EFFECT OF HUMIC ACID AND PHOSPHORUS APPLICATIONS ON THE YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN LENTIL (LENS CULINARIS MEDIC.)

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1 Legume Res., 37 (3) : , 2014 doi: /j AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE EFFECT OF HUMIC ACID AND PHOSPHORUS APPLICATIONS ON THE YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN LENTIL (LENS CULINARIS MEDIC.) Y. Dogan 1, Y. Togay, N. Togay* and H. Kulaz Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Van, Turkey Received: Accepted: ABSTRACT Lentil is commonly grown as a rotation crop in east and southeast of Turkey. It is an important crop because of its high protein content of seed and straw for human and animal nutrition. Phosphorus in the soil has developmental activity in the plant s root growth. The effects of humic substances on plant growth, under conditions of adequate mineral nutrition, consistently show positive effects on plant biomass. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels of humic acid and phosphorous on yield and yield attributes of lentil during and in Agricultural Faculty experiment field of Yuzuncu Yil University. The results of the study indicated that humic acid and phosphorus applications increased significantly the seed yield and yield components. Whereas the highest seed yield were obtained from 80 kg phosphorus ha -1 with 1135 kg ha -1 and 600 kg humic acid ha -1 application with 1097 kg ha -1 in the first year, the values were 80 kg phosphorus ha -1 with 1756 kg ha -1 and 600 kg humic acid ha ha -1 application with 1625 kg ha -1 in the second year. Key words: Humic acid, Lentil, Phosphorus, Yield, Yield components. INTRODUCTION Legumes have been and in some areas still are man s basic foodstuffs. From a nutritional point of view legumes are a good source of proteins, complex carbohydrates, some minerals and vitamins, and at the same time are poor in fats and sodium (Torija et al., 1999). Traditionally, lentil is grown in spring in Turkey; however, winter-lentil cultivars are grown in recent years. Phosphorus in the soil has developmental activity in the plant s root growth. Depending on phosphorus applications, the contact area of the root expands with the growth of root which, in turn, gives rise to a flourishing in productivity, also making it easier for the plant to benefit from the other nutritional elements in higher proportions (Marschner, 1995). It has known that fertility of soils is also related to soil organic matter content. Humic substances (humic and fulvic acids) are the major components of soil organic matter and the term of humus is widely accepted as synonymous for the soil organic matter. The effects of humic substances on plant growth, under conditions of adequate mineral nutrition, consistently show positive effects on plant biomass (Chan and Aviad, 1990). This study was conducted in order to analyze the effect of different doses of phosphorus and humic acid applications on yield and some yield parameters in lentil. MATERIALS AND METHODS Trials were carried out to determine the most suitable humic acid and phosphorus in a welladapted winter lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivar Sazak 91 (Erman, 1998), in and growing seasons in the Zeve Campus fields of Agricultural Faculty of Yuzuncu Y l l University (longitude 43 o 17 E, latitude 38 o 33 N, and altitude 1655 m). For the analyses of soils, texture was determined by Bouyoucus (1951) hydrometric method, ph in 1:2.5 soil-water suspension (Jackson, 1962), lime with 5 replicates by calcimetric methods, organic matter by modified Walkley Black method * Corresponding author s necattogay@hotmail.com 1 Mardin Artuklu University, Kiziltepe Vocational High School, 47000, Mardin Turkey

2 (Walkey, 1947), available phosphorus by the methods of Olsen et al. (1954), and total salt by Richard (1954).The soils are classified as entisols according to soil taxonomy (Soil Survey Staff, 1999). The results of calcareous soil analysis were as follows: sandy loam texture, very low in organic matter and moderate in available phosphorus (Table 1). In and , precipitation throughout the season was mm and mm respectively, and the average over the long-term for the same period was mm. Average temperature was 7.0 o C in the first year and 9.4 o C in the second an increase in average temperature relative to long term average of 9.0 o C. Average relative humidity was 60.8 %, 57.8 % in the first and 56.0 % in the second vegetation periods (TSMS 2010). TABLE 1: Some properties of the < 2 mm fraction of the top 20 cm of soil used for each site Soil properties Texture sandy loam sandy loam ph A Clay (%) B CaCO 3 (%) C Olsen soil test P (ppm) D Total Salt (%) E Organic matter (%) F A 1 : 2.5 soil : water, B Bouyoucos (1951), C lime by calcimetric methods, D Olsen et al. (1954), E Richard (1954), F Jackson (1962). The experiment comprised a factorial randomized complete block design replicated 3 times of with 3 phosphorus treatments P 1 (0 kg ha -1 ), P 2 (40 kg ha -1 ) (80 kg ha -1 ), as triple superphosphate, and 3 humic acid treatments HA 1 (0 kg ha -1 ), HA 2 (300 kg ha -1 ) and HA 3 (600 kg ha -1 ) as leonardit. These treatments applied in both sole and combi nati ons. H umic aci d and phosphorus i nteracti on were found to be statistically insignificant for many yield and yield components in both years. Plots were 1.25 m wide and 5 m long. Fertilizers phosphorus and humic acid were applied in bands 3 cm below rows sown to lentil. Lentil seed (cv. Sazak-91) was sown 6 cm deep by hand in 5 cm rows down each plot, with a row spacing of 25 cm. Phosphorus and humic acid treatments were applied and seed sown 16 October 2008 and 15 October Analysis of variance was used to compare treatment means using SAS (1998). Vol. 37, No. 3, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The analysis of variance showed that humic acid and phosphorus levels significantly affect plant height, first pod height, numbers of branches, numbers of pod per plant and numbers of seed per plant, seed yield, harvest index, biological yield and 1000 seed weight. The year s effects were separately evaluated since there were significantly differences between years, as found from combined analysis. The highest plant heights were obtained from HA 3 with 27.4 cm applications with 27.8 cm in first year and HA 3 with 36.3 cm applications with 36.6 cm in second year applications. The difference between P 2 applications was statistically insignificant in first year (Table 2). The lowest values of plant height were recorded in control plots. Kumar et al. (1993) and Toðay et al. (2007) reported that the highest plant height was obtained from 50 kg ha -1 and 60 kg ha -1 phosphorus application Ulukan (2008) in a study related with humic acid in wheat reported that humic acid decreased plant height. The effects of phosphorus and humic acid applications were statistically significant for first pod height in both years. The maximum first pod height was obtained from HA 3 applications, whereas the lowest first pod height were obtained from HA 1 and P 1 (Table 2). The difference between P 2 applications was statistically insignificant in second year. Elkatmýþ (2013) in a study conducted about humic acid and phosphorus doses reported that the first pod height enhanced with increase of humic acid and phosphorus doses. Applications of humid acid and phosphorus doses were found to be statistically significant in the number of branches per plant in both years. The highest number of branches per plant were obtained from HA 3. The lowest values were obtained from control plots (Table 2). Vadavia et al. (1991) announced that nitrogen and phosphorus applications in chickpea increased the branching of the plant. Sekhon et al. (1983) and Kumar et al. (1983) reported that phosphorus increased the number of branches per plant. The highest number of pods plant in both years were obtained with HA 3 applications and it was found to be statistically significant (Table 2). The lowest number of pods plant were obtained from

3 318 LEGUME RESEARCH- An International Journal control plots as HA 1 (12.3 number plant -1 ), P 1 (17.9 number plant -1 ) in first and HA 1 (12.5 number plant -1 ), P 1 (16.4 number plant -1 ) in second year. The difference between HA 2 and HA 3 applications was statistically insignificant in both years. Ünsal (2007) in a study conducted on chickpea reported that humic acid increased the number of pods plant. Researchers reported that phosphorus increased the number of branches per plant (Dahiya et al., 1993; Singh and Kumar, 1996 and Mohapatra et al., 1995). Humic acid applications conducted in the numbers of seed per plant were found to be statistically insignificant in the first year but significant in the second year phosphorus applications in terms of numbers of seed per plant were found to be statistically significant for both years. As for the phosphorus applications the highest numbers of seed per plant was obtained in P 3 for both years. The lowest values of seed per plant were recorded in control plots. Toðay et al. (2008), Vadavia et al. (1991) and Sarawgi and Singh (1989) reported that fertilization with phosphorus increased number of seeds plant. Treatments Plant height (cm) First pod height (cm) Number of (Branches plant -1 ) Pods/plant (number plant -1 ) Seeds/plant (number plant -1 ) Humic acid Levels c 31.9 c 13.9 b 14.8 c 2.5 c 2.5 c 12.3 b 17.9 b b b 34.2 b 15.1 a 15.9 b 2.6 b 2.9 b 13.8 a 20.3 a a a 36.1 a 15.7 a 17.7 a 3.0 a 3.2 a 14.6 a 20.9 a a Mean 25.8 b 34.1 a 14.9 b 16.1 a a 19.7 a 17.0 b 22.4 a P 2 O 5 levels b 31.1 c 12.2 c 13.3 b 2.3 b 2.5 c 12.5 b 16.4 c 15.2 b 19.7 c a 34.6 b 15.2 b 17.4 a 2.8 a 2.9 b 12.7 b 19.9 b 15.7 b 23.7 b a 36.6 a 17.3 a 17.7 a 2.9 a 3.3 a 15.6 a 22.9 a 20.4 a 28.8 a Mean 26.0 b 34.1 a 14.9 b 16.1 a a 19.7 a 17.1 b 24.1 a Treatments Seed pods (number pod -1 ) Seed yield (kgha -1 ) Whereas the highest seed yield were obtained from 80 kg phosphorus ha -1 with 1135 kg ha -1 and 600 kg humic acid ha -1 application with 1097 kg ha -1 in the first year, the values were 80 kg phosphorus ha -1 with 1756 kg ha -1 and 600 kg humic acid ha ha -1 application with 1625 kg ha -1 in the second year. The lowest seed yield were obtained HA 1 and P 1 doses in both years (Table 2). The difference between HA 2 and HA 3 applications was statistically insignificant for seed yield in both years. Toðay et al. (2008), Vadavia et al. (1991) and Sarawgi and Singh (1989) reported that increasing doses of phosphorus significantly increased the seed yield with in their studies. Applications of humic acid and phosphorus doses were found to be statistically significant in biological yield and harvest index in both years. The highest biological yield obtained from HA 3 and P 3. The maximum harvest index was obtained from HA 2 in the first year whereas it was obtained from HA 3 in the second year (Table 2). Researchers reported that humic acid applications increased the harvest index (Shaaban et al., 2009 and Elkatmis., 2013). TABLE 2: Effects of different humic acid and phosphorus levels on yield and yield components of lentil. Biologi cal yield Harvest index (%) 1000 seed wei ght (g) Humic acid levels c 1308 b 2961 c 4047 b 30.9 c 32.2 c 40.8 b b 1536 a 3114 b 4502 a 32.4 b 33.9 b 41.6 a a 1625 a 3289 a 4667 a 31.1 a 34.6 a 41.9 a 43.4 Mean b 1489 a 3121 b 4405 a P 2 O 5 levels c 1226 c 2949 c 3871 c 30.6 c 31.6 c 40.3 b b 1483 b 3074 b 4381 b 32.0 b 33.9 b 41.7 a a 1756 a 3341 a 4964 a 33.8 a 35.3 a 42.4 a 43.7 Mean b 1488 a 3121 b 4405 a 32.1 b 33.6 a 41.5 b 43.3 a Values in a column with different letters are significantly different from each other (Duncan s multiple range tests, < 0.05)

4 While the highest 1000 seed weight was obtained HA 3 in the first year, it was found to be statistically significant in second years. The difference between P 2 and HA 2 and HA 3 applications was statistically insignificant for seed yield in Due to the fact that phosphorus fertilization was effective in the generative period of the plant, and that such fertilization led to a much better granulation, enhancement and improvement occurred in 1000 seed weights with the increasing doses of phosphorus. CONCLUSION Studies have shown that humic acid fertilization in calcareous and alkaline soils improves Vol. 37, No. 3, soil property (Erdal et. al., 2000 and Chan and Avaid, 1990). In calcareous soils the intake of nutritional elements are impaired by the plant, and thus, some productivity and yield components become disrupted, thereby leading to lower criteria in these components. Phosphorus and humi c acid applications caused increases in all lentil characters. It was concluded that, in the soils of this region, which have poorer phosphorus content and which are highly alkaline, 600 kg ha -1 humic acid and 80 kg ha -1 phosphorus fertilization (HA 3 ) would bring good results for example seed and biological yield and thus could be beneficial in order to have adequate lentil farming. REFERENCES Bouyoucos, G.S. (1951). Recalibration of the hydrometer methods for making mechanical analysis of soil. Agronomy J. 43: Chan, Y. and Aviad T. (1990). Effect of Humic Substances on Plant Growth. In: Humic Substances in Soil and Crop Sciences: Selected Readings, (Ed., P. Maccarthy,) Am. Soc. of Agron. And Soil Sci. Soc. of Am., Madison, Wisconsin, pp: Dahiya, S., Singh M. and Singh, M. (1993). Relative performance of chickpea genotypes to irrigation and fertilizers application. Haryana Journal of Agronomy, 9: Elkatmýþ, B. (2013). The effect of humic acid and phosphorus applications on the yield and yield components in chickpea. Msc Thesis Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey. Erdal, Ý., Bozkurt M.A. and Çimrin K.M. (2000). The effect of humic acid and phosphorus applications on Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu contents of Maize plants (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agricultural Sciences 6(3): Erman, M. (1998). Effect of different levels of nitrogen and Rhizobium inoculation on yield and yield components in some winter lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivars under Van ecological conditions. PhD Thesis, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey. Jackson, M.L. (1962). Soil Chemical Analysis. Engle Wood Cliff-New Jersey, Prentice Hall Inc. Kumar, P., Agarwal J.P. and Chandra S. (1993). Effect of inoculation, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on growth and yield of lentil. Lens Newsletter 20(11): Marschner, H. (1995). Mineral Nutrition of Hhigher Plants. 2nd edition. Academic Press, Inc. London, G.B., p Mohapatra, A.K., Ppaaikaray R.C., Misra R.C. and Mohapatra, A.K.P. (1995). Response of chickpea to row spacing, nitrogen and phosphorus in acid red soil. ICPN 2(1): Olsen, S.R., Cole C.V., Watanabe F.S., Dean L.A. (1954). Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate. Circ. U.S. Dep. Agric., p Richard, L.A. (1954). Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkaline Soils. Handbook 60, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Sarawgi, S.K. and Singh N.P. (1989). Response of chickpea varieties to plant population and diammonium phoshate under late sown condition. Indian Journal of Agon., 34(1): SAS., (1998). Statistical Analysis Software, Version SAS. Ins.Cary.N.C. USA. Sekhon, H.S., Dhingra K.K., Sandhu P.S. and Bhandari, S.C. (1986). Effect of time of sowing, phosphorus and herbicides on the response to Rhizobium inoculation. Lens Newsletter, 13(1): Shaaban, S.H.A, Manal F.M and Afifi M.H.M. (2009). Humic acid foliar application to minimize soil applied fertilization of surface-irrigation wheat. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(2): Shahzade, M.M, Muhammed A., Muhammed S., Madassar H. and Farzan H. (2007). Wheat response to applied phosphorus in light textured soil. Journal of Biological Science 7(8):

5 320 LEGUME RESEARCH- An International Journal Singh, B. and Kumar V. (1996). Effect of phosphorus and sulfur on lentil under rainfed condition. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 41: ref. Soil Survey Staff. (1999). Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. USDA-NRCS, Agriculture Handbook No: 436. U.S. Government Printing Office. p.870. Toðay, Y., N. Toðay and Doðan Y. (2008). Research on the effect of phosphorus and molybdenum applications on the yield and yield parameters in lentil. African Journal of Biotechnolgy. 7(9): Torija, M.E. and C. Díez, Legumbres. In: M. Hernández, Sastre, Editors A. (1999). Tratado de nutrición, Díaz de Santos, Madrid, pp TSMS. (2010). Reports of Turkish State Meteorological Service, Ankara, Turkey. Ulukan, H. (2008). Effect of soil applied humic acid at different sowing times on some yield components in wheat (Triticum spp) hybrids. International Journal of Botany 4(2): Ünsal, H. (2007). The effect of humic acid and Zn applýcations on yield and N, P, K contents of two different chickpea varýetýes in alchaline soils. Msc Thesis Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey. Vadavia, A.T, Kalaria K.K., Patel J.J and Baldha N.M. (1991). Influence of organic, inorganic and biofertilizers on growth yield on nodulation of chickpea. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 36(2): Walkey A (1947). A critical examination of a rapid method for determining organic carbon in soils: effect of variations in digestion conditions and inorganic soil constituents. Soil Sci. 63(1):