Accessory Ossicles of the Foot and Ankle

Transcription

1 Accessory Ossicles of the Foot and Ankle Poster No.: C-0978 Congress: ECR 2016 Type: Educational Exhibit Authors: U. Kesimal, M. OYNAK, C. Cevikol; Antalya/TR Keywords: Anatomy, Musculoskeletal bone, Musculoskeletal system, MR, Normal variants, Trauma DOI: /ecr2016/C-0978 Any information contained in this pdf file is automatically generated from digital material submitted to EPOS by third parties in the form of scientific presentations. References to any names, marks, products, or services of third parties or hypertext links to thirdparty sites or information are provided solely as a convenience to you and do not in any way constitute or imply ECR's endorsement, sponsorship or recommendation of the third party, information, product or service. ECR is not responsible for the content of these pages and does not make any representations regarding the content or accuracy of material in this file. As per copyright regulations, any unauthorised use of the material or parts thereof as well as commercial reproduction or multiple distribution by any traditional or electronically based reproduction/publication method ist strictly prohibited. You agree to defend, indemnify, and hold ECR harmless from and against any and all claims, damages, costs, and expenses, including attorneys' fees, arising from or related to your use of these pages. Please note: Links to movies, ppt slideshows and any other multimedia files are not available in the pdf version of presentations. Page 1 of 19

2 Learning objectives Describe the anatomic localizations of common accessory ossicles of the foot and ankle, Describe the MRI characteristics of accessory ossicles Discuss the clinical importance of accessory ossicles of the foot and ankle Background Accessory ossicles of the foot and ankle are normal variants which vary widely in their prevelance and appearance. These bones may sometimes cause painful syndromes and clinical trouble in trauma patients, therefore knowledge of their radiologic appearance is essential for proper diagnosis and management. Familiarity with these normal variants is also important to prevent wrong diagnoses. This presentation describes an overview of accessory ossicles around the foot and ankle with MR imaging characteristics. Their anatomy, epidemiology and differential diagnosis are also discussed. Examples of accessory pain syndromes and diagnostic pitfalls in trauma cases are presented. Findings and procedure details Accesory ossicles are extra bones that usually originate from an unfused primary or secondary ossification center and their function is not well known. Sesamoids are small bones that are partially or totally embedded within a joint capsule or a tendon that passes over a joint. Their function is to decrease friction to protect the tendon from injury and improve the tendons biomechanical function [1,2]. Both of these entities have similar imaging features, being ovoid or nodular, well corticated, small bones and they can be bipartite or multipartite [1]. Os peroneum: Os peroneum is located within the peroneus longus tendon near the cuboid with an oval or round shape ( Fig. 1 on page 4 ). It has been stated in the literature that os peroneum can be cartilagenous, fibrocartilagenous or ossified. Os peroneum accepted as a normal part of the skleton by some authors that can present in everyone in cartilaginous form [1,2]. The ossified form is present in 26 % of the population. It can be bipartite (%30) [3] or multipartite. Fracture of os peroneum can be seen following trauma and possible differential diagnoses are from os vesalianum, apophysis and avulsion fracture of the 5th Page 2 of 19

3 metatarsal [2]. Also os peroneum can cause peroneus longus tenosynovitis, tendon tear and os peroneum syndrome which is one of the reasons of lateral plantar foot pain ( Fig. 2 on page 5 ) [3,4]. Os subfibulare: Os subfibulare is an accessory ossicle located at the tip of the lateral malleolus ( Fig. 3 on page 6 ). There are different theories regarding its formation. Some authors think it may be the result of an avulsion fracture of the lateral malleolus caused by the traction of the anterior talofibular ligament whereas others think of os subfibulare as a real sesamoid that originates from an accessory ossification center [2]. They are usually asymptomatic but they can cause painful syndromes that result from degenerative process or fracture of the bone itself. The main differential diagnosis is avulsion fracture of the lateral malleolus. Accessory navicular: Accessory navicular bone, also called os tibiale externum, is the second most common accesory bone of the foot, with a reported incidence of 4-21 % [5]. It can be present adjacent to the navicular tuberosity. Three different types have been reported in the literature. Type I is a sesamoid bone within the posterior tibial tendon ( Fig. 4 on page 7 ). Type II is the most common type that accounts for 50 % of all accesory navicular bones ( Fig. 5 on page 8 ) which results from a persistent secondary ossification center [1,2,5], connected to the tuberosity by a fibrocartilaginous synchondrosis and posterior tibial tendon inserts at this accesory bone [5]. Type III is a prominent navicular tuberosity also called cornuate navicular ( Fig. 6 on page 9 ). Type II is the most symptomatic type and it can mimic avulsion fracture. Also, accessory navicular syndrome can cause pain that is localized to the medial aspect of the navicula and bone marrow edema can be observed on MRI in accesory ossicle and navicula ( Fig. 7 on page 10 ) [6]. Os trigonum: Os trigonum is an unfused secondary ossification center located posterior to the talus ( Fig. 8 on page 11 ). Os trigonum articulates with posterolateral talus through a fibrocartilagenous synchondrosis. Os trigonum can be present in 1-25% of the population [7]. They are best seen on lateral radiographs and may be bipartite ( Fig. 9 on page 12 ) or multipartite. Fracture of the lateral process of talus (also known as Shepherd's fracture) should be distinguished from os trigonum. Os trigonum can cause posterior ankle impingement syndrome in relation to its size and stability ( Fig. 10 on page 13 ). Os calcaneus secundarius: Page 3 of 19

4 Os calcaneus secundarius is an accessory ossicle located adjacent to the anterior calcaneal process ( Fig. 11 on page 13 ). This rare ossicle's incidence is stated to be between 0.6 and 7 % [5]. It is difficult to distinguish os calcaneus secundarius from a fracture of the anterior process of calcaneus. In such situations MRI is to demonstrate the bone marrow edema of the fractured calcaneal process. Os supranaviculare: Os supranaviculare is located adjacent to dorsal navicula ( Fig. 12 on page 14 ) [1]. This ossicle is also known as talonavicular dorsale, talonavicular ossicle or Pirie's bone [5,7]. It is a very rare accessory ossicle, present in 1% of the population [8]. Os supranaviculare is easily detected on lateral ankle radiographs. It can be misdiagnosed as a cortical avulsion fracture of the tarsal navicular which mostly occurs in middle-aged women who wear high-heeled shoes [5]. Hallucal sesamoids: Hallux sesamoid bones are always seen at foot radiographs [7]. They are normally ovalshaped, and completely included in the flexor hallucis brevis tendon ( Fig. 13 on page 15 ). There is a medial and lateral hallux sesamoid with the medial one commonly being bipartiate ( Fig. 14 on page 16 ) [1,2]. Therefore, bipartiate hallucal sesamoids can be misdiagnosed as fractures in trauma patients. Also, infection like sesamoiditis ( Fig. 15 on page 17 ), arthritis and osteonecrosis can cause pain [1]. Images for this section: Page 4 of 19

5 Fig. 1: Os peroneum (Sagittal T1 weighted MRI). Page 5 of 19

6 Fig. 2: Peroneus longus tendinopathy; os peroneum with increased intensity of peroneus longus tendon and adjacent soft tissue edema(proton density and T1 weighted axial images respectively). Page 6 of 19

7 Fig. 3: Sagittal T1 weighted ankle MRI shows os subfibulare. Page 7 of 19

8 Fig. 4: Type I accessory os navicular bone (T1 wighted Sagittal and axial images). Page 8 of 19

9 Fig. 5: Type II accessory os naviculare (T1 weighted axial image). Page 9 of 19

10 Fig. 6: Type III accessory os naviculare (Axial and sagittal T1 weighted images). Page 10 of 19

11 Fig. 7: Type II accessory os naviculare with painful accessory navicular sydrome. Bone marrow edema of navicula and the accessory navicular bone is present (PD fat saturated images). Page 11 of 19

12 Fig. 8: Small os trigonum adjacent to the lateral process of the talus. Page 12 of 19

13 Fig. 9: Bipartiate os trigonum. Fig. 10: Increased signal intensity of the os trigonum and surrounding soft tissue edema is seen in a patient with painful ankle and clinical examination is consistent with posterior ankle impingement syndrome. Page 13 of 19

14 Fig. 11: Os calcaneus secundarius; located adjacent to the anterior calcaneal process (T1 weighted sagittal and transvers images). Page 14 of 19

15 Fig. 12: Os supranaviculare is located adjacent to dorsal navicula. Page 15 of 19

16 Fig. 13: Medial (yellow arrow) and lateral (red arrow) sesamoid bones. Page 16 of 19

17 Fig. 14: Bipartiate sesamoid bone (T1 weighted sagittal image). Page 17 of 19

18 Fig. 15: In a case without history of trauma, intensity changes of lateral sesamoid bone is considered as sesomoiditis. Page 18 of 19

19 Conclusion When imaging is performed for traumatic or non-traumatic foot pain, the presence of accessory ossicles can cause misdiagnosis. Therefore; knowledge of MRI features of accessory ossicles is important, especially when a patient undergoes MRI because of foot pain. An understanding of the appearances of these bones in MRI will prevent the radiologist from making a false diagnosis. Personal information References O. Kenechi Nwawka, Daichi Hayashi, Luis E. Diaz, Ajay R. Goud, William F. Arndt, Frank W. Roemer, et al. Sesamoids and accessory ossicles of the foot: anatomical variability and related pathology. Insights Imaging Oct; 4(5): Kose O. The Accessory Ossicles of the Foot and Ankle. The Journal Of Academic Emergency Medicine. 2012; 11: Brigido MK, Fessell DP, Jacobson JA, Widman DS, Craig JG, Jamadar DA et al. Radiography and US of os peroneum fractures and associated peroneal tendon injuries: initial experience. Radiology 237: Seon Jeong Oh, Young Hoon Kim, Sun Ki Kim, M.D.,and Min-Wook Kim. Painful Os Peroneum Syndrome Presenting as Lateral Plantar Foot Pain. Ann Rehabil Med Feb; 36(1): Mellado JM, Ramos A, Salvad. E, Camins A, Dan.s M, Saur. A. Accessory ossicles and sesamoid bones of the ankle and foot: imaging findings, clinical significance and differential diagnosis. Eur Radiol 2003; 13 Suppl 6: L Schweitzer ME, Karasick D. MR imaging of disorders of the posterior tibialis tendon. Am J Roentgenol 175: Coskun N, Yuksel M, Cevener M, et al. Incidence of accessory ossicles and sesamoid bones in the feet: a radiographic study of the Turkish subjects. Surg Radiol Anat 2009; 31: Tsuruta T, Shiokawa Y, Kato A, et al. Radiological study of the accessory skeletal elements in the foot and ankle. Nippon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi 1981; 55: Page 19 of 19