How to Behavior? Diet Selection Basics

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Ada Collins
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postingestive feedback from nutrients and toxins, determined by an animal s physiological condition, a food s chemical characteristics, and an animal s experiences with the food.

1 How to Behavior? Diet Selection Basics Palatability vs s Palatability = attractiveness of a plant as forage = selection of a plant give a choice Both are interrelationship between flavor and postingestive feedback from nutrients and toxins, determined by an animal s physiological condition, a food s chemical characteristics, and an animal s experiences with the food. Postingestive Feedback Palatability depends on feedback Animals discriminate based on flavor feedback interactions. Eat Digestive + Feedback - Plant (taste) The Wisdom of the Body Detecting Nutrients and Toxins This detection ability is simply the result of the way our bodies are constructed. Animals Can Detect Nutrients Nutrients & Energy Increase Palatability

2 Energy Increased Palatability Experiment with sheep eating flavored straw Conditioning Group 1 Group 2 odd days apple+water maple+water even days maple+energy apple+energy Testing choice between apple and maple What did Group 1 prefer? Intake of straw, g Energy Increases Palatability water starch A Quiz. Flavor-Feedback Contingencies Group 1 Group 2 Starch, g %.% onion 4% 4.% onion 3 4.% onion.% onion 1 Which concentration did each group prefer? Conditioned 7 6 Conditioned s straw Immediate Feedback (starch within 9 min) Delayed Feedback (starch within 8 hours) DM Intake % Treatments Control Delay Immediate 1 No Feedback (Control) (water 1 & 7 hours) 4 6 Tests Lambs prefer feed that give an energy boost shortly after it is eaten.

3 Conditioned s Animals can detect toxins All plants contain toxins Toxins decrease palatability As toxin levels increase, animals reduce the amount they eat of that particular food. Nausea (LiCl) Mountain- Mahogany No Feedback (empty capsule) Num mber of Bites of Mou ntain Mahogany 12 1 Conditioned s Control Averted (LiCl 3g/day) Lambs quit eating mountain mahogany when consumption was followed by nausea. As toxin increases decreases Preferen nce, % LiCl, g Magnitude of feedback matters the stronger the feedback, the stronger the resultingpreference or aversion If feedback is negative, it can happen hours after eating If feedback is positive, the delay of feedback matters Eat Plant (taste) Digestive Feedback

4 Stronger the dose (feedback) the stronger the aversion Preferen nce, % LiCl (grams) of oats g) Intake o (g Higher Toxin Level = Lower Intake % LiCl 1.% LiCl.7% LiCl Animals sample novel foods cautiously Animals can discriminate between good and bad feedback. Even in meals with dozens of foods Rice (g) Intake of Neophobia = fear of new things (foods in this case) ovel flavor no ake, g Food Int Animals blame the novel food Oats Barley Alfalfa Rye - novel Corn prior illness % of Cinnam mon Flavored Whea at Eaten Past experiences may give clues Averted to Cinnamon Rice Ate Cinnamon Rice Testing Period Sheep that did not like cinnamon rice also did not like cinnamon wheat

5 Novelty is key but other factors play a role: Novel vs Familiar Foods Generalization Prior experience Amount eaten Timing Learning to Eat (Origins of ) Ask For Directions ^ Young herbivores eat what mom eats and avoid what she avoids. Herbivores also need to learn how to eat develop foraging skills Intake of whea at (g/day) Lambs learn quickly and remember for years 3 Months 34 Months None Alone Mother Exposure to Wheat (1 hr/day for d at 6 wks age)

Eating to Learn Foraging Skills Grass (Crested

Shrub Shrub (Serviceberry) grams eatern per minute 6 4

Shrub Plant Offered Early Dietary Experience

Goats 6 weeks old : raised on blackbrush range : drylot

6 Eating to Learn Foraging Skills Grass (Crested Wheatgrass) Foraging Skills Test Ingestion of Grass & Shrub Shrub (Serviceberry) grams eatern per minute Foraging Skills Grass eaters Shrub Eaters Grass Shrub Plant Offered Early Dietary Experience Experiences early in life increase intake of foods. Goats 6 weeks old : raised on blackbrush range : drylot fed alfalfa pellets Weaned at 26 weeks Week 28 offered all goats blackbrush in pens

blackbrush eaten grams Early Dietary Experience 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 6 7

neurology) The body then transforms experience Etc., etc.,etc.

Morphology Uptake of Gluc cose 4 3 2 1 Rumen mass (g/ /kg BW) 3 3 2 2 1

7 blackbrush eaten grams Early Dietary Experience day of trial Experiences Transform the body (physiology, morphology & neurology) The body then transforms experience Etc., etc.,etc. Experience Body Change Experience Affects Neurology Experience affects Morphology Uptake of Gluc cose Rumen mass (g/ /kg BW) Experience affects Physiology 12 Glucuronic Acid (m mg/kg BW)

The Spice of Life Part 1. The Spice of Life Part 1 of 3. Variety. Biodiversity. September 22-24, Dr. Fred Provenza. Landscape (what s available)

The Spice of Life Part 1. The Spice of Life Part 1 of 3. Variety. Biodiversity. September 22-24, Dr. Fred Provenza. Landscape (what s available) Necessity Chance History The Spice of Life Part 1 The Spice of Life Part 1 of 3 Variety Culture Chemistry Biodiversity Landscape (what s available) Culture (how to use it) Lifestyle (need for it) Diet