Psych 3CC3 Test #2: Profiling, Jury Psychology

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1 Printed Name Psych 3CC3 Test #2: Profiling, Jury Psychology Instructions: You have 50 minutes to complete the following 40 questions. Please print your name and student ID number at the top of this paper, and return it with your scan sheet. On the scan sheet, print your ID number in the leftmost 7 boxes in the section at the top left marked "IDENTIFICATION NUMBER", and fill in the appropriate circle beneath each box. Code your Version number (1) in the column just to the right of your ID number. Please be sure to code your ID correctly, since it is the ONLY way the computer has of identifying you!! Please PRINT your name in the space marked "NAME" at the top right of the form, and SIGN your name underneath. In answering questions, be sure to mark darkly. IF YOU CAN STILL READ THE NUMBER IN THE BUBBLE YOUR MARKING IS TOO LIGHT. 1. The first modern offender profile was made: a. in 1932, by William Donovan, in the Lindbergh baby kidnapping case. b. in 1944, by James Osler of the OSS, in the Brooklyn Shipyard arson case. c. in 1947, by Matthew Gordon, in the Black Dahlia murder case. d. in 1956, by Dr James A. Brussel, in the New York bomber case. [CORRECT] 2. We listed several possible purposes of offender profiling. Which of the following was NOT among them? a. To analyze the crime scene. b. To assess the risk of offender escalation c. To provide a psychological evaluation of items found in the possession of suspects d. To investigate possible links between crimes. e. all of the above ARE possible purposes of offender profiling. [CORRECT] 3. In the FBI profiling model, the difference between mass murder and serial murder is: a. mass murders all occur in the same place, while serial murders take place in different locations. [CORRECT] b. serial murders are premeditated while mass murders are not. c. mass murders involve four or fewer victims, while serial murders involve more than four victims. d. serial murders are separated by a cooling off period, while mass murders are not. 4. The decision to classify of a crime as (for example) spree murder or mass murder, would be made in of the FBI s profiling model. a. stage 1 b. stage 2 [CORRECT] c. stage 3 d. stage 4 5. In the FBI model, which of the following pieces of information or predictions would NOT be part of a typical offender profile? a. the offender's intelligence and education b. the offender's drug and alcohol use, hobbies and interests c. the offender's inner psychological dynamics. [CORRECT] d. the offender's pre- and post-offence behaviors e. All of the above would be part of an offender's profile. 6. As your text notes, the FBI's organized-disorganized approach to criminal profiling is based on the of personality. a. five-factor model b. conditional trait model c. situationist model d. classic trait model [CORRECT] e. schema model

2 3CC3 Midterm 2: Page 2 of 6 7. According to your text, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a disorganized offender? a. He lives far away from his crimes. [CORRECT] b. He lives alone c. He does not own a vehicle. d. He is sexually inadequate. e. All of the above ARE characteristics of a disorganized offender 8. In the Holmes & Holmes model, the mission serial killer: a. feels the need to eliminate a certain group of people. [CORRECT] b. feels he is on a personal mission derived from his fantasy life. c. feels sexual pleasure from mutilation and torture during the murder. d. is usually a disorganized offender. 9. In the Holmes & Holmes model, the rapist believes he is entitled to rape because of his dominance. a. power assertion b. anger retaliation c. exploitive [CORRECT] d. sadistic 10. As your text notes, research with sexual offenders has identified typologies of child molesters and rapists. Which type of sexual offender is represented in both child molester and rapist typologies? a. fixated b. regressed c. sadistic [CORRECT] d. predisposed e. anger 11. The Keppel and Walter model uses the same categories for rape as the Holmes & Holmes model, and the FBI model. What is different in that in the Keppel & Walter model: a. the categories are applied to murder as well as to rape. [CORRECT] b. the motivation for rape is completely sexual in all cases. c. the motivation for rape is not primarily sexual in any case. d. is based on traits rather than on psychodynamic processes. 12. As Turvey describes it, if we compare inductive and deductive profiling we find that: a. inductive methods rely heavily on general crime statistics, whereas deductive methods rely directly on the crime scene evidence. b. the conclusions reached through inductive reasoning are not necessarily true, even if the premises are true, whereas deductive conclusions must be true if the premises are true. c. deductive methods are useful in analyzing the crime scene, but inductive methods must be used in creating the offender's profile. d. all of the above e. a and b only [CORRECT] 13. According to your text, the primary disadvantage associated with the inductive method of criminal profiling is that: a. it will never be possible to obtain a representative sample of serial offenders upon which to draw profiling conclusions. [CORRECT] b. the logical foundations upon which the profiling predictions are based might be flawed. c. data related to serial homicide cases does not exist. d. the method is too vague. e. no profiler uses the inductive method of profiling

3 3CC3, Midterm 2: Page 3 of Turvey s model of deductive profiling includes several components. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. Forensic and behavioral evidence b. Victimology c. Crime scene characteristics d. Offender motivation [CORRECT] e. Deduction of offender characteristics 15. As your text indicates, Pinizzotto and Finkel (1990) described the process of profiling in equation form as: a. WHO + WHY = WHAT b. WHAT + WHY = WHO [CORRECT] c. WHAT + WHEN = WHO d. WHO + WHERE = WHAT e. WHAT + WHO = WHY 16. We discussed Hicks and Sales extensive critique of offender profiling. Which of the following was NOT one of their criticism? a. The terms and definition used in the various models are often unclear. b. Most models rely too heavily on experience and intuition rather than science. c. None of the models indicate how offender profiles are to be generated from the forensic and other evidence available. d. There is no clear evidence that profiles actually contribute positively to crime investigations. e. all of the above ARE among Hicks & Sale criticisms [CORRECT] 17. Canter identifies five theoretical approaches linking crime actions to offender characteristics. Which of the following is NOT one of these? a. psychodynamic typologies b. interpersonal narratives c. criminal options [CORRECT] d. career routes e. all of the above ARE among Canter's five theoretical approaches 18. Canter's equation ("F1A FnAn = K1C KnCn") should be interpreted, most generally, as reflecting his belief that: a. the offender's personal characteristics can be inferred from the offender's crime scene actions. [CORRECT] b. the offender's crime scene actions can be predicted from offender's personal characteristics. c. the offender's crime scene behaviors can be predicted from some weighted combination of the physical evidence found at the crime scene. d. the better the offender is at math, the less likely he is to be identified and apprehended. 19. In considering the various roles that a crime victim might have, Canter combines that with the orthogonal dimension of: a. degree of organization b. level of aggression c. interpersonal tension d. need for speed [CORRECT] 20. In the visual presentation of Canter's smallest space analysis, two crime scene characteristics that never occurred together at a crime scene would appear: a. far apart on the diagram. [CORRECT] b. at the 0,0, intersection of X and Y axes. c. at very different distances from the center of the diagram. d. at very different distances from the 0,0, origin of the diagram. 21. As your text indicates, one basic assumption behind geographic profiling is that offenders: a. will commit their crimes in their immediate neighborhood b. are more likely to commit crimes closer to home than further away [CORRECT] c. only target areas they know very well d. travel far distances from home to commit crimes in order to avoid detection e. all of the above

4 3CC3 Midterm 2: Page 4 of In an Australian study, Kocsis et al (2000) compared the profiling accuracy of several groups, including profilers, police officers, students, psychologists, and psychics. They found that: a. there were only marginal differences in overall accuracy between the groups. [CORRECT] b. profilers and police officers were significantly more accurate overall than psychologists, who were more accurate than students or psychics. c. profilers and psychologists were significantly more accurate overall than police officers, who did not differ in accuracy from students or psychics. d. police officers and psychologists were significantly more accurate overall than profilers, who were only slightly more accurate than students or psychics. e. psychics and naive students were significantly more accurate than everybody except the profilers. 23. As your text notes, which of the following is NOT true regarding indictable offences in Canada? a. The accused can choose whether the trial proceeds by judge alone or judge and jury in some indictable offences. b. Less serious indictable offences are heard by a judge sitting alone. c. Highly serious indictable offences are tried by judge and jury. d. Highly serious indictable offences can be tried by judge alone if the accused and attorney general agree. e. All of the above are true regarding indictable offences in Canada. [CORRECT] 24. According to your text, the method of researching jury behavior that is LEAST likely to be used in Canada IS: a. archival research b. post-trial interviews [CORRECT] c. simulation studies d. field studies e. All of the above are commonly used in Canada. 25. Research examining the relationship between juror demographic characteristics and criminal verdicts has found consistent significant differences for which of the following demographic variables? a. occupation and socioeconomic status b. socioeconomic status and race or ethnicity c. race or ethnicity, and education d. gender and age or ethnicity [CORRECT] 26. Research suggests that, compared with individuals low in authoritarianism, individuals high in authoritarianism: a. are more likely to return a guilty verdict in a criminal trial. b. have better recall for the prosecution case than for the defense's case. c. recommend longer sentences for convicted defendants. d. are more lenient towards authority figures who commit crimes. e. all of the above [CORRECT] 27. Meta-analysis of the relationship between jury verdicts and authoritarianism suggests that: a. the effect of authoritarianism on verdicts is very small. [CORRECT] b. the relationship between authoritarianism and verdicts is stronger among mock jurors than among actual jurors. c. the relationship between authoritarianism and verdicts is more apparent in cases than do not involve violence or personal injury. d. the relationship between authoritarianism and verdicts is mediated by age, with younger authoritarians (<30 years) showing larger effects than older authoritarians (>40 years). 28. Individuals high in external locus of control beliefs are more likely: a. than others to see individuals as responsible for their own actions and choices. b. than others to see an individual s actions as determined by situational factors outside his or her control. [CORRECT] c. to see defendants as guilty in cases involving personal injury. d. to impose harsher punishments on convicted defendants.

5 3CC3, Midterm 2: Page 5 of Kassin & Wrightsman's Juror Bias Scale looks at two aspects of bias. These are: a. probability of commission, and reasonable doubt [CORRECT] b. criminal intent, and reasonable doubt c. probability of commission, and criminal intent d. defendant status, and reasonable doubt 30. In comparing the effect of factual and emotional pre-trial publicity (PTP) on jury verdicts, Kramer et al (1990) found that: a. emotional PTP increased conviction rates, but factual PTP did not. b. factual PTP increased conviction rates, but emotional PTP did not. c. both emotional and factual PTP increased conviction rates, factual PTP increased them more. d. both emotional and factual PTP increased conviction rates, emotional PTP increased them more. [CORRECT] 31. Research suggests that which of the following statements about verdict-driven juries is NOT true? a. They are more likely to start their deliberations with a straw poll. b. They tend to sort the evidence in terms of how well it supports their preferred verdict. c. They take more time to reach a verdict than other types of juries. [CORRECT] d. They are less likely than other types of juries to examine all the evidence. e. all of the above are TRUE of verdict-driven juries 32. If we compare the three different mathematical models of juror decision making we discussed, we find that: a. only the algebraic model combines the effects of evidence in an additive rather than a multiplicative way. b. only the Bayesian model freezes unchangeably when it reaches 1.00 or c. none of the models consider the effect of non-evidentiary factors or information on the juror s decision. d. only the stochastic model allows for a critical event that freezes judgment wherever it currently is. e. all of the above [CORRECT] 33. According to the story model of juror decision making, several aspects of a story contribute to its credibility and acceptability. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. coverage: Whether it accounts for all the trial evidence b. coherence: Whether the story is complete, and logically consistent. c. uniqueness: Whether there are other stories that might account for the evidence equally well. d. correctness: Whether the story is consistent with the judge s instructions about the relevant law. [CORRECT] e. all of the above are aspects of a story s credibility and acceptability 34. According to your text, the most empirically supported model of jury decision making is: a. the relative contribution model b. the just-world attribution model c. the explanation model [CORRECT] d. the justification model e. the mathematical model 35. In discussing jurors evaluation of evidence, we noted that jurors: a. have difficulty evaluating eyewitness testimony, and are influenced by it if the witnesses s confidence in the testimony is high. [CORRECT] b. have considerable difficulty ignoring hearsay evidence, even when instructed to do so by the judge. c. give considerable weight to confessions, but not if the confession was coerced, or if they are instructed by the judge to ignore the confession. d. are generally skeptical of expert evidence 36. The overall conclusion about nullification instructions reached by the Meissner, Brigham, and Pfeifer (2003) study described in your text was that: a. nullification instructions produce socially favorable and socially unfavorable verdicts. [CORRECT] b. nullification instructions only produce socially favorable verdicts. c. nullification instructions only produce socially unfavorable verdicts. d. nullification instructions do not influence verdicts. e. the effect of nullification instructions cannot be predicted.

6 3CC3 Midterm 2: Page 6 of Which of the following statements about the effect of extra-evidentiary factors is NOT true? a. Mock jurors are less likely to find a physically attractive defendant guilty. b. In U.S. mock jury studies, Black defendants are just as likely as White defendants to be found guilty. c. Meta-analysis suggests that defendants of low socioeconomic status (SES) are more likely to be convicted, though the effect is small. d. In U.S. trials where race is NOT explicitly raised as an issue, Black defendants are more likely than White defendants to be judged guilty. e. all of the above are TRUE [CORRECT] 38. Which of the following statements about the affect of inadmissible evidence is NOT true? a. It is difficult for jurors to ignore, even when they are instructed to do so by the judge. b. It is more likely to affect jurors decisions in cases where other evidence against the defendant is strong. [CORRECT] c. It is more likely to affect jurors decisions in cases involving less serious crimes (e.g. vandalism) rather than serious crimes (e.g., rape). d. It is more likely to affect jurors decisions if it is inadmissible for legal reasons (e.g., improper search) rather than for technical reasons (e.g., it s meaning is unclear). e. all of the above are TRUE 39. In discussing jurors comprehension of judicial instructions we noted that, in general: a. the majority of jurors report understanding judicial instructions, and tests of their understanding indicate that they do understand the instructions. b. the majority of jurors report understanding judicial instructions, but tests of their understanding indicate that they understand them less well than they thought. [CORRECT] c. the majority of jurors report having difficulty understanding judicial instructions, but tests of their understanding indicate that they understand them better than they thought. d. the majority of jurors report having difficulty understanding judicial instructions, and tests of their understanding agree that they do not understand them very well. e. tests of jurors understanding of judicial instructions indicate that they understood them fairly well, even when are unable to remember the instructions they were given. 40. Which of the following is NOT one of the conclusions from the studies of juror note-taking that we mentioned in class? a. Jurors notes are generally an accurate reflection of the evidence presented in trial. b. Juror notes do not favor one side in the case over the other. c. During deliberations, jurors tend to emphasize evidence mentioned in their notes over evidence not noted. [CORRECT] d. During deliberations, jurors who took notes do not have an excessive influence over jurors who did not. e. all of the above ARE conclusions from studies of juror note-taking The End