CHAPTER 12 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

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1 CHAPTER 12 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

2 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Observing people s strange-seeming behaviors, we may wonder what is going on inside their heads. Most people would say these behaviors are out of the ordinary---perhaps even puzzling or disturbing.

3 Defining Disorder Psychological Disorder is defined as a harmful dysfunction in which behaviors are maladaptive, unjustifiable, disturbing, and atypical. Maladaptive, or destructive to oneself. Fear of snakes Behavior of a teenage girl. Man who sat naked to get an air bath. Unjustifiable without a rational basis. not rational to refuse to leave your home to avoid nonpoisonous snakes. Depression of teenage girl because she lost her family in a fire. Benjamin Franklin doing an air bath.

4 Continued Disturbing---troublesome to other people. 1. Woman s fear of snakes disturbs her husband. 2. Young woman reaction to her loss disturbs her concerned family 3. Benjamin Franklin air bath, not observed by others, didn t disturb anyone. Atypical- so different that they violate a norm. It doesn t matter if my behavior is different from yours by living in different cultures. It only matters whether people in my culture think my behavior is abnormal. 1. Woman not wanting to leave her home because of nonexistent snakes 2. Grief-stricken girl. 3. Benjamin Franklin air bathing.

5 Understanding Disorders Philippe Pinel ( )- French physican who worked to reform the treatment of people with mental disorders. Medical Model Pinel say psychological disorders as sickness, not demonic possession. Salem Witch Trials. Medical Model is the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and most cases, cured.

6 Bio-psycho-social perspective. Bio-psycho-social perspective- is a perspective which assumes that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders. Biological- your genetic predisposition, or hereditary susceptibility to a disorders. Psychological part- our thoughts or thinking patterns. Social- student s different expectations about relationships. Break ups.

7 DSM-IV-TR DSM-IV-TR- The American Psychiatric Association s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disorders. Clinical psychologists and psychiatrists classify psychological disorders according to their symptoms. 1. Describe the disorder. 2. Predict the future course of the disorder 3. Treat the disorder appropriately. 4. Provide a springboard for research DSM-IV-TR is divided into 17 major categories with descriptions and estimates of people with the mental disorders.

8 Drawbacks and advantages of labeling Drawback in labeling people is that labels influence our expectations of how people will behave. As a result we see what we expect to see. Media- people with psychological disorders are violent. Truth: 90 Percent of people are not violent. Advantage Psychologists and psychiatrist use the classification, or set labels found in DSM-IV-TR to understand the process of disorders to guide people to better outcome in their treatment.

9 SECTION 12-2 ANXIETY AND MOOD DISORDERS

10 LET S BREAK THE ICE!! What does it mean to be anxious? What behaviors do anxious people exhibit? How many different mood do people normally experience in a day?

11 Anxiety Disorders We all experience anxiety in our lives, often in response to stressful events. Anxiety is a vague feeling of apprehension and nervousness. Basis of anxiety disorders. Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by persistent, unexplained feelings of apprehension and tenseness. Panic disorder is marked by sudden bouts of intense unexplained panic. Phobia is marked by disruptive, irrational fears of objects or situations. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is marked by unwanted, repetitive thoughts and actions. Posttraumatic stress disorder is marked by reliving a severely upsetting event in unwanted recurring memories and dreams.

12 Generalized Anxiety and Panic Disorder Individuals with generalized anxiety disorder must experience at least three of these symptoms. Restlessness, feeling on edge, difficulty concentrating or mind going blank, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance. With panic attacks, they usually last several minutes usually involving physical symptoms as choking sensations or shortness of breath. ***We may all feel panic at some point in our lives, but imagine having these attacks several times a day.

13 Phobias We almost always associate the word phobia with fear. Fear alone is not enough. The fear must also be disruptive. Most phobias involve fear of an object Names of phobias are formed by combining the Greek word for the object with phobia. Social phobias produce fear in social situations. These phobias can impair a person s ability to lead a normal life. Agoraphobia is fear of situations the person views as difficult to escape from; panic begins to build. Most people with this disorder become trapped in their own homes or in similar safe zones.

14 WHO IS THIS CHARACTER?

15 Common and Not-So-Common Phobias Blood Hematophobia Darkness Nyctophobia Germs Spermophobia Heights Acrophobia Snakes Ophidiophobia Spiders Arachanophobia Air Aerophobia Churches Ecclesiaphobia Eyes Ommatophobia Shadows Sciophobia Swallowing Phagophobia Trees Dendrophobia Enclosed Space Claustrophobia Which do you identify with if any?

16 OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER Two major symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder are, obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are repetitive thoughts and compulsions are repetitive actions. We all have compulsions. These tendencies can be helpful sometimes. Ex. Most good athletes are obsessed with winning and compulsive about training. Negative example is obsession focusing on germs and develops compulsion in the form of repetitive hand washing. As long as people have the opportunity to engage in their rituals, their anxiety remains under control.

17 HERE ARE SOME ATHLETES KNOWN FOR THEIR OBSESSION WITH WINNING.

18 POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Posttraumatic stress disorder- intense stress is the trigger, and symptoms include nightmares, persistent fear, difficulty relating to others, & troubling flashbacks of the traumatic events. People who are associated with this disorder are: military combat veterans, rape victims, abused children, & rescue workers who have to clean up gruesome accident sites.

20 CAUSES OF ANXIETY DISORDERS BIOLOGICAL FACTORS Heredity-Some of us inherit predisposition, or likelihood, for developing anxiety disorders. Brain Function-Brain scanning techniques show that people with anxiety disorders have brains that literally function differently from those of people who do not have anxiety disorder. Evolution- We are likely to fear situations that posed danger to the earliest humans. People who did not have a healthy dose of fear didn t survive.

21 LEARNING FACTORS CONDITIONING-Ivan Pavlov became famous for his studies in which dogs learned to associate the sound of a tuning fork. Observational learning- Children can also learn fears at their parents knees. Reinforcement- We also learn to associate emotions with actions, depending on the result that follow those actions.

22 MOOD DISORDERS Depression- anguished depression can be normal response to tragic events. Major Depressive Disorder- mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences at least two weeks of depressed moods, diminished interest in activities, and other symptoms such as feeling worthlessness. You can also sleep more than usual, fatigue, recurrent thoughts of death or suicide, significant changes in weight or appetite.

23 BIPOLAR DISORDER Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness of depression and the overexcited and unreasonably optimistic state of mania. During this, a person may go long periods without sleeping, experience changeable, racing thoughts, be easily distracted and set impossible goals.

24 CAUSES OF MOOD DISORDERS Biological Factors Heredity and Brain Functions Social-Cognitive Factors Learned Helplessness- People develop a sense of helplessness when subjected to unpleasant events over which they have little or no control. Attributions-When things go wrong, we try to explain them. It turns out that depressed people are likely to make attributions.

25 Review What are characteristics of phobia disorder? What is anxiety? Name two phobias. What are characteristics of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

26 Section 3: Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders.

27 Dissociative Disorders Dissociate is the opposite of associate (to make connections). Dissociative disorders are disorders in which the sense of self has become separated from previous, thoughts, memories, or feelings. Have 3 different types of Dissociative Disorders Dissociate Amnesia- loss of memory of traumatic event Dissociative Fugue- loss of identity and travel to a new location Dissociative Identity- disorder-two or more distinct personalities.

28 Dissociative Amnesia Amnesia is memory loss, any number of factors, including drug use, can cause it. Head injury, fatigue, and physical disorders such Alzheimer s disease can also cause amnesia. 18 year old lost his memory of sailing a cruise with friends off coast of Florida. His friends all died due to a storm. Due to the emotional trauma, the young man lost all memory of the tragic storm and several days of hope to be rescued.

29 How is dissociative fugue differ from dissociative amnesia? Dissociative fugue is characterized by loss of identity and travel to a new location. The word fugue come from same root as fugitive. A fugue can be short, lasting only a few hours, or long, lasting months or years. Person may develop new identity, form new friends, or even enter new line of work. Development of fugue state comes from an unconscious response to extreme stress.

30 Why is the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder controversial? Dissociative identity disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder) is where an individual experiences two or more distinct and alternating personalities. These subpersonalities can differ in age, sex, and self-perception of physical characteristics. Changes in brain function (Putnam, 1991) or handedness (Henniger, 1992) Psychologists debate whether it really exists. Clinicians may be unintentionally suggesting multiple personalities to their clients.

31 What is schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is the most frightening and most misunderstood psychological disorder. Here are some facts to dispel the myths. Schizophrenia is not one disorder. It is not split personality ****It occurs in about 1 % of the population. *** Schizophrenia is a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.

32 Causes of Schizophrenia Common symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, and inappropriate emotions or behaviors Delusions Delusions of grandeur are false beliefs that you are more important than you really are. Famous political leader like Abe Lincoln Delusions of persecution are false beliefs of being responsible that people are out to get you. CIA following you Delusions of sin or guilt are false beliefs of being responsible for some misfortune. Cause of a plane crash because did not brush teeth Delusions of influence are false beliefs of being controlled by outside forces. The devil made me do it.

33 Hallucinations is a false perception. People with this usually experience auditory. Hearing voices in their head. Inappropriate Emotions or behaviors. Types of Schizophrenia Paranoid Schizophrenia characterized by delusions. Catatonic Schizophrenia characterized by variations in voluntary moments. Disorganized schizophrenia characterized by bizarre behavior, delusions, and hallucinations. Undifferentiated schizophrenia characterized by symptoms that are disturbed buy are not clearly consistent with the paranoid.

34 Causes of Schizophrenia Biological Factors Genetics- risk of schizophrenia increases greatly if relative have the disorder. Brain structure- Brains are different from those who have a normal brain. Have smaller amounts of brain tissue. Prenatal viruses- A viral infection during the middle of pregnancy may also cause schizophrenia. Psychological factors

35 Personality Disorders Personality disorders are psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and lasting behavior patterns that disrupt social functioning. Personality Disorders related to anxiety- Individuals with avoidant personality disorder are so sensitive about being rejected that personal relationships become difficult. Dependent personality disorder are those who are clingy and very submissive Personality Disorders with Odd or Eccentric Behaviors- Individuals with Paranoid personality disorder show deep distrust of other people. They are the true hermits. Personality Disorders with Dramatic or Impulsive Behaviors- Those with borderline personality disorder exhibit, above all else, instability of emotions, self-image, behavior, and relationsips.

36 Cont. Antisocial Personality Disorder- is the most dramatic of all personality disorders. People show absolute no concern for the rights of others. People are willing to engage wide-ranging criminal behaviors which they show no remorse. It is much more likely to occur in males than in females. People with this disorder are often charming and clever, which help them get away with their misdeeds.

Psychological Disorders

Myers PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 16 Psychological Disorders James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorder a harmful dysfunction in which behavior