True or False. 1. Questions about human nature date back to the speculations of the ancient philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

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2 True or False Quiz

3 True or False 1. Questions about human nature date back to the speculations of the ancient philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

4 True or False 2. Sigmund Freud is generally considered to be the father of psychology.

5 True or False 3. Most recent psychology doctorates in the United States, Canada, and Europe have been earned by women.

6 True or False 4. The science of psychology evolved from the older, more established fields of biology and philosophy.

7 True or False 5. Psychology is best defined today as the study of mental life.

8 True or False 6. Psychology is a way of asking and answering questions.

9 True or False 7. The most significant and persistent issue in psychology concerns the nature-nurture controversy that is, the relative contributions of biology and experience to mental processing and behavior.

10 True or False 8. Evolution has become an important principle for psychology.

11 True or False 9. In contrast to sociology and anthropology, contemporary psychology has little interest in how behavior varies across cultures.

12 True or False 10. Psychiatry is a branch of psychology that involves the assessment and treatment of psychological disorders.

13 True or False 11. New born babies are colorblind.

14 True or False 12. Rewarding a behavior on every occurrence makes it stronger than if it is rewarded unpredictably.

15 True or False 13. Most people would refuse to deliver a painful electric shock to an innocent victim.

16 True or False 14. In our skin there are temperature sensors that explicitly detect heat.

17 True or False 15. We only use a small proportion of our brains.

18 True or False 16. Infants learn to talk at a younger age if their parents refrain from baby talk.

19 True or False 17. Diets high in sugar tend to increase a child s level of activity.

20 True or False 18. Most children who are abused become abusive parents.

21 True or False 19. The most effective technique for dealing with a chronically disobedient child is punishment.

22 True or False 20. Apples and potatoes taste about the same.

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24 True or False 1. Questions about human nature date back to the speculations of the ancient philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. TRUE

25 True or False 2. Sigmund Freud is generally considered to be the father of psychology. FALSE

26 True or False 3. Most recent psychology doctorates in the United States, Canada, and Europe have been earned by women. TRUE

27 True or False 4. The science of psychology evolved from the older, more established fields of biology and philosophy. TRUE

28 True or False 5. Psychology is best defined today as the study of mental life. FALSE

29 True or False 6. Psychology is a way of asking and answering questions. TRUE

30 True or False 7. The most significant and persistent issue in psychology concerns the nature-nurture controversy that is, the relative contributions of biology and experience to mental processing and behavior. TRUE

31 True or False 8. Evolution has become an important principle for psychology. TRUE

32 True or False 9. In contrast to sociology and anthropology, contemporary psychology has little interest in how behavior varies across cultures. FALSE

33 True or False 10. Psychiatry is a branch of psychology that involves the assessment and treatment of psychological disorders. FALSE

34 True or False 11. New born babies are colorblind. FALSE

35 True or False 12. Rewarding a behavior on every occurrence makes it stronger than if it is rewarded unpredictably. FALSE

36 True or False 13. Most people would refuse to deliver a painful electric shock to an innocent victim. FALSE

37 True or False 14. In our skin there are temperature sensors that explicitly detect heat. FALSE

38 True or False 15. We only use a small proportion of our brains. FALSE

39 True or False 16. Infants learn to talk at a younger age if their parents refrain from baby talk. FALSE

40 True or False 17. Diets high in sugar tend to increase a child s level of activity. FALSE

41 True or False 18. Most children who are abused become abusive parents. FALSE

42 True or False 19. The most effective technique for dealing with a chronically disobedient child is punishment. FALSE

43 True or False 20. Apples and potatoes taste about the same. TRUE

44 Prologue: Psychology s Roots PrescientificPsychology Is the mind connected to the body or distinct? Are ideas inborn or is the mind a blank slate filled by experience? Descartes proposed the hydraulics of a simple reflex.

45 Prologue: Psychology s Roots

46 Prologue: Psychology s Roots Psychological Science Is Born Empiricism Knowledge comes from experience via the senses Science flourishes through observation and experiment

47 Prologue: Psychology s Roots Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory at the University of Liepzig (c. 1879) Branches out Structuralism Functionalism

48 Prologue: Psychology s Roots Structuralism used introspection (looking in) to explore the elemental structure of the human mind Edward Titchener Reflect inward on feelings, sensations, or images.

49 Prologue: Psychology s Roots Functionalism focused on how behavioral processes function- how they enable organism to adapt, survive, and flourish William James and Mary Calkins

50 Prologue: Psychology s Roots Psychological Science Develops Wundt--German philosopher and physiologist James--American philosopher Pavlov--Russian physiologist Freud--Austrian physician Piaget--Swiss biologist

51 Prologue: Psychology s Roots Figure 1- British Psychological Society membership

52 Definition of Psychology The science of behavior and the mind behavior -observable actions of a person or animal mind -thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions, memories, dreams, motives and other subjective experiences science an objective way to answer questions based on observable facts / data and well described methods

53 What is Psychology? A set of questions about mental functioning trace back to philosophy Aristotle asked about memory, personality, emotions, etc. A set of theories and procedures for asking and answering questions the scientific method evolved over centuries, first in physics A product of history philosophy asked many of the basic questions physiology used similar methods

54 Big Issues

55 Prologue: Contemporary Psychology Psychology s Big Issues Nature-nurture controversy the relative contribution that genes and experience make to development of psychological traits and behaviors

56 Prologue: Contemporary Psychology Natural selection principle that those inherited trait variations contributing to survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

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58 Quick Intro

59 Prologue: Contemporary Psychology Psychology s Perspectives (pg 11) Psychology.htm

60 Neuroscience/Biological Perspective Focus: How our body and brain work to create emotions, memories, and sensory experiences. Behavior is explained by brain chemistry, genetics, glands, etc.

61 Psychodynamic Perspective Focus: How behavior is affected by unconscious drives and conflicts Behavior is explained through unconscious motivation and unresolved inner conflicts from one s childhood. Modern version of psychoanalytic perspective. Stressed early childhood experiences determine later behavior Negative view of humanity (aggression, sex)

62 Behavioral Perspective Focus: How we learn through rewards, punishments, and observation Behavior is explained by previous learning Stimulus Response Studies observable (overt) behavior and stimuli, not concerned with internal states

63 Cognitive Perspective Focus: On how people think and process information Behavior is explained by how a person interprets the situation How is knowledge acquired, organized, remembered, and used to guide behavior?

64 Social-Cultural Perspective Focus: How thinking and behavior change depending on the setting or situation Behavior is explained by the influence of other people present

65 Humanistic Perspective Focus: How healthy people strive to reach their full potential Behavior is explained as being motivated by satisfying needs (safety, hunger, thirst, etc.), with the goal of reaching one s full potential once basic needs are met. Inherent Goodness of Human Beings FREE WILL Unconditional Positive Regard

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67 Behavior Genetics Perspective Focus: How behavior is affected by genes and the environment Combines biology and behaviorism Emphasis on the importance of both genetic and environmental factors on behavior

68 Evolutionary Perspective Focus: How evolution influences behavior tendencies. Behavior is explained by how the behavior may have helped our ancestors survive long enough to reproduce successfully.

69 Positive Psychology Focus: To study and promote optimal human functioning Martin E.P. Seligman is a major advocate Should promote building positive qualities of people

70 Let s Practice Different psychological perspectives offer different explanations for the same behavior.

71 Let s Practice Take a look at how each perspective might try to explain this fictional scenario: Janine, a straight-a college student and track star, lined up to compete at the NCAA 5,000-meter regional finals held later on the same day that she had to take her MCAT. Having spent the night studying for that all-important exam, Janine was operating on three hours of sleep. As the runners took off, Janine got off to a slow start and fell behind. Suddenly, she veered off the track, scaled an 8-foot fence, and jumped off a 45-foot bridge. Her injuries ended her running career and indefinitely postponed her dream of medical school.

72 Let s Practice Perspective Psychoanalytic Burning Questions Possible Answers What forces drove Janine so hard that she snapped? Maybe her parents pushed her too much, perhaps she overcompensated for feelings of inadequacy by winning and panicked at the thought of failure. Behaviorist What have been the previous consequences for Janine when she lost a race? In the past, did she usually lose when she fell behind? Maybe past losses were followed by painful consequences (criticism or derision) and Janine was trying to avoid experiencing them again.

73 Let s Practice Perspective Humanist Burning Questions Possible Answers Was Janine s self-image such that she only felt loved and respected when she won? Maybe she was trying to change the basis of her self-worth or trying to test her friends and family s love for her. Cognitive What was Janine thinking During the race? How did these thoughts lead her to act the way she did? Maybe her fear of failure interfered with her ability to think rationally and thus impaired her judgment. Sociocultural What has American culture Maybe Janine s behavior

74 Prologue: Contemporary Psychology Psychology s Perspectives A lot depends on your viewpoint

75 Prologue: Contemporary Psychology Psychology s Subfields Basic Research Biological psychologists explore the links between brain and mind Developmental psychologists study changing abilities from womb to tomb Cognitive psychologists study how we perceive, think, and solve problems

76 Prologue: Contemporary Psychology Psychology s Subfields Basic Research Personality psychologists investigate our persistent traits Social psychologists explore how we view and affect one another

77 Prologue: Contemporary Psychology Psychology s Subfields Applied Research Industrial/organizational psychologists study and advise on behavior in the workplace Clinical psychologists study, assess, and treat people with psychological disorders

78 Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist vs. Counselor PSYCHOLOGISTS Masters (2 years) Doctoral (3-5 years) [PhD or PsyD (clinical)] Cannot prescribe drugs Types: Practitioners Academic Researchers PSYCHIATRISTS Medical Doctor M.D. Medical school with internship in Psychiatry Can prescribe drugs COUNSELORS Master s degree (MSW or MC) Works with less severe mental health problems Family, relationship, substance abuse, anxiety

79 Areas of Specialization Clinical abnormal behavior and psychological disorders psychologist vs. psychiatrist Health psychology psychological factors in physical health Counseling dealing with normal life situations provide guidance Other Psychology 15% Biological and Experimental 16% Clinical 36% Industrial/Organizational 3% Social and Personality 8% Educational 3% Developmental 6% School 3% Counseling 10%

80 Areas of Specialization Developmental psychological change over the life span social, cognitive, personality School counseling and guidance in school settings Educational learning and teaching Other Psychology 15% Biological and Experimental 16% Clinical 36% Industrial/Organizational 3% Social and Personality 8% Educational 3% Developmental 6% School 3% Counseling 10%

81 Areas of Specialization Psychobiology brain and behavior studied at many levels often uses animals as research model Experimental basic laboratory focus animals or humans learning, memory, motivation Cognitive experimental human memory, perception, etc. Other Psychology 15% Biological and Experimental 16% Clinical 36% Industrial/Organizational 3% Social and Personality 8% Educational 3% Developmental 6% School 3% Counseling 10%

82 Areas of Specialization Social social influences on cognition and emotion attitudes and beliefs Personality individual differences perception by others Industrial/organizational people and work job satisfaction training and selection Other Psychology 15% Biological and Experimental 16% Clinical 36% Industrial/Organizational 3% Social and Personality 8% Educational 3% Developmental 6% School 3% Counseling 10%

83 Professional Work Settings Colleges and universities Clinical settings Elementary and secondary schools Business Government Employment Settings of Psychologists School Business & Industry Universities & College Private Practice Government

84 Discovery Psychology Video