Biomechanics: Assessing Injury Causation
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1 Biomechanics: Assessing Injury Causation Michael L. Markushewski, Chief Technical Officer Steve Dines, Vice President, Business Development January 13, 2016
2 Outline Experience Background Accident Reconstruction Delta-V Biomechanics Human Tolerance Case Studies
3 Who is ARCCA, Inc.? ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION BIOMECHANICAL INJURY ANALYSIS CRASHWORTHINESS FAILURE ANALYSIS
4 ARCCA Locations Seattle Reno Chicago Pittsburgh Boston Philadelphia Tampa
5 Research and Development Sample Projects Include: TWA Flight 800 NIOSH Ambulance Crash Safety NHTSA Advanced Auto Seat Belt Design Child Seat / Child Dummy Development Design of New Seating and Restraint for Army Ground Vehicles Space Shuttle Survivability NHL Player Safety
6 Research and Development Sample Projects Include: TWA Flight 800 NIOSH Ambulance Crash Safety NHTSA Advanced Auto Seat Belt Design Child Seat / Child Dummy Development Design of New Seating and Restraint for Army Ground Vehicles Space Shuttle Survivability NHL Player Safety
7 Research and Development NIOSH Ambulance Crash Safety
8 Research and Development NIOSH Ambulance Crash Safety
9 Research and Development Ambulance Crash Safety
10 Research and Development Sample Projects Include: TWA Flight 800 NIOSH Ambulance Crash Safety NHTSA Advanced Auto Seat Belt Design Child Seat / Child Dummy Development Design of New Seating and Restraint for Army Ground Vehicles Space Shuttle Survivability NHL Player Safety
11 Research and Development Sample Projects Include: TWA Flight 800 NIOSH Ambulance Crash Safety NHTSA Advanced Auto Seat Belt Design Child Seat / Child Dummy Development Design of New Seating and Restraint for Army Ground Vehicles Space Shuttle Survivability NHL Player Safety
12 Research and Development Design of New Seating & Restraint for Army Ground Vehicles Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP)
13 Research and Development Sample Projects Include: TWA Flight 800 NIOSH Ambulance Crash Safety NHTSA Advanced Auto Seat Belt Design Child Seat / Child Dummy Development Design of New Seating and Restraint for Army Ground Vehicles Space Shuttle Survivability NHL Player Safety
14 Research and Development Sample Projects Include: TWA Flight 800 NIOSH Ambulance Crash Safety NHTSA Advanced Auto Seat Belt Design Child Seat / Child Dummy Development Design of New Seating and Restraint for Army Ground Vehicles Space Shuttle Survivability NHL Player Safety
15 NHL Player Safety
16 NHL Player Safety
17 Multi-Vehicle Accident
18 How Do You Determine If a Collision Is Protectable? Delta-V Human Tolerance Design of the Vehicle
19 What Is Delta-V? A measure of the amount of energy transferred in a crash: Can be calculated by measuring the post-impact motion of the vehicle Can be calculated by measuring the crush of the vehicle
20 Rigid Barrier 35 mph
21 Rigid Barrier 35 mph
22 Offset Frontal 40 mph
23 Offset Frontal 40 mph
24 Offset Frontal 40 mph
25 Five Mile-Per-Hour Impact
26 Five Mile-Per-Hour Impact
27 Panic Stop Braking
28 Delta-V Alone Does Not Indicate the Severity of Crash Severity of a crash depends on: Direction of Force Delta-V Crash Pulse Sudden Stop Severity Gradual stop Event Start Event End Pulse (Time) Event End
29 Human Tolerance
30 A1 How Do You Determine If a Collision Is Protectable? Delta-V Human Tolerance Design of the Vehicle
31 Slide 30 A1 Miike: Protectable--this is not a word-- pedrhaps use "Is it possible to avoid injuries or collision" Or "..minimize injuries. Administrator, 10/18/2005
32 How Do You Determine If a Collision Is Protectable? Delta-V Human Tolerance Design of the Vehicle
33 Human Tolerance These tolerance levels are expressed in terms of Gs (units of gravitational force). Human tolerance levels vary depending on the direction from which a force is applied.
34 Human Tolerance Rear impact (+X) is strongest impact direction of the human body - as long as head and neck are properly supported and aligned with the torso. Approximately 40 g s with proper head and neck support in +X direction. (Beeding ~ 1958) At least 6 g s with no head support in the +X direction. (Patrick)
35 Human Tolerance
36 Human Tolerance
37 Human Tolerance The human tolerance levels of a properly restrained occupant have been studied since the 1950s Colonel John P. Stapp on Accelerator Sled Sonic Wind, 1954, 632 mph, > 40 g, 1.4 sec stopping time (Ref: Stapp Car Crash Conference Archives)
38 Human Tolerance
39 Colonel John Stapp: Post-Test
40 Medical Doctor v. Biomechanical Engineer
41 Biomechanical Injury Mechanisms
42 Biomechanical All injuries have mechanisms
43 Biomechanical Injury Mechanism All injuries have mechanisms
44 Biomechanical Injury Mechanisms Rotator Cuff Injuries Rotator Cuff Labrum Tear Typically from overhead repetitive motions Typically from direct impact/dislocation to shoulder or onto outstretched arms
45 Biomechanics - Shoulder
46 Biomechanical Injury Mechanisms Shoulder Elbow Wrist
47 Human Tolerance
48 Human Tolerance
49 Human Tolerance
50 Human Tolerance
51 Human Tolerance In Position 6 Out-of-Position 20 Out-of-Position
52 Human Tolerance
53 Human Tolerance Lumbar Force Compression Force (lbs) Lifting 10 lbs mph 5 mph 6 OOP 5 mph 20 OOP Chair Plop 3 Chair Plop 10
54 Case Study - Rear Impact Backhoe Operator
55 Case Study Rear Impact Backhoe Operator Driver: Age 34 Wt: 245 Ht: 5 10 C4-C5 disc bulge C5-C6 disc herniation Occupation: Construction Worker Backhoe Operator L4-L5 disc herniation L5-S1 disc herniation
56 Case Study Rear Impact Backhoe Operator Understand Injury: identify injury mechanism Herniated disc caused by combination of compressive force and bending
57 Case Study Rear Impact Backhoe Operator
58 Case Study Rear Impact Backhoe Operator: Lumbar Force -Compression Force (lbs) Lifting 10 lbs mph 5 mph 5 mph Chair Chair 6 OOP 20 OOP Plop 3 Plop 10 Backhoe Operator
59 Traumatic Brain Injuries - TBI Traumatic Brain Injury - Focal Brain Injury - Diffuse Brain Injury (mtbi/concussion) Thresholds - Determine Onset - Determine Severity FOCAL - Impact DIFFUSE - Rotation
60 Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome (TMJ)
61 Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome (TMJ) Plaintiff s Theory for TMJ - Rear impacts cause quick and excessive mouth opening during hyperextension of the head/neck. Rear Impact (11g)
62 Case Study - Sideswipe Dodge Stratus sideswiped by an International tractor/trailer as tractor slowly passed her in stop and go traffic on I-84 in CT Damage consisted of broken side view mirror.
63 Case Study - Sideswipe C3-C4 Disc Herniation C4-C5 Disc Herniation C5-C6 Disc Herniation C6-C7 Disc Herniation C7-T1 Disc Herniation T12-L1 Disc Bulge L1-L2 Disc Bulge L2-L3 Disc Bulge L3-L4 Disc Herniation L4-L5 Disc Herniation L5-S1 Disc Herniation
64 Case Study - Sideswipe
65 Case Study - Sideswipe Testing indicated that at maximum force, the acceleration of the subject Stratus would be a maximum of 0.2g, based upon the weight of the subject Dodge Stratus.
66 Case Study - Sideswipe Testing indicated that at maximum force, the acceleration of the subject Stratus would be a maximum of 0.2g, based upon the weight of the subject Dodge Stratus. $ 500,000 Demand = Jury Verdict: $0
67 Airport Tug Accident Reconstruction
68 Airport Tug Accident Reconstruction
69 Airport Tug Accident Reconstruction
70 Airport Escalators and Moving Walkways
71 70 SLIPS, TRIPS, FALLS
72 Slips, Trips, and Falls
73 Slips, Trips, and Falls
74 Slips, Trips, and Falls
75 Slips, Trips, and Falls
76 Case Study: Steps at Condo
77 Case Study: Steps at Condo 8 8 5
78 Case Study: Steps at Condo 8 8 5
79 Case Study: Steps at Condo 8 8 5
80 Slips, Trips, and Falls Plaintiff Walking Down Stairs Water On Landing Slips On Landing With Left Foot and Falls to Left
81 Slips, Trips, and Falls Analysis Slip resistance testing shows adequate friction Wearing 1-1/2 thick flip-flops Fracture of lateral malleolus
82 Slips, Trips, and Falls Posterior View: Left Ankle Tibia Fibula Talus Calcaneus (Heel)
83 Slips, Trips, and Falls CASE STUDY INJURY MECHANISMS
84 Fraud
85 Biomechanics - Electromyography (EMG)
86 Biomechanics - Electromyography (EMG)
87 Biomechanics - Electromyography (EMG)
88 Biomechanics - Electromyography (EMG)
89 Biomechanics - Electromyography (EMG) % MVC Lifting Coffee Pot This Incident (Shears) Lifting Gallon of Water Lifting 40 lb Suitcase
90 THE EXPERTS YOU NEED. THE EXPERIENCE YOU TRUST.
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