Effect of Mutation in Immunodominant Neutralization Epitopes on the Antigenicity of Rotavirus SA-11
|
|
- Spencer Doyle
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 J. gen. Virol. (1985), 66, Printed in Great Britain 2375 Key words: rotaviruses/antigenieity/antiserum selection Effect of Mutation in Immunodominant Neutralization Epitopes on the Antigenicity of Rotavirus SA-11 By DOUGLAS R. KNOWLTON AND RICHARD L. WARD* James N. Gamble Institute of Medical Research, 2141 Auburn Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45219, U.S.A. (Accepted 22 July 1985) SUMMARY Exposure of rotavirus SA-11 to polyclonal neutralizing antibody from hyperimmunized guinea-pigs permitted selection of variants which were poorly neutralized by antisera against the parental virus. In one-way cross-neutralization experiments, at least 22 of 24 plaque-purified variants could be classified as belonging to a serotype different from that of the parent. Most antisera generated against the variants, however, readily neutralized the parental virus. This indicates that immunodominant neutralization epitopes in the parent differed from those in the variants. Changes in immunodominant epitopes caused the serotypic relationships between the variants and other strains of rotavirus to differ from those of the parental SA-11. The serotypic relatedness of human strain P (human serotype 3) was reduced while, in contrast to results found with the parental SA-11, several of the antisera against the variants recognized the bovine rotavirus NCDV as the same serotype. Causes for these changes are discussed. INTRODUCTION Rotaviruses are a major cause of acute diarrhoeal disease in young animals and a common cause of morbidity and mortality in man, especially in infants and young children (DuPont, 1984). Development of an effective vaccine to protect against human rotaviruses is clearly needed. There are at least four known serotypes of human rotaviruses (Hoshino et al., 1984; Wyatt et al., t983) and studies conducted with calves and pigs suggest that there is little crossprotection between animal rotavirus serotypes (Bohl et al., 1984; Gaul et al., 1982; Woode et al., 1983). Human studies have suggested that some cross-protection exists (Vesikari et al., 1984) but re-infection and illness have been documented in both children and adults (Cukor & Blacklow, 1984). Thus, effective protection against rotavirus disease by active immunization may require a vaccine composed of antigens from multiple serotypes. The number of human rotavirus serotypes that currently exist and may develop in the future is not known. One method used to determine this number has been to conduct cross-neutralization studies with numerous isolates collected throughout the world. This is both tedious and costly, and the results may be valid for only a limited time because of the potential evolution of new serotypes. An alternative approach used in this report was to study serotypic changes in rotavirus under selective laboratory conditions. The method used was to expose rotavirus to neutralizing antibodies and allow survivors to replicate in cultured cells. Based upon the frequency of mutation at any one antigenic site found with other RNA viruses (Portner et al, 1980), about one out of every infectious particles should have an alteration at one of its neutralization epitopes. Such mutants should have a survival advantage under the selective conditions employed. Therefore, after multiple cycles of treatment and replication, variants with altered antigenicities could conceivably be obtained at all dominant neutralization epitopes that elicit the production of significant amount; of neutralizing antibodies (i.e. immunodominant epitopes) provided that such changes were not lethal. This type of selection procedure has been used successfully with several viruses SGM
2 2376 D.R. KNOWLTON AND R. L. WARD employing monoclonal neutralizing antibodies (Emini et al., 1982; Gerhard et al., 1981 ; Portner et al., 1980) and with influenza and visna viruses using polyclonal neutralizing antibodies (Clements & Narayan, 1984; Fasekas de St. Groth, 1975). The rotavirus chosen for this study was the simian strain SA-11. This virus was selected because it belongs to the same serotype as certain human strains (Hoshino et al., 1984) and large numbers of infectious particles can be produced in cultured cells, thus increasing the probability of variant production and selection. METHODS Cells and viruses. Growth and infectivity assays of all strains of rotaviruses were conducted in MA-104 cells, a rhesus monkey kidney cell line. Cells were grown in monolayer cultures in Special Eagle's MEM, Richter's modification (Special MEM) from Irvine Scientific Co., Santa Ana, Ca., U.S.A., containing 10~ foetal calf serum and antibiotics (100 U penicillin, 100 gg streptomycin, 2-5 gg amphotericin B per ml). Viruses studied included SA-11 (simian) provided by M. K. Estes, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tx., U.S.A., OSU (porcine) and NCDV (bovine) purchased from The American Type Culture Collection, and three human strains, Wa, P and ST3, all provided by R. G. Wyatt, NIH, Bethesda, Md., U.S.A. All viruses were grown in medium without serum but containing 2 lag trypsin per ml. Viral lysates were frozen and thawed, centrifuged at 1000 g to remove cell debris, and stored in aliquots at -70 C. Purification ofrotaviruses. Viral lysates were frozen and thawed, centrifuged at 1000 g for 20 rain, and layered onto an 8 ml cushion of CsC1 (1-4 g/ml). After centrifugation (SW27, r.p.m., 1 h), the banded virus was removed and the density of CsCI was adjusted to 1.37 g/ml. The virus was then purified by isopycnic gradient centrifugation (SW50.1, r.p.m., 24 h) and dialysed against phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 10 mm-caci2. Purified virus was stored at 4 C until used for inoculation of guinea-pigs. Preparation ofhyperimmune sera in guinea-pigs. A series of three intraperitoneal injections of infectious purified rotaviruses was given after collection of preimmune guinea-pig (Hartley strain) serum by heart puncture. The first injection was with complete Freund's adjuvant, the second with incomplete Freund's adjuvant, and the third without adjuvant. The injections were separated by 3-week intervals, and 0-2 to 0.5 ml containing at least 5 x 106 infectious viruses was used on each injection. Animals were bled by heart puncture beginning 1 week following the final injection. Sera were heat-inactivated (56 C, 30 min) and stored at -20 C. In]ectivity (plaque) and neutralization assays. Confluent monolayers of MA-104 cells in 60 mm tissue culture plates were washed twice with Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS) and inoculated with 0.2 ml of virus diluted in EBSS. After a 1 h adsorption at 37 C, 5 ml of overlay medium was added (Special MEM with antibiotics and 2 lag trypsin, 25 lag DEAE-dextran, and 1.8 mg agarose per ml) and incubation was continued at 37 C. After 3 to 5 days, the soft agarose overlay was poured from the plates and the cells were stained with crystal violet solution to help visualize plaques. Neutralization of virus by hyperimmune guinea-pig antiserum was performed by mixing equal volumes of diluted virus and serum followed by a 30 min incubation at 37 C. The dilution buffer was EBSS which contained 10~ tryptose phosphate broth to stabilize the viruses against heat inactivation. After neutralization, virus survival was determined by the plaque assay. Antiserum titres were expressed as the reciprocals of the dilutions required to neutralize 60~ of infectious viruses. Selection ofserotypic rariants of SA-11. An SA-I 1 isolate obtained after triple plaque purification was used to prepare hyperimmune sera in two guinea-pigs (787 and 793). The respective titres of these sera were and Antiserum 787 was used in the selection procedure. The initial selection step was to mix an equal volume of a lysate of the plaque-purified virus (5 x 108 p.f.u./ml) with a 1 : 100 dilution of antiserum and to allow the majority of infectious particles to be neutralized during 30 min at 37 C. Survivors were isolated by plaquing and 24 were picked for further selection. After growth in MA-104 cells, lysates of each were again neutralized with the same concentration of antiserum and survivors re-grown. This process was repeated for 22 passages using antiserum 787, a point at which no further selection appeared to have occurred for several passages as determined by plaque neutralization. The process was then repeated for an additional 16 passages with an antiserum against the parent of the plaque-purified isolate. The second antiserum was chosen because it had a very high titre ( ) and was made against non-plaque-purified SA-I 1 which theoretically could have a greater variety of immunodominant neutralization epitopes. Variants selected with this antiserum would potentially be less likely to contain any of the usual immunodominant SA-I1 neutralization epitopes. After 39 total passages, plaque-purified isolates were obtained from each of the 24 cultures. These were analysed to determine the effect of the selection procedure. RESULTS Analysis of serotypic variants of SA-11 The 24 plaque-purified isolates of SA-11 obtained after 39 selective passages following treatment with anti-sa-11 sera were analysed to determine their serotypic relationships to the
3 Table 1. Antigenicity of rotavirus SA-11 Neutralization titres of anti-sa-11 sera against parental virus and variants Virus Parent Variant (V) V01 V 02 V 03 V 04 V 05 V 06 V 07 V O8 V O9 V 10 VII V12 V13 Vl4 Vl5 V16 Vl7 VI8 V19 V 20 V21 V 22 V 23 V 24 Antiserum titre* A Antiserum 787 Antiserum <100 (> 128)t 800(32) 100 (128) 400(64) 100 (128) 800 (32) 200 (64) 800 (32) 200 (64) 400(64) 1600 (8) 1600 (16) < 100 (> 128) 1600 (16) 100 (128) 800(32) 200 (64) 400(64) 200 (64) 800 (32) < 100 (> 128) 400 (64) 100 (128) 800(32) 200 (64) 800(32) 100 (128) 800 (32) 200 (64) 800 (32) * Antiserum titres are expressed as the reciprocals of the serum dilution required to neutralize at least 60~ of infectious viruses as determined by plaque assay. I" Numbers in parentheses are the ratios of homologous/heterologous titres parental virus. The initial antiserum preparations used for these neutralization assays were against the plaque-purified parent. The dilution of antiserum 787 (used to select variants) necessary to cause comparable neutralization of variants and parents differed by at least 64-fold for all but one of the variants (no. 10) which differed by eightfold (Table l). Thus, 23 out of 24 variants were recognized as serotypes different from the parent serotype by this one-way test, i.e. antibody titres against the homologous and heterologous viruses differed by 20-fold or more (Hoshino et al., 1984; Wyatt et al., 1983). A similar result was obtained when a second antiserum against the plaque-purified parent (antiserum 793) was tested (Table 1). This antiserum had not been used in the selection procedure. The differences in homologous and heterologous antibody titres were generally somewhat less with this antiserum than with the antiserum used for selection. This is probably due to slight differences in antibody response in the two hyperimmunized guinea-pigs. However, 22 of the 24 variants were still recognized as serotypes different from the parent. To determine whether the variants could be truly classified as serotypes different from the parent serotype, the two-way cross-neutralization experiments were completed. That is, the neutralization titres of antisera from guinea-pigs hyperimmunized with variant viruses were determined for the homologous viruses and the parent. Six of the 24 variants were used for this study, and two guinea-pigs were hyperimmunized with each. In all but one case (antiserum 714), the antisera recognized the variants and parent as the same serotype (Table 2). Furthermore, the homologous/heterologous titres of one-half of these antisera differed by less than 2. As shown above, antisera against the parental SA-11 failed to recognize all six of these variant viruses as the same serotype. Thus, immunodominant neutralization epitopes in the parental virus differed from those of the variants. This could cause the serotypic relationships between the variants and
4 2378 D.R. KNOWLTON AND R. L. WARD Table 2. Neutralization titres of antisera made against SA-11 variants and tested against the homologous variants and the parental SA-I I Antiserum against variant (V) Antiserum titres against homologous variant or parent* 5 Variant Antiserum Variant (V) Parent (SA-11) V/SA-11 V V V V V V * Antiserum titres are the reciprocals of the dilutions required to neutralize 60% of infectious viruses as determined by graphic interpolation of plaque assays, other strains of rotavirus to differ from those observed with the parental SA-11. This possibility was examined. Serotypic relationships of SA-11 and variants with other rotavirus strains SA-11 is a simian rotavirus that belongs to the same serotype as certain canine and equine strains as well as human rotaviruses classified as serotype 3 (Hoshino et al., 1984). One of the human rotavirus representatives of serotype 3 (strain P) was tested for its serotypic relatedness to the SA-11 parent and its variants. Antisera against the parental SA-11 recognized P as the same serotype (i.e. homologous/heterologous titres < 20) and one antiserum against P (antiserum 705) recognized the parental SA-11 as the same serotype while a second antiserum (706) recognized SA-11 as a different but closely related serotype (Table 3). In contrast, 11 out of the 12 antisera against the six variants had homologous/heterologous titres against P of greater than 40. Thus, only one (antiserum 721) recognized P as the same or even a closely related serotype. Likewise, antisera against P neutralized the parental SA-11 at least five times more efficiently than they neutralized the variants. Differences in serotypic relatedness of the SA-11 parent and its variants to rotaviruses belonging to other serotypes were also measured. Three of the rotaviruses tested, all from different serotypes, were poorly neutralized by antisera against both the SA-11 parent and variants (results not shown). These included representatives of human serotypes 1 (Wa) and 4 (ST3) and a porcine rotavirus (OSU). A different observation was made when crossneutralization experiments were conducted with NCDV, a bovine rotavirus. Antisera against the parental SA-11 poorly neutralized NCDV (i.e. homologous/heterologous titres >60) as shown in Table 3. Likewise, antisera against NCDV failed to neutralize either the parental SA- 11 or the variants at the dilutions tested (i.e. homologous/heterologous titres > 29). However, all but one of the antisera made against the variants (antiserum 714) neutralized N CDV better than did antisera against the parent and five out of 12 of these antisera did not distinguish NCDV as a different serotype. DISCUSSION It has been shown that RNA viruses contain major neutralization epitopes which can mutate at a high rate to a state of neutralization resistance (Portner et al., 1980). Viruses altered in this
5 Table 3. Serotype relationships of parental SA-11 and variants with rotavirus strains P and NCDV NCDV < OOO 4OOOO 33OOO ' ~D Antiserum against strain P, parental SA-11, variant (V) or NCDV r ~ F Virus Antiserum P P * SA-I V < V <200 V < V < V < V < NCDV Antiserum titre against different strains of rotavirus SA-I1 V01 V 04 V 15 V 18 V 19 V < 800 < 800 < 800 < 800 < < 1600 < 1600 < 1600 < 1600 < < < 100 < < 200 < 500 < 500 < 500 < 500 < 500 < 500 <200 < 1000 < 1000 < 1000 < 1000 < 1000 < 1000 < 200 < 1000 < 1000 < 1000 < 1000 < 1000 < 1000 < 200 < 1000 < 1000 < 1000 < 1000 < 1000 < 1000 * Homologous reactions are in bold type.
6 2380 D.R. KNOWLTON AND R. L. WARD manner at a sufficient number of sites should escape detection by an immune system primed to recognize the parental strain. In the same way, viruses belonging to different serotypes should also escape detection and may be able to initiate new cycles of infection. The only limitation in number of serotypes may be the lethality of certain changes. Acceptable changes appear to be much more limited with some viruses than others as reflected by the number of their serotypes. At least seven distinct serotypes of rotavirus have been identified using hyperimmune sera in two-way cross-neutralization experiments (Hoshino et al., 1984). This implies that the immunodominant neutralization epitopes in these viruses are antigenically different. Alteration of these epitopes through mutation could change the original serotypic relationships. Virus strains that originally shared immunodominant epitopes may no longer do so and new immunodominant epitopes may be shared by viruses that previously belonged to different serotypes. These new dominant epitopes could be alterations of the old dominant epitopes or epitopes that were immunorecessive in the original virus. As shown in this report, rotavirus strain SA-11 does contain readily mutable dominant neutralization epitopes. Variants selected for these mutations were poorly neutralized by antisera made against the parental virus. However, antisera made against the variants in hyperimmunized guinea-pigs readily neutralized the parental SA-11 in 11 out of 12 cases. One explanation for these results is that the mutational events caused immunorecessive neutralization epitopes in parental SA-11 to become immunodominant in the variants. The new immunodominant epitopes could either contain part of the original dominant epitopes or be totally new epitopes. Another explanation was proposed by Fasekas de St. Groth (1975) who made similar observations with influenza viruses. He suggested that mutants selected through the use of polyclonal antiserum should contain larger amino acids in their antigenic sites than their predecessor. Antibodies made against these mutants should also neutralize the predecessors but antibodies against the predecessors should not neutralize the mutants because of steric hindrance at the antibody-binding sites. Other explanations are also possible. Changes in immunodominant neutralization epitopes caused the variants to have different serotypic relationships with other rotavirus strains from those of the parental SA-11. We and others (Hoshino et al., 1984) have shown SA-11 can be classified as the same serotype as the human strain P. This relationship was lost in the variants as determined by two-way crossneutralization experiments. The only exception noted was with one antiserum against variant 22 (antiserum 721) which readily neutralized strain P. Because this antiserum neutralized the homologous virus and the parental SA-11 equally, it apparently contained neutralizing antibodies against an epitope(s) that was similar if not the same in the parent, the variant and P. From these results, we conclude that the variants contained at least some mutations in immunodominant neutralization epitopes common to both SA-I 1 and P. Alterations in immunodominant epitopes of SA-11 also changed its serotypic relatedness to the bovine rotavirus NCDV, but in the opposite direction. Two-way cross-neutralization experiments demonstrated that the parental SA-11 and NCDV were different serotypes and antisera against NCDV also failed to neutralize the variants. However, antisera against the variants recognized NCDV as the same serotype in five out of 12 cases and as a closely related serotype in six other cases. The exception was antiserum 714 which also poorly neutralized the parental SA-11 and, therefore, must have contained neutralizing antibodies directed against antigenic determinants altered by mutation. The results found with the other 11 antisera imply that some of the immunodominant neutralization epitopes in the variants were present in SA-11 and NCDV, but were immunorecessive in both. This conclusion supports the explanation that immunodominant neutralization epitopes in the variants were primarily immunorecessive in the parental SA-11. If this conclusion can be extended, it is possible that most, if not all, serotypes of rotavirus share neutralization epitopes but many remain immunorecessive. If certain of these shared sites cannot be altered without loss of viability, as has been suggested for other viruses (Emini et al., 1984), production of antibodies against determinants in these sites may provide lasting protection against all rotaviruses that share these same determinants. The implications of this possibility are very important in production of useful vaccines against rotaviruses.
7 Antigenicity of rotavirus SA REFERENCES BOHL, E. H., THEtL, K. W. & SAIF, L. J. (1984). Isolation and serotyping of porcine rotaviruses and antigenic comparison with other rotaviruses. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 19, CLEMENTS, J. E. & NARAYAN, O. (1984). Immune selection of virus variants. In Concepts In Viral Pathogenesis, pp Edited by A. L. Notkins & M. B. A. Oldstone. Wien & New York: Springer-Verlag. CUKOR, G. & BLACKLOW, N. R. (1984). Human viral gastroenteritis. Microbiological Reviews 48, DUPONT, H. L. (1984). Rotavirus gastroenteritis - some recent developments. Journal of Infectious Diseases 149, EMINI, E. A., BRADFORD, J. A., LEWIS, A. J., LARSEN, G. R. & WIMMER, E. (1982). Poliovirus neutralization epitopes: analysis and localization with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Journal of Virology 43, EMINI, E. A., JAMESON, B. A. & WIMMER, E. (1984). Identification of a new neutralization antigenic site on poliovirus coat protein VP2. Journal of Virology 52, FASEKAS DE ST. GROTH, S. (1975). The phylogeny of influenza. In Negative Strand Viruses, vol. 2, pp Edited by B. W. J. Mahy & R. D. Barry. New York: Academic Press. GAUL, S. K., SIMPSON, T. F., WOODE, G. N. & FULTON, R. W. (1982). Antigenic relationships among some animal rotaviruses: virus neutralization in vitro and cross-protection in piglets. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 16, GERHARD, W., YEWDELL, J., FRANKEL, M. E. & WEBSTER, R. (1981). Antigenic structure of influenza virus hemagglutinin defined by hybridoma antibodies. Nature, London 240, HOSHINO, Y., WYATT, R. G., GREENBERG, H. B., FLORES, J. & KAP1KIAN, A. Z. (1984). Serotypic similarity and diversity of rotaviruses of mammalian and avian origin as studied by plaque-reduction neutralization. Journal of lnjectious Diseases 149, PORTNER, A., WEBSTER, R. G. & BEAN, W. J. (1980). Similar frequencies of antigenic variants in Sendai, vesicular stomatitis, and influenza A viruses. Virology 104, VESIKARI, T., ISOLAURI, D., D'HONDT, E., DELEM, A., ANDRE, F. E. & ZISSIS, G. (1984). Protection of infants against rotavirus diarrhoea, by RIT 4237 attenuated bovine rotavirus strain vaccine. Lancet i, WOODE, G. N., KELSO, N. E., SIMPSON, T. F., GAUL, S. K., EVANS, L. E. & BABIUK, L. (1983). Antigenic relationships among some bovine rotaviruses: serum neutralization and cross-protection in gnotobiotic calves. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 18, WYATT, R. G., JAMES, H. D., JR, PITTMAN, A. L., HOSHINO, Y., GREENBERG, H. B., KALICA, A. R., FLORES, J. & KAPIKIAN, A. Z. (1983). Direct isolation in cell culture of human rotaviruses and their characterization into four serotypes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 18, (Received 27 March 1985)
of canine rotavirus (strains A79-10 and LSU 79C-36) and with newly defined third (14) and fourth (15) human rotavirus serotypes.
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, JUlY 1983, p. 169-173 0019-9567/83/070169-05$02.00/0 Copyright 1983, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 41, No. 1 Serological Comparison of Canine Rotavirus with Various Simian
More informationIn Vitro Cultivation of Human Rotavirus in MA 104 Cells
Acute Diarrhea: Its Nutritional Consequences in Children, edited by J. A. Bellanti. Nestle, Vevey/Raven Press, New York 1983. ETIOLOGIC AGENTS OF ACUTE DIARRHEA In Vitro Cultivation of Human Rotavirus
More informationImmune Response to Rotavirus Polypeptides after Vaccination with Heterologous Rotavirus Vaccines (RIT 4237, RRV-1)
J gen Virol (1987), 68, 1993 1999 Printed in Great Britain 1993 Key words: rotavirus/vaccine/immune response Immune Response to Rotavirus Polypeptides after Vaccination with Heterologous Rotavirus Vaccines
More informationProduction of Reassortant Viruses Containing Human Rotavirus VP4 and SA11 VP7 for Measuring Neutralizing Antibody following Natural Infection
CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY, Sept. 1997, p. 509 514 Vol. 4, No. 5 1071-412X/97/$04.00 0 Copyright 1997, American Society for Microbiology Production of Reassortant Viruses Containing
More informationPersistent Infection of MDCK Cells by Influenza C Virus: Initiation and Characterization
J. gen. Virol. (199), 70, 341-345. Printed in Great Britain 341 Key words: influenza C virus/interferon/persistent infection Persistent Infection of MDCK Cells by Influenza C Virus: Initiation and Characterization
More informationAntigenic and biochemical characterization of bovine rotavirus V1005, a new member of rotavirus serotype 10
Journal of General Virology (1990), 71, 2625-2630, Printed in Great Britain 2625 Antigenic and biochemical characterization of bovine rotavirus V1005, a new member of rotavirus serotype 10 Harald Briissow,
More informationRotavirus Isolate W161 Representing a Presumptive New Human Serotype
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Sept. 1987, p. 1757-1762 0095-1137/87/091757-06$02.00/0 Copyright C 1987, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 25, No. 9 Rotavirus Isolate W161 Representing a Presumptive
More informationAntigenic relationships among human rotaviruses as determined by
Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 87, pp. 7155-7159, September 1990 Medical Sciences Antigenic relationships among human rotaviruses as determined by outer capsid protein VP4 (rotavirus VP4 expression/rotavirus
More informationDefinition of Human Rotavirus Serotypes by Plaque Reduction Assay
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, July 1982, p. 110-115 Vol. 37, No. 1 0019-9567/82/070110-06$02.00/0 Definition of Human Rotavirus Serotypes by Plaque Reduction Assay RICHARD G. WYATT,* HARRY B. GREENBERG, WALTER
More informationAnalysis of Host Range Restriction Determinants in the Rabbit Model: Comparison of Homologous and Heterologous Rotavirus Infections
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Mar. 1998, p. 2341 2351 Vol. 72, No. 3 0022-538X/98/$04.00 0 Copyright 1998, American Society for Microbiology Analysis of Host Range Restriction Determinants in the Rabbit Model:
More informationRotavirus Stability and Inactivation
J. gen. Virol. (I979), 43, 403-409 403 Prhtted in Great Britain Rotavirus Stability and Inactivation By MARY KOLB ESTES,* DAVID Y. GRAHAM,t ERIC M. SMITH AND CHARLES P. GERBA Department of Virology and
More informationIsolation and Characterization of an Equine Rotavirus
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Sept. 1983, p. 585-591 0095-1137/83/090585-07$02.OO/O Copyright C 1983, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 18, No. 3 Isolation and Characterization of an Equine Rotavirus
More informationAntibodies. of rotavirus was recognized in 252 (36.1%) of them by. employing a confirmatory ELISA which utilizes goat preimmune
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Apr. 1984, p. 516-52 95-1137/84/4516-5$2./ Copyright 1984, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 19, No. 4 Relative Frequency of Rotavirus Subgroups 1 and 2 in Venezuelan
More informationBovine Rotavirus Serotypes and Their Significance for Immunization
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Sept. 1984, p. 342-346 Vol. 20, No. 3 0095-1137/84/090342-05$02.00/0 Copyright (C 1984, American Society for Microbiology Bovine Rotavirus Serotypes and Their Significance
More informationEfficiency of Human Rotavirus Propagation in Cell Culture
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, June 1984, p. 748-753 0095-1137/84/060748-06$02.00/0 Copyright 1984, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 19, No. 6 Efficiency of Human Rotavirus Propagation in Cell
More informationSerological Analysis of the Subgroup Protein of Rotavirus, Using Monoclonal Antibodies
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Jan. 1983, p. 91-99 Vol. 39, No. 1 0019-9567/83/010091-09$02.00/0 Copyright C 1983, American Society for Microbiology Serological Analysis of the Subgroup Protein of Rotavirus,
More informationNeutralization Epitopes on VP4 and VP7 after Rotavirus Infection or Vaccination
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1991, p. 483-487 0095-1137/91/030483-05$02.00/0 Copyright X3 1991, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 29, No. 3 Antibody Response to Serotype-Specific and Cross-Reactive
More informationNOTES CONTAMINATION OF CYNOMOLGUS MONKEY KIDNEY CELL CULTURES BY HEMAGGLUTINATING SIMIAN VIRUS (SV 5)
Japan. J. Med. Sci. Biol., 18, 151-156, 1965 NOTES CONTAMINATION OF CYNOMOLGUS MONKEY KIDNEY CELL CULTURES BY HEMAGGLUTINATING SIMIAN VIRUS (SV 5) Since the extensive use of cynomolgus monkey kidney cell
More informationSerotype between Bovine Rotavirus Strains
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Feb. 1993, p. 354-358 0095-1137/93/020354-05$02.00/0 Copyright X 1993, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 31, No. 2 Two-Way Cross-Neutralization Mediated by a Shared
More informationA. S. BRYDEN, HEATHER A. DAVIES*, M. E. THOULESS AND T. H. FLEWETT Regional Virus Laboratory, East Birmingham Hospital, Birmingham, B9 5ST PLATE VIII
DAGNOSS OF ROTAVRUS NFECTON BY CELL CULTURE A. S. BRYDEN, HEATHER A. DAVES*, M. E. THOULESS AND T. H. FLEWETT Regional Virus Laboratory, East Birmingham Hospital, Birmingham, B9 5ST PLATE V ROTAVRUS infection
More informationSOME PROPERTIES OF ECHO AND COXSACKIE VIRUSES IN TISSUE CULTURE AND VARIATIONS BY HEAT
THE KURUME MEDICAL JOURNAL Vol. 9, No. 1, 1962 SOME PROPERTIES OF ECHO AND COXSACKIE VIRUSES IN TISSUE CULTURE AND VARIATIONS BY HEAT SHIGERU YAMAMATO AND MASAHISA SHINGU Department of Microbiology, Kurume
More informationPERSISTENT INFECTIONS WITH HUMAN PARAINFLUENZAVIRUS TYPE 3 IN TWO CELL LINES
71 PERSISTENT INFECTIONS WITH HUMAN PARAINFLUENZAVIRUS TYPE 3 IN TWO CELL LINES Harold G. Jensen, Alan J. Parkinson, and L. Vernon Scott* Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Oklahoma
More informationG. W. WOOD J. C. MUSKETT and D. H. THORNTON MAFF, Central Veterinary Laboratory, New Haw, Weybridge, Surrey, U.K.
J. Comp. Path. 1986 vol. 96 OBSERVATIONS ON THE ABILITY OF AVIAN REOVIRUS VACCINMATION OF HENS TO PROTECT THEIR PROGENY AGAINST THE EFFECTS OF CHALLENGE WITH HOMOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS STRAINS By G. W.
More information(;[rowth Charaeteristies of Influenza Virus Type C in Avian Hosts
Archives of Virology 58, 349--353 (1978) Archives of Virology by Springer-Verlag 1978 (;[rowth Charaeteristies of Influena Virus Type C in Avian Hosts Brief Report By M ~R A~N D. AUSTIn, A. S. MONTO, and
More informationEVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A 7% ACCELERATED HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-BASED FORMULATION AGAINST CANINE PARVOVIRUS
Final report submitted to Virox Technologies, Inc. EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A 7% ACCELERATED HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-BASED FORMULATION AGAINST CANINE PARVOVIRUS Syed A. Sattar, M.Sc., Dip. Bact., M.S.,
More informationIdentification of Two Subtypes of Serotype 4 Human Rotavirus by
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, JUlY 1988, P. 1388-1392 Vol. 26, No. 7 0095-1137/88/071388-05$02.00/0 Copyright 1988, American Society for Microbiology Identification of Two Subtypes of Serotype 4 Human
More informationHuman Rotavirus Studies in Volunteers: Determination of Infectious Dose and Serological Response to Infection
THE JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES VOL. 154, NO.5. NOVEMBER 1986 1986 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 0022-1899/86/5405-0015$01.00 Human Rotavirus Studies in Volunteers: Determination
More informationLongitudinal Studies of Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Rotavirus in Stools and Sera of Children following Severe Rotavirus Gastroenteritis
CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY, Nov. 1998, p. 897 901 Vol. 5, No. 6 1071-412X/98/$04.00 0 Copyright 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Longitudinal Studies of
More informationINTRABULBAR INOCULATION OF JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS TO MICE
THE KURUME MEDICAL JOURNAL Vol. 15, No. 1, 1968 INTRABULBAR INOCULATION OF JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS TO MICE TOSHINORI TSUCHIYA Department of Microbiology, and Department of Ophthalmology, Kurume University
More informationProduction of Interferon Alpha by Dengue Virus-infected Human Monocytes
J. gen. Virol. (1988), 69, 445-449. Printed in Great Britain 445 Key words: IFN-ct/dengue virus/monocytes Production of Interferon Alpha by Dengue Virus-infected Human Monocytes By ICHIRO KURANE AND FRANCIS
More informationPlaque Assay of Sendai Virus in Monolayers of a Clonal Line
JOURNAL OF CUNICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Feb. 1976. p. 91-95 Copyright 1976 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 3, No. 2 Printed in U.SA. Plaque Assay of Sendai Virus in Monolayers of a Clonal Line of Porcine
More informationBlocking Interhost Transmission of Influenza Virus by Vaccination in the Guinea Pig Model
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Apr. 2009, p. 2803 2818 Vol. 83, No. 7 0022-538X/09/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/jvi.02424-08 Copyright 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Blocking Interhost Transmission
More informationEthylenediaminetetraacetate
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, June 1980, p. 1148-1153 0099-2240/80/06-1148/06$02.00/0 Vol. 39, No. 6 Comparative Study on the Mechanisms of Rotavirus Inactivation by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and
More informationEffect of Complement and Viral Filtration on the
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, JUlY 1968, p. 1076-1080 Copyright @ 1968 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 16, No. 7 Printed in U.S.A. Effect of Complement and Viral Filtration on the Neutralization of Respiratory
More informationNeutralization Epitopes on Poliovirus Type 3 Particles: an Analysis Using Monoclonal Antibodies
J.-gen. Virol. (1984), 65, 197-201. Printed in Great Britain 197 Key words: poliovirus type 3/monoclonal Abs/neutralization/immunoblot Neutralization Epitopes on Poliovirus Type 3 Particles: an Analysis
More informationThe Kinetics of DEAE-Dextran-induced Cell Sensitization to Transfection
J. gen. Virol. (1973), x8, 89 93 8 9 Printed in Great Britain The Kinetics of DEAE-Dextran-induced Cell Sensitization to Transfection (Accepted 19 October 972 ) DEAE-dextran has commonly been found to
More informationStability of Rotavirus
APPLED AND ENVRONMENTAL MCROBOLOGY, June 1980, p. 1154-1158 Vol. 39, No. 6 0099-2240/80/06-1 154/05$02.00/0 Effects of Wastewater Sludge and ts Detergents on the Stability of Rotavirus RCHARD L. WARD'*
More informationDistinctive Characteristics of Crude Interferon from Virus-infected Guinea-pig Embryo Fibroblasts
J. gen. Virol. (1984), 65, 843-847. Printed in Great Britain 843 Key words: IFN/guinea-pig/acid-labile Distinctive Characteristics of Crude Interferon from Virus-infected Guinea-pig Embryo Fibroblasts
More informationAn Immunological Study of Avian, Viral and Bacterial Neurarninidase Based on Specific Inhibition of Enzyme by Antibody
J. gen. Microbiol. (1963), 32, 225-233 Printed in Great Britain 225 An Immunological Study of Avian, Viral and Bacterial Neurarninidase Based on Specific Inhibition of Enzyme by Antibody BY G. L. ADA AND
More informationIsolation of Rhinovirus Intertypes Related to Either Rhinoviruses 12 and 78 or 36 and 58
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Apr. 1983, p. 213-218 0019-9567/83/040213-06$02.00/0 Copyright 1983, American Society for Microbiology Isolation of Rhinovirus Intertypes Related to Either Rhinoviruses 12 and 78
More informationBY F. BROWN, B. CARTWRIGHT AND DOREEN L. STEWART Research Institute (Animal Virus Diseases), Pirbright, Surrey. (Received 22 August 1962) SUMMARY
J. gen. Microbial. (1963), 31, 179186 Prinied in Great Britain 179 The Effect of Various Inactivating Agents on the Viral and Ribonucleic Acid Infectivities of FootandMouth Disease Virus and on its Attachment
More informationHost Restriction of Friend Leukemia Virus. Role of the Viral Outer Coat (mice/fv-1 locus/vesicular stomatitis virus)
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 70, No. 9, pp. 2549-2553, September 1973 Host Restriction of Friend Leukemia Virus. Role of the Viral Outer Coat (mice/fv-1 locus/vesicular stomatitis virus) THEODORE G.
More informationComparison of Swine Vesicular Disease Virus and Coxsackie B5 Virus by Serological and RNA Hybridization Methods
J. gen. Virol. (I976), 31, 231-237 Printed in Great Britain 23I Comparison of Swine Vesicular Disease Virus and Coxsackie B5 Virus by Serological and RNA Hybridization Methods By F. BROWN, T. F. WILD,
More informationAntigenic Drift in Visna: Virus Variation During Long-term Infection of Icelandic Sheep
J. gen. Virol. (1983), 64, 1433-1440. Printed in Great Britain 1433 Key words: visna virus~antigenic drift/persistent infection/retroviruses Antigenic Drift in Visna: Virus Variation During Long-term Infection
More informationDiarrheal Response of Gnotobiotic Pigs after Fetal Infection and Neonatal Challenge with Homologous and Heterologous Human Rotavirus Strains
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Dec. 1986, p. 1107-1112 0022-538X/86/121107-06$02.00/0 Copyright C) 1986, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 60, No. 3 Diarrheal Response of Gnotobiotic Pigs after Fetal Infection
More informationCytomegalovirus Based upon Enhanced Uptake of Neutral
JOURNAL OF CUNICAL MICROBIOLOGY, JUlY 1976, p. 61-66 Copyright 1976 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 4, No. 1 Printed in U.S.A. Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test for Human Cytomegalovirus Based
More informationPathogenesis of Simian Foamy Virus Infection in Natural and Experimental Hosts
INCTION AD ImmuNrry, Sept. 1975, p. 470-474 Copyright 0 1975 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 12, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Pathogenesis of Simian Foamy Virus Infection in Natural and Experimental
More informationSubunit Rotavirus Vaccine Administered Parenterally to Rabbits Induces Active Protective Immunity
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Nov. 1998, p. 9233 9246 Vol. 72, No. 11 0022-538X/98/$04.00 0 Copyright 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Subunit Rotavirus Vaccine Administered Parenterally
More informationHeterotypic Protection and Induction of a Broad Heterotypic Neutralization Response by Rotavirus-Like Particles
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, June 1999, p. 4813 4822 Vol. 73, No. 6 0022-538X/99/$04.00 0 Copyright 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Heterotypic Protection and Induction of a Broad
More informationViral Heat Resistance and Infectious Ribonucleic Acid
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Oct. 1979, p. 650-655 0099-2240/79/10-0650/06$02.00/0 Vol. 38, No. 4 Viral Heat Resistance and Infectious Ribonucleic Acid EDWARD P. LARKIN* AND ALEXANDER C. FASSOLITIS
More informationBy NATHALIE J. SCHMIDT, E. H. LENNETTE AND R. L. MAGOFFIN
J. gen. ViroL 0969), 4, 321-328 Printed in Great Britain 32I Immunological Relationship between Herpes Simplex and Varicella-zoster Viruses Demonstrated by Complement-fixation, Neutralization and Fluorescent
More informationHemagglutinin Mutants of Swine Influenza Virus Differing in
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Oct. 1979, p. 197-201 0019-9567/79/10-0197/05$02.00/0 Vol. 26, No. 1 Hemagglutinin Mutants of Swine Influenza Virus Differing in Replication Characteristics in Their Natural Host
More informationTemperature-Sensitive Mutants Isolated from Hamster and
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Nov. 1975, p. 1332-1336 Copyright i 1975 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 16, No. 5 Printed in U.S.A. Temperature-Sensitive Mutants Isolated from Hamster and Canine Cell Lines
More informationIdentification of the Virucidal Agent in Wastewater Sludge
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Apr. 1977, p. 860-864 Copyright X) 1977 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 33, No. 4 Printed in U.S.A. Identification of the Virucidal Agent in Wastewater Sludge
More informationAstrovirus-associated gastroenteritis in children
Journal of Clinical Pathology, 1978, 31, 939-943 Astrovirus-associated gastroenteritis in children C. R. ASHLEY, E. 0. CAUL, AND W. K. PAVER1 From the Public Health Laboratory, Myrtle Road, Bristol BS2
More informationBrief Definitive Report
Brief Definitive Report HEMAGGLUTININ-SPECIFIC CYTOTOXIC T-CELL RESPONSE DURING INFLUENZA INFECTION BY FRANCIS A. ENNIS, W. JOHN MARTIN, ANY MARTHA W. VERBONITZ (From the Department of Health, Education
More informationRadioimmunoassay of Herpes Simplex Virus Antibody: Correlation with Ganglionic Infection
J. gen. Virol. (I977), 3 6, ~ 371-375 Printed in Great Britain 371 Radioimmunoassay of Herpes Simplex Virus Antibody: Correlation with Ganglionic Infection By B. FORGHANI, TONI KLASSEN AND J. R. BARINGER
More informationParkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia. protein VP4, and the letter G is used to denote the glycoprotein
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Feb. 1993, p. 377-385 0095-1137/93/020377-09$02.00/0 Vol. 31, No. 2 Analysis of Homotypic and Heterotypic Serum Immune Responses to Rotavirus Proteins Following Primary
More informationPalo Alto, California rhea in suckling mice was about 105 to 106 times greater than
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Dec. 1994, p. 7766-7773 Vol. 68, No. 12 0022-538X/94/$04.00+0 Copyright 1994, American Society for Microbiology Comparison of Mucosal and Systemic Humoral Immune Responses and Subsequent
More informationThis product was developed by the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL) in its capacity as a WHO Collaborating Centre for
This product was developed by the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL) in its capacity as a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, with material provided
More informationDefective Interfering Particles of Respiratory Syncytial Virus
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Aug. 1982, p. 439-444 0019-9567/82/080439-06$02.00/0 Vol. 37, No. 2 Defective Interfering Particles of Respiratory Syncytial Virus MARY W. TREUHAFTl* AND MARC 0. BEEM2 Marshfield
More informationReagents for the Typing of Human Influenza Isolates 2011
Reagents for the Typing of Human Influenza Isolates 2011 This product was developed by the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL) in its capacity as a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference
More informationDevelopment of Neutralizing Antibodies and Group A Common Antibodies against Natural Infections with Human Rotavirus
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Aug 1988, p 1506-1512 95-1137/88/081506-07$02/0 Copyright C 1988, American Society for Microbiology Vol 26, No 8 Development of Neutralizing Antibodies and Group A Common
More informationTitle. Author(s)HASHIMOTO, Nobuo. CitationJapanese Journal of Veterinary Research, 28(1-2): 19. Issue Date DOI. Doc URL.
Title ISOLATION OF ANTIGENIC MUTANTS OF TYPE 1 POLIOVIRUS PRESENCE OF HOMOLOGOUS ANTISERUM Author(s)HASHIMOTO, Nobuo CitationJapanese Journal of Veterinary Research, 28(1-2): 19 Issue Date 198-5-31 DOI
More informationRole of Interferon in the Propagation of MM Virus in L Cells
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Oct. 1969, p. 584-588 Copyright ( 1969 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 18, No. 4 Printed in U S A. Role of Interferon in the Propagation of MM Virus in L Cells DAVID J. GIRON
More informationClinical Studies of a Quadrivalent Rotavirus Vaccine in Venezuelan Infants
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1990, p. 553-558 0095-1137/90/030553-06$02.00/0 Copyright 1990, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 28, No. 3 Clinical Studies of a Quadrivalent Rotavirus Vaccine
More informationREAGENTS FOR THE TYPING OF HUMAN INFLUENZA ISOLATES 2017
REAGENTS FOR THE TYPING OF HUMAN INFLUENZA ISOLATES 2017 This product was developed by the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL) in its capacity as a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference
More informationEffect of Vaccine, Route, and Schedule on Antibody
APPUED MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1969, p. 355-359 Copyright 1969 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 17, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Effect of Vaccine, Route, and Schedule on Antibody Response of Rabbits to Pasteurella
More informationIn the Name of God. Talat Mokhtari-Azad Director of National Influenza Center
In the Name of God Overview of influenza laboratory diagnostic technology: advantages and disadvantages of each test available Talat Mokhtari-Azad Director of National Influenza Center Tehran- Iran 1 1)
More informationNEUTRALIZATION OF VISNA VIRUS BY HUMAN SERA
THE ENTEROVIRUS DEPARTMENT, STATENS SERUMINSTITUT, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK NEUTRALIZATION OF VISNA VIRUS BY HUMAN SERA By HALLD~R THORMAR~ and HERDIS VON MACNUS Received 28.ix.62 In a previous paper (12) the
More informationPolypeptides of Bovine Rotavirus
J. gen. Virol. (1979), 43, 3o9-316 309 Printed in Great Britain Polypeptides of Bovine Rotavirus By SHIGEO MATSUNO* AND ATSUSHI MUKOYAMA~ Central Virus Diagnostic Laboratory* and The Department of Enteroviruses~',
More informationof an Infectious Form of Rous Sarcoma Virus*
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 314-321, June 1970 A Cell-Associated Factor Essential for Formation of an Infectious Form of Rous Sarcoma Virus* H. Hanafusa, T. Miyamoto,
More informationHost Cell Range and Growth Characteristics of
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Mar. 1973, p. 398-4 Copyright 1973 Americau Society for Microbiology Vol. 7, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Host Cell Range and Growth Characteristics of Bovine Parvoviruses' R. C. BATES'
More informationAntigenic Variation between Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Isolates
J. gen. Virol. (1986), 67, 863-870. Printed in Great Britain 863 Key words: RS virus/antigenic variation/phosphoprotein Antigenic Variation between Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Isolates By H. B. GIMENEZ,*
More informationQuantitative Assay of Paravaccinia Virus Based
APPrU MICROBIOLOGY, JUly 1972, p. 138-142 Copyright 1972 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 24, No. 1 Printed in U.S.A. Quantitative Assay of Paravaccinia Virus Based on Enumeration of Inclusion-Containing
More informationEffects of Cell Culture and Laboratory Conditions on Type 2 Dengue Virus Infectivity
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Aug. 1979, p. 235-239 0095-1137/79/08-0235/05$02.00/0 Vol. 10, No. 2 Effects of Cell Culture and Laboratory Conditions on Type 2 Dengue Virus Infectivity JARUE S. MANNING*
More informationCross-neutralizing Antibodies Induced by Single Serotype Vaccination of Cows with Rotavirus
J. gen. Virol. (1988), 69, 1647-1658. Printed in Great Britain 1647 Key words: rotavirus/vaccination/cows, passive immunity Cross-neutralizing Antibodies Induced by Single Serotype Vaccination of Cows
More informationPlaque Formation by Mumps Virus and
APPE MICROBIOLOGY, Feb. 1970, p. 360-366 Vol. 19, No. 2 Copyright @ 1970 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. Plaque Formation by Mumps Virus and Inhibition by Antiserum THOMAS D. FLANAGAN
More informationEvolution of influenza
Evolution of influenza Today: 1. Global health impact of flu - why should we care? 2. - what are the components of the virus and how do they change? 3. Where does influenza come from? - are there animal
More informationCompetition Binding Assay
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1992, p. 74-711 95-1137/92/374-8$2./ Copyright 1992, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 3, No. 3 Comparisons of Rotavirus VP7-Typing Monoclonal Antibodies by
More informationPolypeptides of Respiratory Syncytial Virus
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Jan. 1977, p. 427-431 Vol. 21, No. 1 Copyright C 1977 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. Polypeptides of Respiratory Syncytial Virus SEYMOUR LEVINE Department ofimmunology
More informationThe antigenic structure of a human influenza A (H1N1) virus isolate grown exclusively in MDCK cells
Journal of General Virology (1990), 71, 1683 1688. Printed in Great Britain 1683 The antigenic structure of a human influenza A (H1N1) virus isolate grown exclusively in MDCK cells Phil J. Yates, Janet
More informationDeterminants of the Host Range of Feline Leukaemia Viruses
J. gen. Virol. (1973), 20, I69-t75 Printed in Great Britain 169 Determinants of the Host Range of Feline Leukaemia Viruses By O. JARRETT, HELEN M. LAIRD AND D. HAY University of Glasgow, Leukaemia Research
More informationAnnex 3 Guidelines to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of live attenuated rotavirus vaccines (oral)
World Health Organization WHO Technical Report Series No 941, 2007 Annex 3 Guidelines to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of live attenuated rotavirus vaccines (oral) Introduction General considerations
More informationDealing with Post-market Issues: PCV Case Study
Dealing with Post-market Issues: PCV Case Study CASE STUDY: Adventitious agent in raw material ISSUE: Presence of porcine circovirus (PCV-1) DNA detected in marketed rotavirus vaccine by an independent
More informationInduction of Interferon in Chick Cells by Temperaturesensitive Mutants of Sindbis Virus
J. gen. ViroL 0974), 25, 381-39o Printed in Great Britain 38I Induction of Interferon in Chick Cells by Temperaturesensitive Mutants of Sindbis Virus By G. J. ATKINS, M. D. JOHNSTON, LINDA M. WESTMACOTT
More informationSerological and Immunological Relationships between the 146S and 12S Particles of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
J. gen. Virol. (198o), 50, 369-375 Printed #~ Great Britain 369 Serological and Immunological Relationships between the 146S and 12S Particles of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus By B. CARTWRIGHT, W. G. CHAPMAN
More informationThe Effect of Environment on the Replication of Poliovirus in Monkey Kidney Cells
J. gen. Mimobiol. (1961), 25, 421428 Printed in Great Britain 421 The Effect of Environment on the Replication of Poliovirus in Monkey Kidney Cells BY G. FURNESS" Department of Microbiology, University
More informationAntiviral Action of Mouse Interferon
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Jan., 1966 Copyright 1966 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 91, No. I Printed in U.S.A. Antiviral Action of Mouse Interferon in Heterologous Cells1 CHARLES E. BUCKLER AND
More informationA Common Surface Antigen in Influenza Viruses from Human and Avian Sources
J. gen. ViroL 0968), 3, 2oi-2o8 Printed in Great Britain 201 A Common Surface Antigen in Influenza Viruses from Human and Avian Sources By R. G. WEBSTER* AND H. G. PEREIRA Department of Microbiology, John
More informationAstrovirus associated gastroenteritis in a children's ward
J. clin. Path., 1977, 30, 948-952 Astrovirus associated gastroenteritis in a children's ward J. B. KURTZ, T. W. LEE, AND D. PICKERING From the Virology and Public Health Laboratory, Churchill Hospital,
More informationMarkers of Rubella Virus Strains in RK13 Cell Culture
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Feb. 1969, p. 157-163 Copyright 1969 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 3, No. 2 Printed in U.S.A. Markers of Rubella Virus Strains in RK13 Cell Culture ALICE FOGEL' AND STANLEY
More informationVariceUa-Zoster Virus Immunizes Patas Monkeys against Simian Varicella-like Disease
J. gen Virol. 0979), 4z, 171-178 Printed in Great Britain I7I VariceUa-Zoster Virus Immunizes Patas Monkeys against Simian Varicella-like Disease By AMBHAN D. FELSENFELD* AND NATHALIE J. SCHMIDTt * Delta
More information(From the Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Instil/utes of Health, Bahesda, Maryland)
Published Online: 1 September, 1959 Supp Info: http://doi.org/10.1084/jem.110.3.445 Downloaded from jem.rupress.org on December 1, 2018 THE EFFECT OF CELL POPULATION DENSITY ON THE AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS
More informationRIDA QUICK Rotavirus. Article no: N0902
RIDA QUICK Rotavirus Article no: N0902 R-Biopharm AG, An der neuen Bergstraße 17, D-64297 Darmstadt, Germany Phone: +49 (0) 61 51 81 02-0 / Fax: +49 (0) 61 51 81 02-20 1. Intended use For in vitro diagnostic
More informationnot falling into either family are likely to be of animal origin (17). Recently, two subgroup I HRV strains with a long RNA
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, June 1990, p. 1342-1347 0095-1137/90/061342-06$02.00/0 Copyright 1990, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 28, No. 6 Serotype 3 Human Rotavirus Strains with Subgroup
More informationIntroduction.-Cytopathogenic viruses may lose their cell-destroying capacity
AN INHIBITOR OF VIRAL ACTIVITY APPEARING IN INFECTED CELL CULTURES* BY MONTO Hot AND JOHN F. ENDERS RESEARCH DIVISION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES, THE CHILDREN'S MEDICAL CENTER, AND THE DEPARTMENT OF BACTERIOLOGY
More informationGenomic Alterations Associated with Persistent Infections by Equine Infectious Anaemia Virus, a Retrovirus
J. gen. Virol. (1984), 65, 1395-1399. Printed in Great Britain 1395 Key words: EIA V/retrovirus persistence~antigenic variation/oligonucleotide mapping Genomic Alterations Associated with Persistent Infections
More informationTest Report. Efficacy of A New JM Nanocomposite Material in Inhibiting Respiratory Syncytial Virus Cellular Infection
Test Report Efficacy of A New JM Nanocomposite Material in Inhibiting Respiratory Syncytial Virus Cellular Infection Test Reagent New JM Nanocomposite Material Project Commissioner JM Material Technology,
More informationAge-Stratified Seroprevalence of Neutralizing Antibodies to Astrovirus Types 1 to 7 in Humans in The Netherlands
CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY, Jan. 1998, p. 33 37 Vol. 5, No. 1 1071-412X/98/$04.00 0 Copyright 1998, American Society for Microbiology Age-Stratified Seroprevalence of Neutralizing Antibodies
More information