME of corn were calculated by dividing the DE and ME of the corn diet by the inclusion rate of corn in that diet. The contribution of DE and ME from corn to the DE and ME in the diets containing the 2 sources of DDGS was subtracted from the DE and ME of these diets and the DE and ME of DDGS-HP and DDGS-CV was calculated by difference (Adeola, 2001). Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with the pig as the experimental unit. Analysis of variance was used with the PROC MIXED function in SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Homogeneity of the variances was confirmed using the UNIVARIATE procedure in PROC MIXED. Diet or ingredient was the fixed effect and replicate was the random effect. Least squares means were calculated using a Least Significant Difference test and means were separated using the PDIFF statement in PROC MIXED. Results were considered significant at P 0.05 and considered a trend at P 0.10.

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Pigs fed the corn basal diet had greater (P 0.01) GE intake and ATTD of GE and less (P 0.01) fecal output and fecal GE loss compared with pigs fed the corn-ddgs-hp or corn-ddgs-cv diets (Table 2). There was no difference in the GE intake between pigs fed diets with DDGS-HP and DDGS-CV, however, pigs fed the corn-ddgs-cv diet had greater (P 0.01) fecal output and fecal GE loss compared with pigs fed the corn-ddgs-hp diet. The difference procedure was used to determine the concentration of DE and ME in DDGS-HP and DDGS-CV, and a corn basal diet was used for the energy balance experiment. A consequence of using the difference procedure is that reliable results for the test ingredient will be obtained only if the result of the ingredient included in the basal diet is accurate. The values for the DE and ME (as-fed basis) obtained for corn (3,319 and 3,247 kcal/kg, respectively) in the present experiment are in close agreement with previous data (Sauvant et al., 2004; NRC, 2012), which indicates that the values for DE and ME in DDGS-HP and DDGS-CV that were calculated are accurate. The DE and ME in DDGS-CV (3,568 and 3,426 kcal/kg on as-fed basis, respectively; 4,148 and 3,983 kcal/kg of DM, respectively) were in agreement with the previously published values (Stein et al., 2006; Pedersen et al., 2007), and were not different from the DE and ME values obtained for corn (Table 3). However, the DE and ME in DDGS-HP on an as-fed basis (3,826 and 3,698 kcal/kg, respectively) were greater (P 0.05) than corn and DDGS-CV. On a DM basis, the values for DE and ME in DDGS-HP (4,424 and 4,275 kcal/kg, respectively) were greater (P 0.05) than corn, but not different from the DE and ME in DDGS-CV. Therefore, replacing corn with DDGS- CV or DDGS-HP in swine diets will not reduce the energy concentration in the diets. These results also indicate that the DE and ME in DDGS-HP is greater than in corn and that the process used to generate DDGS-HP is effective in improving the quality of DDGS.

6 REFERENCES Adeola, O Digestion and balance techniques in pigs. Pages in Swine Nutrition. 2 nd ed. A.J. Lewis and L.L. Southern, ed. CRC Press, New York, NY. NRC Nutrient requirements of swine. 11 th ed. National Academy Press, Washington DC. Pedersen, C., M. G. Boersma, and H. H. Stein Digestibility of energy and phosphorus in ten samples of distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 85: Sauvant, D., J. M. Perez, and G. Tran Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials: pigs, poultry, cattle, sheep, goats, rabbits, horses, fish. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, Netherlands. p Stein, H. H., C. Pedersen, M. L. Gibson, and M. G. Boersma Amino acid and energy digestibility in ten samples of dried distillers grain with solubles by growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 84:

7 Table 1. Ingredient composition of experimental diets, as-fed basis Corn Corn-DDGS-HP Corn-DDGS-CV Corn DDGS-HP DDGS-CV Ground limestone Monocalcium phosphate Sodium chloride Vit-mineral premix Fiber Sales and Development Corp., Urbana, OH. 2 Provide the following quantities of vitamins and micro minerals per kilogram of complete diet: Vitamin A as retinyl acetate, 11,136 IU; vitamin D3 as cholecalciferol, 2,208 IU; vitamin E as DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate, 66 IU; vitamin K as menadione dimethylprimidinol bisulfite, 1.42 mg; thiamin as thiamine mononitrate, 0.24 mg; riboflavin, 6.59 mg; pyridoxine as pyridoxine hydrochloride, 0.24 mg; vitamin B12, 0.03 mg; D-pantothenic acid as D-calcium pantothenate, 23.5 mg; niacin, 44.1 mg; folic acid, 1.59 mg; biotin, 0.44 mg; Cu, 20 mg as copper sulfate and copper chloride; Fe, 126 mg as ferrous sulfate; I, 1.26 mg as ethylenediamine dihydriodide; Mn, 60.2 mg as manganese sulfate; Se, 0.3 mg as sodium selenite and selenium yeast; and Zn, mg as zinc sulfate.

8 Table 2. Daily energy balance by growing pigs fed corn, corn-ddgs-hp, or corn-ddgs-cv diets (as-fed basis) 1 Diet Item Corn Corn- Corn- SEM P-value GE intake, kcal/d 7,111 b DDGS-HP 7,597 a DDGS-CV 7,876 a <0.001 Fecal output, g/d 144 c 224 b 288 a <0.001 Fecal GE loss, kcal/d 698 c 1,115 b 1,392 a <0.001 DE, kcal/kg 3,319 b 3,479 a 3,422 ab ME, kcal/kg 3,247 3,388 3, a,b,c Means within a row that do not have a common superscript differ, P < Data are least square means of 8 observations for all treatments.

9 Table 3. Digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) and the apparent total tract digestibility (% ATTD) of energy in corn, high protein DDGS (DDGS-HP), and conventional DDGS (DDGS-CV) by growing pigs 1 Ingredient Item Corn DDGS-HP DDGS-CV SEM P-value As-fed basis DE, kcal/kg 3,413 b 3,826 a 3,568 b ME, kcal/kg 3,339 b 3,698 a 3,426 b DM basis DE, kcal/kg 3,975 b 4,424 a 4,148 ab ME, kcal/kg 3,889 b 4,275 a 3,983 ab ATTD of GE, % a b b <0.001 a,b Means within a row that do not have a common superscript differ, P < Data are least square means of 8 observations for all treatments.