The Chinese philosopher Lao-Tzi (5th-century BC)

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1 Vijayamohan CDS 1 If you tell me, I will listen. If you show me, I will see. But if you let me experience, I will learn. The Chinese philosopher Lao-Tzi (5th-century BC) Vijayamohan CDS 2 1

2 And so began one of the first active learning philosophies. Other Chinese philosophers, such as and Han Fei-Tzi, Kung Fu-Tzi (Confucius) followed Lao-Tzi by using a method that closely resembles what we now call the case method or case study. Vijayamohan CDS 3 Case Study Examples Sigmund Freud s study of patients, which formed the basis for his psychoanalytic theory The case study of Anna O (Bertha Pappenheim) of Dora (Ida Bauer) of Wolf Man (Sergei Pankejeff) of Rat Man (Ernst Lanzer) Designed Vijayamohan by Skip Tyler, CDS Varina High School 4 2

3 Case Study Examples Swiss developmental Psychologist Jean Piaget s study of the development of children, which led to numerous theories of child development Vijayamohan CDS 5 Case Study Examples English Naturalist Charles Darwin s voyage on the HMS Beagle (the basis for his theory of Vijayamohan CDS 6 3

4 Case Study Examples British primatologist and anthropologist Jane Goodall s study of chimpanzees Vijayamohan CDS 7 Case Study Examples American Zoologist Dian Fossey s study of the mountain gorilla Vijayamohan CDS 8 4

5 Case Study Examples Eminent ornithologist of India Handbook of the Birds of India & Pakistan (10 Vol) Vijayamohan CDS 9 Case Study Examples Adeline Levine s study of the Love Canal Vijayamohan CDS 10 5

6 Case Study Examples Adeline Levine s study of the Love Canal Vijayamohan CDS 11 Case Study Examples Adeline Levine s study of the Love Canal Vijayamohan CDS 12 6

7 A case study is a research methodology common in social science. What is research? Vijayamohan CDS 13 The search for knowledge. A systematic investigation, with an open mind, to establish novel facts, using a scientific method for the advancement of human knowledge of our life, world and the universe. Vijayamohan CDS 14 7

8 A case study is a systematic investigation for knowledge. It is based on an in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event. Vijayamohan CDS 15 Steps in Formal Research: Formation of the topic (study problem) Hypothesis Conceptual definitions Operational definition (Methodology) Data collection Analysis of data Testing of hypothesis Conclusion Vijayamohan CDS 16 8

9 Steps in Formal Research: Formation of the topic (study problem) Hypothesis Conceptual definitions Operational definition (Methodology) Case Study is one method of research Data collection Analysis of data Testing of hypothesis Conclusion Vijayamohan CDS 17 Research methodology: Data collection: Census Survey Sample Survey Case Study Vijayamohan CDS 18 9

10 Research methodology: Data collection: Census Survey: Complete enumeration of population Sample Survey: Covers only a part of population Case Study: Covers only one case or a few cases Vijayamohan CDS 19 Case study is commonly used in psychology, sociology, anthropology, business studies, medical field. The Harvard Business School heavily utilizes business case studies as one of its main methods of teaching. In medical field, the case study is used by physicians to collect and share information. Vijayamohan CDS 20 10

11 The New England Journal of Medicine offers many case studies in the weekly publication of the American Medical Association (AMA). Often these cases detail or chronicle individuals with unique conditions or symptoms that need more attention than regular conditions or symptoms by physicians. Vijayamohan CDS 21 One important aspect of the case study: its inherently personal, in-depth and unique nature. It is specifically on one individual (one group, one family, one organization, etc.) and localizes instead of generalizing results and information, unlike many other types of research Vijayamohan CDS 22 11

12 A case study is a method used to study an individual in a unique setting or situation in as intense a manner as possible. The word unique here is critical because the researcher is interested in the existing conditions surrounding the individual. Vijayamohan CDS 23 Case study methods involve an in-depth, longitudinal (over a long period of time) examination of a single instance or event: a case. They provide a systematic way of looking at events, collecting data, analyzing information, and reporting the results. As a result the researcher may gain a sharpened understanding of why the instance happened as it did, and what might become important to look at more extensively in future research. Vijayamohan CDS

13 Types of Case Studies 1. Explanatory 2. Descriptive 3. Exploratory Vijayamohan CDS 25 Types of Case Studies 1. Explanatory Generally answers questions of how or why Researcher has little control over actual events Focus is on phenomena in some real life context Vijayamohan CDS 26 13

14 Types of Case Studies 2. Descriptive Traces the sequence of interpersonal events over time Describes a culture or sub-culture Seeks to discover key phenomena Vijayamohan CDS Exploratory Types of Case Studies Generally begins with questions of what or who Often precedes a more in-depth study using other methods (interviews, models, experiments, etc.) Vijayamohan CDS 28 14

15 Preliminary stage Case Study Stages Fieldwork and analysis stage Conclusion stage Formulate theory Select case Design and plot research questions Conduct case study 1 Conduct case study 2 Conduct case study 3 Data analysis Writing cases Draw conclusion Modify theory Vijayamohan CDS 29 Developing a Case Study 1. All the data about the case are gathered. For example, if the study is to highlight a program's failure with a client, data would be collected about the program, its processes and the client. Data could result from a combination of methods, including documentation (applications, histories, records, etc.), questionnaires, interviews and observation. Vijayamohan CDS 30 15

16 Developing a Case Study 2. Data are organized into an approach to highlight the focus of the study. In our example, data in the case would be organized in a chronological order to portray how the client got into the program, went through the program and did not receive effective services. Designed Vijayamohan by Skip Tyler, CDS Varina High School 31 Developing a Case Study 3. A case study narrative is developed. The narrative is a highly readable story that integrates and summarizes key information around the focus of the case study. The narrative should be complete to the extent that it is the eyes and ears for an outside reader to understand what happened regarding the case. Vijayamohan CDS 32 16

17 Developing a Case Study 3. A case study narrative is developed. In our example, the narrative might include key demographic information about the client, phases in the program's process through which the client passed and any major differences noticed about that client during the process, early indicators of failures and key quotes from the client. Vijayamohan CDS 33 Developing a Case Study 4. The narrative might be validated by review from program participants. For example, the client for whom the program failed, would read the narrative to ensure it fully depicted his or her experience and results. Vijayamohan CDS 34 17

18 Developing a Case Study 5. Case studies might be cross-compared to isolate any themes or patterns. For example, various case studies about program failures might be compared to notice commonalities in these clients' experiences and how they went through the program. These commonalities might highlight where in the program the process needs to be strengthened. Vijayamohan CDS 35 References Yin, Robert K. (2003). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (Third Edition). Sage Publications. Stake, Robert E. (1995) The Art of Case Study Research (Thousand Oaks: Sage) Vijayamohan CDS 36 18

19 References Dul, J. and Hak, T (2008). Case Study Methodology in Business Research. Oxford: Butterworth-Heineman George, Alexander L. and Bennett,Andrew. (2005). Case studies and theory development in the social sciences. London, MIT Press. Gerring, John. (2005) Case Study Research. New York: Cambridge University Press. Ragin, Charles C. and Becker, Howard S. eds. (1992) What is a Case? Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vijayamohan CDS 37 19