Mental Health in Historical Perspective

Transcription

1 Mental Health in Historical Perspective Series Editors Cathy Coleborne The University of Waikato Hamilton, New Zealand Matthew Smith University of Strathclyde Glasgow, United Kingdom

2 Aim of the Series Covering all historical periods and geographical contexts, the series explores how mental illness has been understood, experienced, diagnosed, treated and contested. It will publish works that engage actively with contemporary debates related to mental health and, as such, will be of interest not only to historians, but also mental health professionals, patients and policy makers. With its focus on mental health, rather than just psychiatry, the series will endeavour to provide more patient-centred histories. Although this has long been an aim of health historians, it has not been realised, and this series aims to change that. The scope of the series is kept as broad as possible to attract good quality proposals about all aspects of the history of mental health from all periods. The series emphasises interdisciplinary approaches to the field of study, and encourages short titles, longer works, collections, and titles which stretch the boundaries of academic publishing in new ways. Editorial Board: Dr Allan Beveridge (Consultant Psychiatrist, NHS and University of Edinburgh, book reviews editor History of Psychiatry ) Dr Howard Chiang (University of Warwick) Dr Gayle Davis (University of Edinburgh, former book reviews editor of History of Psychiatry ) Dr Erika Dyck (University of Saskatchewan) Dr Ali Haggett (University of Exeter) Dr David Herzberg (University of Buffalo) Professor Peregrin Horden (Royal Holloway) Professor Mark Jackson (University of Exeter and Wellcome Trust) Dr Vicky Long (Glasgow Caledonian University) Professor Andreas- Holger Maehle (Durham University) Professor Joanna Moncrieff (University College London) Associate Professor Hans Pols (University of Sydney) Professor John Stewart (Glasgow Caledonian University) Professor Akihito Suzuki (Keio University) Professor David Wright (McGill University) More information about this series at

3 Despo Kritsotaki Vicky Long Matthew Smith Editors Deinstitutionalisation and After Post-War Psychiatry in the Western World

4 Editors Despo Kritsotaki Independent scholar Athens, Greece Matthew Smith History of Psychiatry University of Strathclyde Glasgow, UK Vicky Long Centre for the Social History of Health and Healthcare Glasgow Caledonian University Glasgow, Lanarkshire, UK Mental Health in Historical Perspective ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover image: Gartloch Asylum, Glasgow Matthew Smith Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland The registered company Address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

5 CONTENTS 1 Introduction: Deinstitutionalisation and the Pathways of Post- War Psychiatry in the Western World 1 Despo Kritsotaki, Vicky Long, Matthew Smith Part I Understanding Deinstitutionalisation: Culture, Ideology and Historiography 37 2 Deinstitutionalisation and the Great Sociocultural Shift to Consumer Culture 39 John Burnham 3 All the Fits That s News to Print : Deinstitutionalisation and Anti-Psychiatric Movement Magazines in the United States, Alexander Dunst 4 After the Asylum in Canada: Surviving Deinstitutionalisation and Revising History 75 Megan Davies, Erika Dyck, Leslie Baker, Lanny Beckman, Geertje Boschma, Chris Dooley, Kathleen Kendall, Eugène LeBlanc, Robert Menzies, Marina Morrow, Diane Purvey, Nérée St-Amand, Marie- Claude Thifault, Jayne Melville Whyte, Victor Willis v

6 vi CONTENTS Part II Designing and Implementing Psychiatric Reform: Experiments, Opportunities and Oppositions 97 5 Islands of Reform : Early Transformation of the Mental Health Service in Lower Saxony, Germany in the 1960s 99 Christof Beyer 6 French Deinstitutionalisation or the Irony of Success: Psychiatrists, the State and the Transformation of the French Psychiatric System, Nicolas Henckes 7 Integration in a Divided World: Salford Community Mental Health Services Valerie Harrington 8 Initiating Deinstitutionalisation: Early Attempts of Mental Health Care Reform in Greece, 1950s 1970s 155 Despo Kritsotaki Part III New Conceptualisations of Therapy and Space Child Guidance and Deinstitutionalisation in Post-War Britain 175 John Stewart 10 Do You Have a Frog to Guide You? : Exploring the Asylum Spaces of R. D. Laing 195 Cheryl McGeachan

7 CONTENTS vii Part IV After Deinstitutionalisation: Experiences, Challenges and Legacies The Basaglian Legacy in Italian Psychiatry: Remembering, Myth-Making and Crystallising 217 Elena Trivelli 12 A Mental Health System in Recovery: The Era of Deinstitutionalisation in California 241 Howard Padwa, Marcia Meldrum, Jack R. Friedman, Joel T. Braslow 13 Callan Park in Transition 267 Roslyn Burge Index 289

8 ABOUT THE EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS EDITORS Despo Kritsotaki is a historian of mental health and healthcare in twentieth- century Greece. Her latest projects include post-doctoral research on the Centre of Mental Health and Research (University of Crete and University of Strathclyde, ) and her work on organisations for the mental health of children and youths (THALES, University of Crete, Forms of Public Sociality in Twentieth Century Urban Greece, ). Vicky Long is Senior Lecturer in History at Glasgow Caledonian University. She is the author of The Rise and Fall of the Healthy Factory: The Politics of Industrial Health in Britain, (2011) and Destigmatising Mental Illness? Professional Politics and Public Education in Britain, (2014). Matthew Smith is Professor of Health History at the University of Strathclyde. He is author of An Alternative History of Hyperactivity: Food Additives and the Feingold Diet (2011), Hyperactive: The Controversial History of ADHD (2012) and Another Person s Poison: A History of Food Allergy (2015). ix

9 x ABOUT THE EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS CONTRIBUTORS Leslie Baker has a PhD from the University of Saskatchewan. Her research deals with the history of mental health institutions. Lanny Beckman has had a number of careers, including acting in director Larry Kent s pioneering Canadian film productions. In the early 1970s he founded the MPA (Mental Patients Association); from 1975 until 1990 he was editor and publisher of New Star Press; and more recently, he has participated in several projects relating to The History of Madness in Canada website ( including the MPA documentary The Inmates Are Running the Asylum. Christof Beyer received his PhD in Cultural Anthropology at the University of Mainz, Germany, having studied the history of a psychiatric clinic. His main fields of research are the history of German psychiatry after the Second World War and the commemoration of the victims of the National Socialist Euthanasia. Geertje Boschma is a professor at the University of British Columbia. Her primary research focus is the history of nursing and healthcare with a specific emphasis on mental health. In addition to her involvement with the After the Asylum project ( php?option=com_content&view=article&id=141&itemid=142), she works on schemes related to the history of general hospital psychiatry and the transition to community mental health. Joel T. Braslow (MD, Loma Linda University; PhD, University of California, Los Angeles) is a psychiatrist and historian at the Center for Social Medicine at UCLA. His research focuses on the ways in which sociocultural values shape and become incorporated into policy, science and clinical practice, with a focus on twentieth-century psychiatry in the United States. Roslyn Burge is a public historian with a Master of Arts in Public History (University of Technology, Sydney), and a member of Friends of Callan Park ( She has curated five exhibitions about Callan Park and initiated the Rozelle Hospital Oral History Project. Residing in Sydney, her work includes commissioned histories and oral history projects.

10 ABOUT THE EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS xi John Burnham is Research Professor of History at The Ohio State University, where he is also an associated scholar in the Medical Heritage Center. He has published widely on the history of psychiatry and related fields, most recently editing After Freud Left: A Century of Psychoanalysis in America (2012). Megan Davies is a social historian of health with a regional specialization in British Columbia. She has researched and published on old age, social and health policy, madness, food history and home health. Since 2000 she has been involved in educational and research projects connected to the History of Madness in Canada website ( including working as film producer and co-creator of The Inmates Are Running the Asylum for the Mental Patients Association. Megan teaches in the Health & Society Program at York University, Toronto. Chris Dooley is a historian who specializes in the history of mental healthcare in Western Canada and in the history of psychiatric nursing. He lives in Winnipeg where he teaches Canadian History at the University of Winnipeg, and he is a public member of the Board of the College of Registered Psychiatric Nurses of Manitoba. Alexander Dunst is Assistant Professor of American Studies at the University of Paderborn, Germany and co-directs the research group Hybrid Narrativity: Digital and Cognitive Approaches to Graphic Literature, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. He has co-edited The World According to Philip K. Dick (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015) and is the author of Madness in Cold War America (2016). Erika Dyck is a Professor and Canada Research Chair in History of Medicine at the University of Saskatchewan. She is the author of Psychedelic Psychiatry: LSD from Clinic to Campus (2008) and Facing Eugenics: Sterilization, Reproduction and the Politics of Choice (2013). Jack R. Friedman (PhD, Duke University) is a research scientist at the University of Oklahoma s Center for Applied Social Research. He has conducted anthropological research in Romania and several parts of the United States, focusing on issues related to mental health care, unemployment and responses to socio-ecological stress.

11 xii ABOUT THE EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS Valerie Harrington completed her Wellcome-funded PhD on the postwar history of mental health services in Manchester and Salford at the Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Manchester. She currently works as a volunteer on a Macmillan Cancer support project recording life history interviews with cancer sufferers. Nicolas Henckes is a CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research) associate researcher at the Cermes3 (Villejuif, France). He is interested in the transformation of psychiatric chronicity in the second half of the twentieth century. In his most recent project he is developing a sociological and historical analysis of concepts of psychosis risk in continental Europe. Kathleen Kendall is Associate Professor in Sociology as Applied to Medicine at the University of Southampton, UK. Her research is broadly focused on patient and provider experiences of treatment for mental health issues. Eugène Leblanc has been the director of the Moncton based self-help center: Groupe de support émotionnel inc, and the Publisher and Editor of Our Voice / Notre Voix since He was awarded the New Brunswick Human Rights Award in Cheryl McGeachan is Lecturer in Human Geography in the School of Geographical & Earth Sciences at the University of Glasgow. Her research explores the historical and cultural geographies of mental (ill)health and asylum spaces. She is currently researching the historical geographies of Art Extraordinary and Scottish art therapy. Marcia Meldrum (PhD, State University of New York) is a medical historian in the Center for Social Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles. Her research interests include the history of mental illness and mental health policy, and the treatment and management of chronic pain. Robert Menzies is a faculty member in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, and a founding member of the History of Madness in Canada website collective ( historyofmadness.ca/). His most recent book, co-edited with Brenda A. LeFrançois and Geoffrey Reaume, is Mad Matters: A Critical Reader in Canadian Mad Studies (2013). Marina Morrow is a Professor and Chair of the School of Health Policy and Management in the Faculty of Health at York University in Toronto. In her work, Marina is interested in better understanding the social, political

12 ABOUT THE EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS xiii and institutional processes through which health and mental health policies and practices are developed and how social and health inequities are sustained or attenuated for different populations. Howard Padwa (PhD, University of California, Los Angeles) is a historian and health services researcher with UCLA s Integrated Substance Abuse Programs. His research focuses on the formation and implementation of mental health and substance use disorder treatment policies, both in Europe and the United States. Diane Purvey is Dean of Arts at Kwantlen Polytechnic University, British Columbia. Her research addresses notions of deviance from prescriptive norms, particularly in the context of institutions. She is the co-author of Private Grief, Public Mourning: The Rise of the Roadside Shrine in British Columbia (2009) and Vancouver Noir: (2011), and co-editor of Child and Family Welfare in British Columbia: A History (2005). A long-time resident of Vancouver s downtown eastside, Diane has engaged with residents associations to create more inclusive communities. Nérée St-Amand completed his PhD thesis on non-voluntary commitment and treatment of psychiatrized populations and continued to explore both the trends of psychiatric diagnosis and drugs and the multitude of unexplored alternatives to this oppressive system. For four years, he has represented families through the Mental Health Commission of Canada. He is a tenured professor at the School of Social Work, University of Ottawa, a school he created in John Stewart is Emeritus Professor of Health History, Glasgow Caledonian University. He has published extensively on the history of health and welfare in modern Britain and is presently writing a biography of the social policy academic and Labour party advisor, Richard Titmuss. Marie-Claude Thifault is a historian specializing in the history of asylums in Quebec and Canada. She is an Associate Professor in the School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa. She is the Director of the nursing history research unit there and has been named University of Ottawa Research Chair in health and the Canadian francophonie. Elena Trivelli received her PhD in Media and Communications from Goldsmiths, University of London in Her research examined the work of Franco Basaglia in Gorizia, with a particular focus on affect,

13 xiv ABOUT THE EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS trauma, remembering practices and forms of distributed unconscious. She currently works as a mental health advocate. Jayne Melville Whyte is an independent author and speaker with experiential and research interest in mental health topics. She entered the mental health system in 1965 on the cusp between institutional and community services and has been active in the Canadian Mental Health Association since Jayne lives and writes in Regina, Saskatchewan. Victor Willis is the Executive Director of the Parkdale Activity Recreation Centre (PARC); a trustee at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH); a board member of Daily Bread Food Bank and chair of the Parkdale Neighbourhood Land Trust, all in Toronto. His involvement in community and mental health initiatives, ranging from public safety to housing, spans 30 years. Victor s knowledge of mental health and addiction issues are rooted in his professional, personal and family experiences.

14 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 2.1 Patients polishing the hospital floor, 1930s (author s collection) 46 Fig. 7.1 The flow of referrals between agencies (M. W. Susser (1960) A Report on the Mental Health Services of the City of Salford for the Year, 1959, City of Salford Health Department, 5, p. 4) 147 Fig Metal sculpture of Marco Cavallo (former Psychiatric Hospital of Trieste, February 2012, author s collection) 235 Fig Two reproductions of Marco Cavallo (former Psychiatric Hospital of Trieste, February 2012, author s collection) 236 Fig Callan Park showing the Kirkbride Complex and proximity to Sydney, the Harbour Bridge and tip of the Opera House, February 2016 (Photographer: Jason Burcher; Retoucher: Thomas Ulman) 269 Fig Rozelle Hospital Master Plan, 1989 (Dr Alicia Lee Fig Collection, Leichhardt Library) 275 Save Callan Parklands flyer, 1989 (Dr Alicia Lee Collection, Leichhardt Library) 276 Fig Postcard opposing Sydney University plan, 2008 (Susan Dorothea White for Friends of Callan Park) 282 xv