Index. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.

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1 Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Abductor hallucis (ABH) tendon transfer, for hallux varus, technique for, bone tunnels and course diagram in, 458, 460 capsulotomy and release in, 452 ideal position in, 458, 460 proximal release in, Achilles tendon, contracture of, in equinovalgus foot, , 492 in cavovarus foot, 436 Achilles tendon lengthening, for spastic equinovarus foot deformity, 499, Hoke procedure for, in anterior tibialis tendon transfer, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, 412 in bridle procedure, authors preferences for, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, 411 in posterior tibial tendon transfer, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, 407 percutaneous, for equinovalgus foot, for foot drop, 377 for motor imbalance, 380 for spasticity, Actin myosin overlap, in muscle length vs. tension relationship, Adult flexible cavovarus deformity, tendon transfers for, See also Cavovarus foot. Ambulation Scale, Functional, in spastic equinovarus foot deformity evaluation, 503 Amplitude, appropriate, in tendon transfers, Anchoring. See Bone anchor; Suture anchor fixation; Tendon anchoring. Aneurysm needle, in extensor digitorum brevis tendon transfer, for forefoot deformities, Ankle deformity, valgus, with paralytic equinovalgus deformity, varus, with equinovarus deformity, in adults, 407 Ankle dorsiflexion, in spastic equinovarus foot deformity evaluation, Ankle foot orthosis (AFO), postoperative, for spastic equinovarus foot deformity, 512 calf weakness as indication, 506 for tendon transfers, 378, 413 tendon transfers vs., for foot drop, for motor imbalance, 380 for spastic equinovarus, 380 Anterior compartment muscle debridement, bridle procedure following, , 423 fascia repair of, operative, 430, 432 Anterior tibial tendon sheath, in physiologic transfer, of peroneal tendons, for equinovalgus deformity, 493 Anterior tibialis tendon, in bridle procedure, , , 430 Foot Ankle Clin N Am 16 (2011) doi:s (11) /11/$ see front matter 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. foot.theclinics.com

2 516 Index lateral transfer of, for adult flexible cavovarus foot, 442 for spasticity, split transfer of. See Split anterior tibial tendon transfer (SPLATT). subcutaneous rerouting of, for motor imbalance, split technique, 380, 383 Arthrodesis, for adult flexible cavovarus foot deformity, 438, for equinovalgus deformity, , of interphalangeal joints, for hallux varus, in modified Jones procedure, for claw hallux, Arthroplasty, salvage, for forefoot deformities, 471 Ashworth Scale, Modified, for spasticity grading, Attachment, direction and, in tendon transfers, B Biologic response modifiers, in tendon transfers, Biologics, in tendon transfers, Biomechanics, of tendon transfers, Blix curve, of musculotendinous unit, Bone adhesive, magnesium-based, in tendon transfers, 396 Bone anchor, for tendon anchoring, soft tissue interference screw vs., 395 of peroneal transfers, 494, 496 Bone location, in tendon transfer planning, 395 Bone morphogenetic proteins, in tendon transfers, 395 Bone plug, for tendon anchoring, of peroneal transfers, for equinovalgus foot, 494, 496 Bone stability, in tendon transfers, Bone tunnels, for tendon transfer and anchoring, in bridle procedure, , 431 in claw hallux correction, flexor hallucis longus procedures, 467 modified Jones procedure, in hallux varus correction, abductor hallucis tendon procedures, 458, extensor hallucis brevis tendon procedures, extensor hallucis longus tendon procedures, in spastic equinovarus foot deformity surgery, flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer to calcaneus and, SPLATT and, in tendon transfers, 392, , 445, 486 Bone tendon interface, formation of stable, biologic and physiologic factors of, for adult flexible cavovarus foot deformity, 439 in tendon transfers, polarized light photomicrograph of, Brain injury, foot deformities related to, equinovarus deformity as, 403 spastic, See also Spastic equinovarus (SEV) foot deformity. spastic, 380, 422 Bridle procedure, advantages of, 421, authors preferences for, Achilles lengthening with, discussion on, indications, 423

3 Index 517 operative technique, anterior compartment fascia repair, 430, 432 bone tunnel, , 431 cuneiform, bone tunnel, periosteum incision, 428 extensor digitorum longus tendon, extensor hallucis longus tendon, flexor digitorum longus tendon, incision #1, incision #2, incision #3, , 429 incision #4, incision #5, incision #6, interference screw, 429, 431 interosseous membrane, peroneal tendon, 425 peroneus brevis tendon, peroneus longus tendon, , , 432 peroneus tertius musculotendinous units, plantar bolster, 429, 431 sagittal plane incision with ankle in neutral dorsiflexion, 427 securing tendon, 429, 431 skin tunnel, sural nerve, suture anchor, 429, suture weave, , 430 tibialis anterior tendon, , 430 tibialis posterior tendon, , 428, tri-tendon anastomosis, , 432 clinical outcomes of, 422 disadvantages of, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, for peroneal palsy, , history of, postoperative care for, 423, 430 preoperative considerations of, summary overview of, 419, 433 surgical reasons for, 420 Buttons, for tendon anchoring, in tendon transfers, 392, 394 C Calcaneal osteotomy, bridle procedure and, 423 Calcaneus, flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer to, for spastic equinovarus foot deformity, 499, Calf weakness, with spastic equinovarus foot deformity, surgical correction of, Callosities, with equinovalgus deformity, 489, 496 Cancellous bone surface, in tendon transfer, 395 Capsular attachments, to phalanges, release of, in flexor-to-extensor transfer, for

4 518 Index forefoot deformities, Capsular release, posterior ankle, for foot drop, 377 Capsular repair augmentation, redundant tissue used for, in extensor digitorum brevis tendon transfer, for forefoot deformities, 484, 486 Capsulotomy, in abductor hallucis tendon transfer, for hallux varus, 452 of metatarsophalangeal joints, in flexor-to-extensor transfer, for forefoot deformities, 473 of proximal interphalangeal joints, in flexor-to-extensor transfer, for forefoot deformities, Casts/casting, postoperative, for spastic equinovarus foot deformity, Cavovarus deformity, components of, 436 Cavovarus foot, adult flexible, etiologies of, tendon transfers for, arthrodesis and, 438, basic principles of, 438 evaluation of, forefoot procedures in, 439, hindfoot procedures in, indications for, midfoot procedures in, 439, , 445 preoperative determination of fixed vs., 435, progressive direction and location for, 439 progressive status of deformity, 437, 447 purposes of, 438 results review of, securing methods in, 439 summary overview of, 435, 449 surgical goals for, Central raphe, in flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer, for forefoot deformities, Cerebral palsy, foot deformities with, bridle procedure for, , 432 tendon transfer indications for, 435 Cerebral vascular accident (CVA), foot deformities related to, equinovarus deformity as, 403 spastic, 380, 422 spastic equinovarus foot as, See also Spastic equinovarus (SEV) foot deformity. tendon transfers for, 435 Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, foot deformities with, bridle procedure for, 423, 432 cavovarus, tendon transfers for, 443, 446, 448 claw hallux as, pathophysiology of, 461 Circular fine-wire fixation, for foot drop, 377 in adults, before tendon transfers, 404, 406 Claw hallux, causes of, evaluation of, 462 in adult flexible cavovarus foot, tendon transfers for,

5 Index 519 in spastic equinovarus foot deformity, 502 surgical correction of, surgical correction of, 463 extensor hallucis longus transfer in, 468 flexor hallucis longus transfer in, modified Jones procedure in, modified Jones transfer with EHL tenodesis in, Claw toe deformity, flexor-to-extensor transfer for, , 479 of hallux, See also Claw hallux. with cavovarus foot, 436, tendon transfers for, with spastic equinovarus foot deformity, 502, Clubfoot, tendon transfer indications for, Coleman block test, for adult flexible cavovarus foot, 436 Compartment syndrome, bridle procedure for, advantages of, , 432 fascia repair of, operative, 430, 432 preoperative considerations of, 423 Contraction force, muscle fiber length and, 390, 392 Contractures, common primary and secondary, in equinovarus deformity, 405 hindfoot, in equinovalgus foot, joint, in equinovarus deformity, of adults, evaluation of, soft-tissue, in equinovarus deformity, of adults, 401 evaluation of, Cortical bone, in tendon transfer, 395 Crossed wire construct, for interphalangeal fusion stabilization, in claw hallux surgery, Cuneiforms, in adult flexible cavovarus foot, , 442 in bridle procedure, bone tunnel, periosteum incision, 428 middle, extensor hallucis longus tendon transfer to, for spastic equinovarus foot deformity, 499, D Deltoid ligament, superficial anterior, in posterior tibial tendon transfer, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, 407 Diplegic patients, foot deformities in, bridle procedure for, , 424, 432 Direction, attachment and, in tendon transfers, Donor motor unit, qualities of, in tendon transfers, Dorsum of foot, posterior tibial tendon transfer to through interosseous membrane, , 419. See also Bridle procedure. DuVries resection arthroplasty, for forefoot deformities, 471 Dynamic polyelectromyography, for gait analysis, in spastic equinovarus foot deformity, E Electrophysiologic aspects, of equinovarus deformity, in adults, spastic, Equinocavovarus deformity, flexible cavovarus foot vs., 436 Equinovalgus deformity, etiologies of, 489

6 520 Index paralytic, causes of, 489 clinical evaluation of, management of, arthrodesis in, , osteotomies in, , 495 tendon transfers in, 491, summary overview of, 489, tendon transfers for, paralytic, principles of, See also Tendon transfers. Equinovarus deformity, adult-acquired, spasticity with, 380 gait phases affected by, postoperative gait results, 383 tendon transfers for, tendon transfers for, flexible cavovarus foot vs., 436 spastic, See also Spastic equinovarus (SEV) foot deformity. preoperative evaluation for, summary overview of, , 512 surgery timing for, 500 surgical techniques for, after-care for, complications of, 512 tendon transfers for, in adults, additional posterior-to-anterior transfers, anterior tibial tendon transfer for, split, 412 bridle procedure for, electrophysiologic aspects of, operative principles of, operative procedures for, patient evaluation for, patient expectations for, 413 posterior tibial tendon transfer for, isolated, split, 408, 412 postoperative care of, rehabilitation following, 413 in children and adolescents, common procedures for, 414 complications of, etiologies of, 413 split anterior tibial tendon transfer, split posterior tibial tendon transfer, treatment factors of, principles of, See also Tendon transfers. Equinus deformity, in spastic equinovarus foot deformity, surgical correction of, Extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) tendon transfer, for forefoot deformities, clinical results of, closure technique for, 484, 487 complications of, 484

7 Index 521 concerns about, 486 contraindications for, 481 future of, historical perspective of, 480 indications for, 472, 481 operative technique for, postoperative management of, 485 preoperative planning for, 481 redundant tissue used for capsular repair augmentation, 484, 486 release along lateral aspect of, skin tunnel for, 483 Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) tendon, in bridle procedure, in cavovarus foot, 436 adult flexible, 436, , 445 in equinovalgus deformity, 494, 496 in equinovarus deformity, of adults, posterior tibial tendon transfer and, 412 Extensor hallucis brevis (EHB) tendon, in claw hallux correction, 466 Extensor hallucis brevis tenodesis, for hallux varus, appropriate tensioning of, 457, 459 passing through bone tunnel, proximal release and mobilization in, tendon anatomy of, 456 Extensor hallucis longus (EHL) tendon, in bridle procedure, in cavovarus foot, 436, 442 surgical correction of, in equinovalgus deformity, 494, 496 in equinovarus deformity, of adults, posterior tibial tendon transfer and, 412 of children and adolescents, anterior tibial tendon transfer and, 415 spastic, complications with surgery, 512 functional evaluation of, surgical correction of, 499, Extensor hallucis longus tendon transfer, for hallux varus, modified technique for, split technique for, to first metatarsal, for adult flexible cavovarus foot, to middle cuneiform, for spastic equinovarus deformity, 499, Extensor hallucis longus tenodesis, for claw hallux, modified Jones procedure with, Extensor tendons, in forefoot deformities correction, with overlying retinaculum, z-lengthening of, 477, 482, 486 Extrinsic foot muscles, in cavovarus foot, F Failure of tendon transfers, for equinovarus deformity, in children and adolescents, salvage procedure for, with forefoot deformities, 471 Fascia release, plantar, for cavovarus foot, 438 in posterior tibial tendon transfer, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, 407 Fascia repair, operative, with anterior compartment muscle debridement, bridle

8 522 Index procedure following, 430, 432 Fixation methods, circular fine-wire, for foot drop, 377 in adults, before tendon transfers, 404, 406 flexible pin, in forefoot deformities correction, with flexor-to-extensor procedures, 476, 479 for tendon anchoring, in peroneal transfers, for equinovalgus foot, 494, 496 soft tissue interference screw. See Interference screws. suture, See also Suture anchor fixation. Ilizarov, for ancillary soft tissue deformity, with equinovarus deformity, 408 in spastic equinovarus foot deformity surgery, for flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer to calcaneus, 508 for SPLATT, Kirschner wire, in claw hallux surgery, , 467 in forefoot deformities surgery, extensor digitorum brevis tendon transfer, 483, closure technique for, 484, 487 flexor-to-extensor procedures, in hallux varus surgery, 452 in spastic equinovarus foot deformity surgery, screw, in claw hallux surgery, 464 Flexible cavovarus foot, in adults, tendon transfers for, See also Cavovarus foot. Flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendon, in bridle procedure, in equinovarus deformity, of adults, 401 bridle procedure and, 409 surgical correction of, 407, 412 spastic, functional evaluation of, 502 surgical correction of, 499, Flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, posterior tibial tendon transfer and, 407 posterior-to-anterior, 412 spastic, to calcaneus, 499, for forefoot deformities, complications of, 479 concerns about, 480 future of, 480 harvesting and delivering to dorsum of toe, 474 indications for, 472, 481 redundant tissue used for collateral ligament reinforcement, 478 slip securing along dorsal aspect, slip separation and transfer, Flexor hallucis brevis (FHB) tendon, in claw hallux correction, Flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon, in equinovarus deformity, of adults, 401 bridle procedure and, surgical correction of, , 412 spastic, functional evaluation of, surgical correction of, 505 Flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer, in adult flexible cavovarus foot, to phalanx base, in claw hallux, in equinovarus deformity, of adults, posterior tibial tendon transfer and,

9 Index 523 posterior-to-anterior, 412 spastic, 505 Flexor tendons, z-lengthening of, in posterior tibial tendon transfer, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, 407 Flexor-to-extensor tendon transfers, for forefoot deformities, clinical results of, complications of, 479 concerns about, 480 contraindications for, 472 future of, 480 historical perspective of, 471 indications for, operative technique for, postoperative management of, 479 preoperative planning for, Foot deformities, affecting walking. See also specific deformity, e.g., Equinovarus deformity. muscle testing for, 375 static vs. dynamic, 375, 380 tendon transfer principles for, See also Tendon transfers. uniplanar vs. multiplanar, bridle procedure advantages for, , Foot drop, paralysis with. See Peroneal palsy. Forefoot deformities, in cavovarus foot, 436 adult flexible, tendon transfers for, 439, tendon transfers for, extensor digitorum brevis tendon in, clinical results of, complications of, 484 concerns about, 486 contraindications for, 481 future of, historical perspective of, 480 indications for, 472, 481 operative technique for, postoperative management of, 485 preoperative planning for, 481 flexor-to-extensor, clinical results of, complications of, 479 concerns about, 480 contraindications for, 472 future of, 480 historical perspective of, 471 indications for, , 481 operative technique for, postoperative management of, 479 preoperative planning for, for cavovarus foot, 439, valgus, with paralytic equinovalgus deformity, varus, with spastic equinovarus foot deformity, surgical correction of, Fractional muscle lengthening, for motor imbalance, 380, 383

10 524 Index Freer elevator, in flexor-to-extensor transfer, for forefoot deformities, Functional Ambulation Classification, in spastic equinovarus foot deformity evaluation, 503 G Gait analysis, for adult flexible cavovarus foot deformity, 436, 445 for spastic equinovarus foot deformity, dynamic studies in, surgical planning based on, 503 while barefoot, 503 Gait cycle/phases, foot deformities affecting, adult flexible cavovarus foot, 436, 445 in hemiplegic patients, tendon transfers improvement of, 383 muscle testing for, 375 paralytic equinovalgus foot, 489 preoperative consideration of, for bridle procedure, 423 spastic equinovarus foot, tendon transfer principles for, See also Tendon transfers. Gait training, for spastic equinovarus, 380 Garceau technique, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, 408, 412 in children and adolescents, Gastrocnemius-soleus complex, contracture of, in equinovalgus foot, in equinovarus deformity, of adults, 401, 411 spastic, functional evaluation of, proximal lengthening of, surgical correction of, recession of, for equinovalgus foot, in bridle procedure, 411, 424 Gastrocnemius-soleus complex lengthening, for foot drop, for motor imbalance, 380 for spasticity, 380 in posterior tibial tendon transfer, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, 407 proximal, for spastic equinovarus foot deformity, Girdlestone flexor-to-extensor tendon transfer, for forefoot deformities, 471 Girdlestone-Taylor flexor-to-extensor tendon transfer, for forefoot deformities, 471 Goal analysis, patient s, for tendon transfers, 387 Grice procedure, for hindfoot valgus, in equinovalgus foot, 492 Growth factors, in tendon transfers, 395 H Hallux, tendon transfers about, for claw deformity, See also Claw hallux. for varus deformity, See also Hallux varus. hyperextension and, with spastic equinovarus foot deformity, 502, summary overview of, 451, , 468 Hallux varus, causes of, 451 summary overview of, 451, 468 surgical correction of, abductor hallucis tendon transfer in,

11 Index 525 authors preferred technique for, extensor hallucis brevis tenodesis in, extensor hallucis longus transfer in, modified technique for, split technique for, Head trauma. See Brain injury. Healing process/time, of bone tendon interface, in tendon transfers, biologic and physiologic factors of, polarized light photomicrograph of, Heel cord tightness, in adult flexible cavovarus foot, 436 Heel inversion, with spastic equinovarus foot deformity, 500 Hemiplegic patients, foot deformities in, bridle procedure for, 423, 432 equinovarus deformity as, 403 gait changes with, tendon transfers improvement of, 383 Hereditary motor sensory neuropathy. See Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. Hindfoot deformities. See also Ankle deformity. in cavovarus foot, 436 adult flexible, tendon transfers for, in equinovalgus foot, surgical management of, , 495 Histologic level, of muscle/tendon length vs. tension, Hoke procedure, for Achilles tendon lengthening, in spastic equinovarus foot deformity, 499, in bridle procedure, 424 Hyperextension, of hallux, with spastic equinovarus foot deformity, 502 surgical correction of, I Ilizarov frame fixation, for ancillary soft tissue deformity, with equinovarus deformity, 408 Immobilization/mobilization. See also Ankle foot orthosis (AFO). tendon transfers and, postoperative, 378, 413. See also specific deformity or procedure. Integrity, in tendon transfers, 387, 389 Intercalary joints, mobile, in tendon transfers, 387 Interdigital neuroma, extensor digitorum brevis tendon transfer and, 481, 484 Interference screws, soft tissue, for tendon anchoring, bone anchor vs., 395 in adult flexible cavovarus foot, 440 in bridle procedure, 429, 431 in peroneal transfers, for equinovalgus foot, in spastic equinovarus foot deformity surgery, for SPLATT, 510 Intermetatarsal ligament, in extensor hallucis brevis tenodesis, Interosseous membrane (IOM), in bridle procedure, 419 authors preferences for, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, in posterior tibial tendon transfer, for adult flexible cavovarus foot, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, for foot drop,

12 526 Index Interphalangeal (IP) joints, in cavovarus foot, in claw hallux, surgical correction of, in hallux varus, surgical consideration of, proximal, in forefoot deformities, 472 extensor digitorum brevis tendon transfer and, 481 dorsolateral incision extending to, soft tissue elevation adjacent to, 483 tendon release at level of, flexor-to-extensor transfer and, future of, 480 immobilization of before FDL slip transplant, 476, 478 K-wire placement in, Intrinsic foot muscles, in cavovarus foot, adult flexible, 444 J Johnson s modified extensor hallucis longus tendon transfer, for hallux varus, Joint contractures, in equinovarus deformity, of adults, evaluation of, Joint stability, in tendon transfers, Joints, achieving motor balance across, Jones procedure, modified, for adult flexible cavovarus foot, for claw hallux, extensor hallucis longus exposure in, 463 incision locations for, interphalangeal joint fusion in, with extensor hallucis longus tenodesis, K Kirschner wire, in claw hallux surgery, , 467 in forefoot deformities surgery, extensor digitorum brevis tendon transfer, 483, closure technique for, 484, 487 flexor-to-extensor procedures, in hallux varus surgery, 452 in spastic equinovarus foot deformity surgery, for SPLATT, L L5 nerve root deficit, bridle procedure for, 421, 423 Lateral tendon, in hallux varus, release of, Leprosy, neurologic complications of, bridle procedure for, 421 tendon transfer indications for, Long extensors, of toes, in cavovarus foot deformity, Long flexors, of toes, in cavovarus foot deformity, Lower motor neuron (LMN), in equinovarus deformity, of adults, in hereditary neuropathies, tendon transfer indications for, 420

13 Index 527 M Magnesium-based bone adhesive, in tendon transfers, 396 Mallet deformity, avoidance of, in hallux varus correction, Mayer method, of physiologic transfer, of peroneal tendons, for equinovalgus deformity, McBride procedure, hallux varus occurring after, Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints, in cavovarus foot, 436 adult flexible, extensor hallucis longus tendon transfer to, flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer and, in claw hallux, surgical correction of, in forefoot deformities, 471 extensor digitorum brevis tendon transfer for, 472, See also Extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) tendon transfer. dorsolateral incision extending from, flexor-to-extensor transfer for, See also Flexor-to-extensor tendon transfers. dorsal incision for approach to, 473 exposure after longitudinal capsulotomy, 473 in hallux varus, abductor hallucis tendon transfers and, extensor hallucis brevis tendon transfers and, extensor hallucis longus tendon transfers and, Midfoot deformities, in cavovarus foot, 436 adult flexible, tendon transfers and, 439, Modified Ashworth Scale, for spasticity grading, Modified extensor hallucis longus tendon transfer, for hallux varus, Modified Jones procedure, for adult flexible cavovarus foot, for claw hallux, extensor hallucis longus exposure in, 463 incision locations for, interphalangeal joint fusion in, with extensor hallucis longus tenodesis, Motor balance, achieving across a joint, Motor imbalance, tendon transfers for, 378, 380 gastrocnemius-soleus muscle/tendon lengthening, 380 percutaneous Achilles tendon lengthening, with spastic equinovarus foot deformity, Motor sensory neuropathy, hereditary. See Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. Motor tendon unit, in bridle procedure, preoperative consideration of, 423 Muscle debridement, anterior compartment, bridle procedure following, , 423 fascia repair of, operative, 430, 432 Muscle fiber length, contraction force and, 390, 392 Muscle function testing, for adult flexible cavovarus foot, 437, 446 for spastic equinovarus foot deformity, Muscle lengthening, fractional, for motor imbalance, 380, 383 tendon transfers vs. See specific muscle.

14 528 Index Muscle power, with adult flexible cavovarus foot, 437 Muscle testing, for foot deformities affecting walking, 375 muscle grading in, Muscle transfer, synergy and phase of, in tendon transfers, 387, 389 Muscle tendon motor unit transposition, in bridle procedure, Muscle-tendon transplantation, defined, 386 historical pioneers of, 493 Muscle-tendon unit, Blix curve of, in bridle procedure, peroneus tertius, tibialis posterior, preoperative consideration of, 423 in tendon transfers, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, Muscular dystrophy, bridle procedure for, 421, 424 Myelodysplasia, bridle procedure for, 421, 424 Myosin heads, in muscle length vs. tension relationship, N Neurologic complications, of leprosy, bridle procedure for, 421 tendon transfer indications for, with tendon transfers, for equinovarus deformity, in children and adolescents, 417 Neurologic conditions, tendon transfer indications for, , See also specific condition, e.g., Cerebral vascular accident (CVA). Neurological examination, of spasticity, Neuropathies, hereditary, bridle procedure advantages for, 421, 424, 432 claw hallux related to, tendon transfer indications for, , Neurovascular structures, equinovarus deformity effect on, , 406 Neutral dorsiflexion point, in bridle procedure, sagittal plane incision with, 427 in tendon transfers, for adult flexible cavovarus foot, 441 for equinovalgus foot, 494, 496 for equinovarus foot, 510 for foot drop, 378 for spasticity, , 510 Nicotine, tendon transfers and, 396 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), tendon transfers and, 396 O Osteotomies, calcaneal, bridle procedure and, 423 for adult flexible cavovarus foot, 438, 443, reconstructive, 448 in tendon transfers, for equinovalgus deformity, , 495 for equinovarus deformity, in adults, 405 proximal phalanx, in forefoot deformities correction, 476, 478 Weil, for forefoot deformities, 471, 483, 485 P Paralysis, foot, bridle procedure for, advantages of, 421 disadvantages of, 422 causes of, 376. See also Peroneal palsy. tendon transfers for, ,

15 Index 529 with equinovalgus deformity, clinical evaluation of, etiologic aspects of, 489 management of, arthrodesis in, , osteotomies in, , 495 tendon transfers in, 491, summary overview of, 489, Patient evaluation, for tendon transfers, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, for flexible cavovarus foot, in adults, with bridle procedure, Patient expectations, for tendon transfers, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, 413 Patient s needs analysis, for tendon transfers, 387 Peroneal nerve injury. See Peroneal palsy. Peroneal palsy, foot paralysis with, tendon transfers for, bridle method advantages in, , 419, 421, posterior tibial tendon through interosseous membrane to dorsal foot, Peroneal tendons (PT), in bridle procedure, 425 for equinovarus deformity, in adults, 407, in equinovalgus deformity, transfer procedures for, authors method of, incisions for, length confirmation, 493, 495 limited sinus tarsi incision for harvesting, 492, 495 physiologic method of, 493 proposed vector of, 493, 495 proximal lateral incision at musculotendinous junction for delivery, 492, 495 skin tunnel in, 493, 496 in split posterior tibial tendon transfer, for equinovarus deformity, in children and adolescents, Peroneus brevis (PB) muscle, in cavovarus foot, Peroneus brevis (PB) tendon, in bridle procedure, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, in equinovalgus deformity, authors transfer method of, physiologic transfer method of, 493 peroneus longus transfer to, for adult flexible cavovarus foot, , 444 Peroneus longus (PL) muscle, in cavovarus foot, Peroneus longus (PL) tendon, in bridle procedure, 419, 421, , , 432 for equinovarus deformity, in adults, in equinovalgus deformity, authors transfer method of, physiologic transfer method of, 493 transfer to peroneus brevis, for adult flexible cavovarus foot, Peroneus tertius musculotendinous units, in bridle procedure, Phalanges, in cavovarus foot, 436 adult flexible, tendon transfers to, in claw hallux surgery, in forefoot deformities, extensor digitorum brevis tendon transfer and, 483 anchor site drilling in dorsal cortex of, suture anchor for securing, 483, 485 flexor-to-extensor transfer and, FDL redirection to, FDL slips crossed over dorsal aspect of,

16 530 Index release of capsular attachments, resection of distal articular surface, 475, 477 resection of proximal portion, in hallux varus surgery, 458, Phase of muscle transfer, synergy and, in tendon transfers, 387, 389 Physical examination, for spastic equinovarus foot deformity, Physical therapy. See also Rehabilitation. following hallux varus surgery, 455 for spastic equinovarus, 380 postoperative, 512 Physiologic factors, in tendon transfers, Pin fixation, flexible, in forefoot deformities surgery, flexor-to-extensor procedures, 476, 479 Plantar bolster, in bridle procedure, 429, 431 Plantar fascia release, for cavovarus foot, 438 in posterior tibial tendon transfer, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, 407 Plantar ligament, in extensor hallucis brevis tenodesis, Plantigrade position, postoperative, for equinovalgus deformity, Platelet concentrates, in tendon transfers, 396 Poliomyelitis, muscle testing for, tendon transfer indications for, 435 Polyelectromyography, dynamic, for gait analysis, in spastic equinovarus foot deformity, Posterior ankle capsular release, for foot drop, 377 Posterior tibial tendon (PTT) transfer, for adult flexible cavovarus foot, arthrodesis and, 438, in hindfoot procedures, isolated, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, split, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, 408, 412 in children and adolescents, through interosseous membrane to dorsal foot. See also Bridle procedure. for foot drop, Posterior tibialis tendon (PTT), in bridle procedure, , 428, for adult foot deformities, in equinovarus deformity, of adults, 401 bridle procedure and, surgical correction of, , 412 subcutaneous rerouting of, for adult flexible cavovarus foot, Posterior-to-anterior tendon transfers. See also specific tendon, e.g. Posterior tibial tendon (PTT). for equinovarus deformity, in adults, patient expectations for, 413 Protagonist-antagonist relationships, of equinovarus deformity, in adults, Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints, in forefoot deformities, 472 extensor digitorum brevis tendon transfer and, 481 dorsolateral incision extending to, soft tissue elevation adjacent to, 483 tendon release at level of, flexor-to-extensor transfer and, future of, 480 immobilization of before FDL slip transplant, 476, 478

17 Index 531 K-wire placement in, Pulvertaft tendon weaver, for bridle procedure, for split posterior tibial tendon transfer, Q Quadriplegic patients, foot deformities in, bridle procedure for, , 424, 432 R Radiographic evaluation, of adult flexible cavovarus foot, 437, 448 Receptor activator of nuclear factor - B ligand, in tendon transfers, Reconstructive surgery, for adult flexible cavovarus foot, results of, salvage, for forefoot deformities, 471 tendon transfers in. See Tendon transfers. Rehabilitation, postoperative. See also Physical therapy. for adult flexible cavovarus foot deformity, 439 for bridle procedure, 423 with posterior-to-anterior tendon transfers, for adult equinovarus deformity, 413 S Sagittal plane incision, with ankle in neutral dorsiflexion, in bridle procedure, 427 Salvage procedure, for forefoot deformities, 471 Sarcomere, in muscle length vs. tension relationship, Screw fixation, in claw hallux surgery, 464 soft tissue, for tendon anchoring. See Interference screws. Silfverskiold test, of Achilles tendon, 490, 492 Skin tunnel, in anterior tibial tendon transfers, 416 in bridle procedure, in extensor digitorum brevis tendon transfer, for forefoot deformities, 483 in peroneal tendon transfers, for equinovalgus deformity, 493, 496 in posterior tibial tendon transfers, for adult flexible cavovarus foot, 441 Soft tissue bed, adequate, for coverage, in tendon transfers, 387 Soft tissue deformities, ancillary, with equinovarus deformity, 411 Ilizarov frame fixation for, 408 Soft tissue interference screws, for tendon anchoring. See Interference screws. Soft tissue lengthening techniques, before tendon transfers, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, , 406 Soft tissue reconstructions, in posterior tibial tendon transfer, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, 407 Soft-tissue contractures, in equinovarus deformity, of adults, 401 evaluation of, posterior tibial tendon transfer and, Soleus muscle. See Gastrocnemius-soleus complex. Spastic equinovarus (SEV) foot deformity, following stroke and head injury, adultacquired, following stroke and head injury, summary overview of, , 512 surgery for, after-care for, complications of, 512

18 532 Index goal of, 499 preoperative evaluation in, techniques for, timing of, 500 surgery timing for, 500 surgical techniques for, Achilles tendon lengthening, calf weakness correction, claw toe deformity correction, equinus deformity correction, forefoot varus correction, hallux hyperextension correction, proximal lengthening of gastrocnemius-soleus complex, SPLATT as, 500, tibialis posterior lengthening, 510 varus deformity correction, Spasticity, adult-acquired, gait phases affected by, , 383 tendon transfers for, 380 gastrocnemius-soleus muscle/tendon lengthening, 380 percutaneous Achilles tendon lengthening, postoperative gait results, 383 bridle procedure for, advantages of, 421, 423 disadvantages of, 422, 432 grading of, Modified Ashworth Scale for, neurological examination of, Spinal cord lesions, tendon transfer indications for, 435 Split anterior tibial tendon transfer (SPLATT), for equinovarus deformity, in adults, 412 in children and adolescents, spastic, 499, functional evaluation for, timing of, 500 for motor imbalance, 380, 383 Split extensor hallucis longus tendon transfer, for hallux varus, Split posterior tibial tendon transfer, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, 408, 412 in children and adolescents, Stability, tendon transfers and, of bone tendon interface, operative considerations and techniques for. See specific procedure. platform for weight bearing, 376 prerequisite bone and joint, with equinovarus deformity, in adults, 405 with adult flexible cavovarus foot, 437 Steinman pin, in spastic equinovarus foot deformity surgery, for flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer to calcaneus, 508 for SPLATT, Strayer procedure, in bridle procedure, Strength, appropriate, in tendon transfers, Strength testing, muscular, for adult flexible cavovarus foot, 437, 446 Stroke. See Cerebral vascular accident (CVA). Subtalar joint instability, in equinovalgus foot, surgical management of, , 495 Sural nerve, bridle procedure,

19 Index 533 Suture anchor fixation, for tendon anchoring, in bridle procedure, 429, in extensor digitorum brevis tendon transfer, for forefoot deformities, 483, 485 in peroneal transfers, for equinovalgus foot, 494, 496 Suture weave, in bridle procedure, authors preferences for, , 430 Synergy, phase of muscle transfer and, in tendon transfers, 387, 389 T Tarsometatarsal joint, in equinovalgus deformity, 496 Tendon anchoring, in bridle procedure, authors preferences for, 429, 431 in tendon transfers, 392, Tendon lengthening, fractional, for motor imbalance, 380, 383 tendon transfers vs. See specific tendon. Tendon sheath, anterior tibial, in physiologic transfer, of peroneal tendons, for equinovalgus deformity, 493 Tendon suspension, defined, 386 Tendon transfer, defined, 386 Tendon transfers, balancing foot with, across a joint, ankle foot orthosis vs., basic procedures for. See also specific procedure. anterior tibial tendon subcutaneous rerouting, split technique, 380, 383 bridle method as, , See also Bridle procedure. fractional muscle lengthening, gastrocnemius-soleus muscle/tendon lengthening, 380 percutaneous Achilles tendon lengthening, posterior tibial tendon through interosseous membrane to dorsal foot, transfer to neutral dorsiflexion point as, discussion on, 383 motor imbalance and, 378, 380 motor testing in, 375 muscle grading in, paralysis and, spasticity and, 380 gait phases affected by, postoperative gait results, 383 stability for weight bearing in, 376 summary overview of, 375 basic principles for decisions about, appropriate amplitude, appropriate strength, direction and attachment, integrity, 387, 389 synergy and phase of muscle transfer, 387, 389 epidemiology of, 386 for cavovarus foot, adult flexible, arthrodesis and, 438, basic principles of, 438

20 534 Index etiologic aspects of, evaluation of, forefoot procedures in, 439, hindfoot procedures in, midfoot procedures in, 439, , 445 preoperative determination of fixed vs., 435, progressive direction and location of, 439 purposes of, 438 results review of, securing methods in, 439 summary overview of, 435, 449 surgical goals for, for equinovalgus deformity, paralytic, arthrodesis vs., , clinical evaluation of, etiologic aspects of, 489 osteotomy vs., , 495 procedures and techniques for, 491, summary overview of, 489, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, additional posterior-to-anterior transfers, anterior tibial tendon transfer for, split, 412 bridle procedure for, electrophysiologic aspects of, operative principles of, operative procedures for, patient evaluation for, patient expectations for, 413 posterior tibial tendon transfer for, isolated, split, 408, 412 postoperative care of, rehabilitation following, 413 in children and adolescents, common procedures for, 414 complications of, etiologic aspects of, 413 split anterior tibial tendon transfer, split posterior tibial tendon transfer, treatment factors of, spastic, EHL transfer to middle cuneiform, 499, FDL transfer to calcaneus, 499, summary overview of, 401, 417 for forefoot deformities, extensor digitorum brevis tendon in, 472, flexor-to-extensor, for hallux deformities, claw, hyperextension and, with spastic equinovarus foot deformity, 502, summary overview of, 451, , 468 varus,

21 Index 535 history of, nomenclature for, 386 planning and performing of, basic principles to base decisions for, biologics in, formation of stable bone tendon interface in, immobilization/mobilization in, location in, 395 nicotine in, 396 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in, 396 physiologic factors in, prerequisites for successful, tendon anchoring in, 392, tensioning in, prerequisites for successful, adequate soft tissue bed for coverage, 387 analysis of patient s need and goals, 387 bony and joint stability, donor motor unit qualities, mobile intercalary joints, 387 summary overview of, 385, 397 Tendon translocation, defined, 386 Tendon-muscle elongation, in tendon transfers, 390, 392 Tendon-to-bone interface. See Bone tendon interface. Tenosuspension, defined, 386 Tension/tensioning, in tendon transfers, Blix curve of, extensor hallucis brevis tenodesis and, for hallux varus, 457, 459 histologic level of, of extensor digitorum brevis tendon, for forefoot deformities, , 486 of flexor digitorum longus tendon, for forefoot deformities, 480 tendon-muscle elongation and, 390, 392 Tibial tendon sheath, anterior, in physiologic transfer, of peroneal tendons, for equinovalgus deformity, 493 Tibialis anterior muscle, in cavovarus foot, Tibialis posterior muscle, in cavovarus foot, in spastic equinovarus foot deformity, 500 lengthening of, 510 Toe clawing. See Claw toe deformity. Triple arthrodesis, for adult flexible cavovarus foot deformity, 438, Tri-tendon anastomosis, in bridle procedure, , 432 U Upper motor neuron (UMN), in equinovarus deformity, of adults, 402 spastic, 499 in hereditary neuropathies, tendon transfer indications for, 420 Upper motor neuron syndrome (UMNS), in spastic equinovarus foot deformity, 402 dynamic evaluation of, 499, 501 timing of surgery and, 500

22 536 Index V Valgus deformity. See also Equinovalgus deformity. static vs. dynamic, 375, 380 Varus deformity. See also Equinovarus deformity. adult flexible cavovarus deformity, tendon transfers for, See also Cavovarus foot. cavovarus, components of, 436 coexisting ankle, with equinovalgus deformity, with equinovarus deformity, in adults, 407 coexisting forefoot, with equinovalgus deformity, equinocavovarus, flexible cavovarus foot vs., 436 in spastic equinovarus foot deformity, surgical correction of, of hallux, See also Hallux varus. static vs. dynamic, 375, 380 Vascular compromise, with tendon transfers, for equinovarus deformity, in children and adolescents, 417 W Walking, foot deformities affecting. See also specific deformity, e.g., Equinovarus deformity. muscle testing for, 375 static vs. dynamic, 375, 380 tendon transfer principles for, See also Tendon transfers. Weight bearing, stable platform for, with tendon transfers, 376 Weil osteotomy, for forefoot deformities, 471, 483, 485 Wound closure, with tendon transfers. See also specific procedure or tendon. for equinovarus deformity, in children and adolescents, 416 of extensor digitorum brevis tendon, for forefoot deformities, 484, 487 Wound infections, postoperative, with tendon transfers, for equinovarus deformity, in children and adolescents, 416 spastic, 512 Z Z-lengthening, of extensor tendons, in forefoot deformities correction, 477, 482, 486 of flexor tendons, in posterior tibial tendon transfer, for equinovarus deformity, in adults, 407