Effect of place attachment in creating sense of place Case study: Tajrish old Bazaar and new commercial center

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1 International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 2013 Available online at ISSN X / Vol, 4 (4): Science Explorer Publications Effect of place attachment in creating sense of place Case study: Tajrish old Bazaar and new commercial center Yazdanfar. Seyed Abbas 1, Heidari. Ali Akbar 2, Behdadfar. Nazgol 3, Eskandari. Mohammad 4 1. Assistant Professor of Architecture, Iran University of Science & Technology, Tehran, IRAN 2. PhD Candidate in Architectural Department, Iran University of Science & Technology, Tehran, IRAN 3. Master Of Architecture, Asalooieh International Payamnoor university, Asalooieh, IRAN 4. PhD Candidate in urban planning, Isfahan university, Isfahan, IRAN Corresponding author aliakbar_heidari@iust.ac.ir ABSTRACT: Today, concepts such as Meaning of place, Sense of place, Place Attachment And phrases such these, has been so discussed in the literature of architecture and urban design. Sense of place is one of the main concepts in space and place identity studies. The lack of a sense of place in existing spaces is lead to formation of identity crisis in Architecture and Urban design. Therefore, a deep understanding of these issues will improve the quality of human-built environments. Sense of place is a phenomenon which is made of confluence of the physical elements of space, function and meaning in people's minds. There is so much discussion in urban design and place quality studies about the importance of physical factors and activities as the main factors of place formation; while there is no attention to the role of place attachment in creating the meaning of place. In this paper we try to evaluate the concept of place attachment in two case studies of Tajrish old Bazzar (TOB) and Tandis commercial center (TCC). Research tools of this qualitative study were open questionnaire and in-depth semistructured interview and participant observation. The questions focused on place attachment and it impact on place identity is done of sellers and buyers of this shopping centers. Findings show that place attachment in (TOB) is so stronger than (TCC). Key words: Sense of place, place attachment, Tajrish old Bazzar, Tandis commercial center INTRODUCTION Study about place and circumstance of experience of it is the subject of many researches in recent decades; researches to explain the interaction between environments and people and their quality of life. For the first time Kurt Lewin (1936) considered the relationship between place and person in form of psychological personality foundations and mentioned the role of physical place in shaping the people behaviors. In the 70 s decade, various science such as geography, sociology and landscaping design has tried to assess the relationship between human and space and it results in their behavior. In this regard concepts such as place attachment (Low & Altman, 1992; Manzo,2001), community attachment, Sense of place (Tuan, 1974), Social Affiliation, place dependence (Williams & Roggenbuck, 1989), place identity (Proshansky, 1978), place bonding and rootedness has been explained. Today, behavior- environment studies (EBS) is considered as one of the most important branches of knowledge, analysis and evaluation of environmental impact on users' perceptions and behavior (Rapaport, 1990). Environmental designers can achieve better results in design with understanding the parameters influencing human behavior and the circumstance of environment perception. This paper explains the concept of place attachment in creating sense of place. As case study, different dimensions of place attachment in the Tajrish historical Bazaar compared whit Tandis commercial. Place attachment is a contractual concept between people and place and it is reflected in their identity. But today due to inappropriate development of architectural and urban spaces, sense of place and place attachment is broken. Because meaning and attachment are place characteristics, so lack of meaning in environment results in weakness of sense of place and place identity. This

2 article also pointed to the role of place attachment in creating a different meaningful environment in socio-cultural setting. In other words, to totally understand of factors shaping place attachment in this mall, all dimensions and features of Tajrish neighborhood like its mall, cultural-religious setting around it like Imamzde Saleh and Tajrish hosseinieh were analyzed. Literature review concept of place and sense of place human made environments had two dimensions; One is physical dimension that is include form and function of a setting and the other is meanings that people encode it due to their motivations.. Therefore, this sense that formed after understanding and judgment of especial environment in people was known as sense of place. sense of place means people emotional thinking about environment that make internal relationship to it so that one s perception and feeling engaged with environment meaning setting. This sense is a factor that causes a space become place with especial sensing and behavioral characteristics to especial ones (Falahat, 2007). Nowadays, sense of place concept have been devoted many studies in architecture and urban design literature. If we thought of space as an abstract concept, place is part of space that occupied by individuals or things and consist of value and meaning. People and environment interaction is instant and this is differentiate of them. (Madanipour, 2001). In fact, being human is living in world full of important places and make benefit of place and understand this benefits. As Martin Heidegger suggest place is deep and complex aspect of world. Sense of place release all from sameness and universal state of space and change it as especial point for its audience. All people experienced being in a place, the respect it and concern about lack of such things. Comprehensible and meaningful places are appropriate support that values, personal memories and feeling rely on them. Place identity has close relation with personal identity, that I am here means I am existing (Madanipour, 2001). Places play an important role in forming people s social and personal identity (davenport & Anderson, 2005). Place identity is a factor to define people social and personal identity (proshansky & kaminoff, 19) and also their personality aspects (Relph, 1976). Place identity develops in direct experience of physical environments, therefore it s a reflection of place social and cultural aspects and play important role in growing personal character (Walmesley,1988). In phenomenology point of view, sense of place is a connection to the place through symbols and daily activities comprehension. This sense can emerge in one life and got deep over times (Falahat, 2007). In Canter point of view, mass and individual values and sense of place interact with each other and people usually participate in their social activities due to their sense of place. In phenomenology point of view, main concepts related to expression of sense of place are words like loving place, place experience and place character. Sense of place is an abstract features or place character that means spirit of place. Place experience is a mental and cognitive process that most of people feel the same and. This sense of sameness is called place sense. (Altman & Low, 1992). Relph (1976) suggested that sense of place is not a recognized concept that could be defined as a clear meaning. He pointed that main meaning of place is beyond performances that place supplies; it is beyond society that it occupies. Places consist of three dimensions with interdependent components that induce meaning to environment: physical, its personal and social dimensions and finally functions take place in that (Canter, 1977; Relph, 1976; Smaldone, Harris, & Sanyal, 2005; Stedman, 2003; Stokols & Shumaker, 1981). In people experience of environment, three dimensions of form, function and meaning merge into each other to form sense of place concept (Montgomery,1998). Although there are many discussions on physical and functional dimensions to develop place identity, but meaning roles in creating an environment with robust sense of place needs further discussion. One of the main goals of urbanism and architecture is creating sense of place. This case affected by feeling and perceptions that people gain during environmental experience (Relph, 1976; Tuan, 1977; Wlliams, Anderson, Mc Donald & Patterson, 19; Carmona, Tiesdell, Heath & Oc, 2003; Hay, 1998). Ralph (1976) interrelate this case with peoples need to giving identity to environment and need to place differentiate. This case related to place potential in stimulation of people feeling to make different places (Lynch, 1960). Sense of place researches focused on three axis: place attachment, belong to place, and place identity (Jorgensen & Stedman, 2006). In this study, place attachment introduced as measurable dimension of sense of place that results in meaning forming for residents and place users. Place attachment Place attachment mentioned to the emotional impact of one place that people are attracted to it by emotional and cultural bonds. In fact place attachment is a symbolic relationship with the place which is formed by giving the

3 emotional meanings and common sense to a particular place or territory and that explain how people percept of places and how they relate to their (Low & Altman, 1992). Place attachment is one dimension of total place sensitivity and positive emotional attachment that develop between place and individual (Stedman, 2003) and clarify ones sensitivity to especial geographical situation that bond individual to place sensitively. In fact a positive experience of place is the consequence of positive beliefs and emotions that individual create in interaction with place and giving meaning to it (Rubinstein & Parmelee, 1992). In this process, people develop their relationship with others and place. There is direct relationship between place attachment rate and his interest to place that is when somebody attaches a place, he care more about it (Mesch & Monar, 1992). This is raised from activities and interaction between human-place and human-human in a special place. (Relph, 1976; Low & Altman, 1992) and with bilateral interaction of feelings, knowledge, believes and behaviors with especial place (Proshansky et al, 1992). Place attachment, at the same time is the emphasis on emotional communication with place based on itself and when interaction took place during facing with place, it is based on attachment theory and belonging to society setting than mere devotion to place (kyle et al, 2004), so that this word is equal with social attachment and place sensitivity. Shumaker et al also express this word as positive emotional dependence between place and person in neighborhood units that social groups, physical appropriateness, individual personality and perceived position of place where people live play important role in it (Shumaker & Taylor, 1983). Place attachment was build due to individual s interest, understanding and experience to place based on various personal, group and cultural features and social communication among them (Low & Altman, 1992). In fact, this affair formed based on behavioral, emotional and cognitive interactions among people, groups and socialphysical places consciously or unconsciously (Brown & Perkins, 1992), also, it was established between individuals emotional relationship between people and place based on how people judge, prefer and understand or perceive a place (Riley,1992). Benito also defined place attachment as emotional dependency to special place and convert person to an element of place identity and claimed that this case emerged in psychological and social process setting between person and place and its results in place sense and dependence (Bonatio, 1999). Jean Jacob in this case, in addition to point about place attachment as a deep human characteristic, suggest that people when face some of these places express that I belong to it. And so they give it home identity (Rivilin, 1987). Place attachment affective factors A review of literatures about place attachment might classify factors which influenced on creation or promotion of place attachment that comes in follow: Physical factors Many researches performed in place attachment field that relied on physical place. These researches attempt to answer these question; which place is more important to people? Why? Results show that both physical and social features play the same roles in creation of place attachment. Stedman (2003b) studied physical place role on place attachment and pointed to direct role of it on satisfaction and its indirect role on place attachment, at the same time, it deviate from place symbolic meaning. Other features that have been indicated includes: place setting and bed, facility and services, place status in urban setting, and its relationship to environment and other features. Social factors Basically, environment psychology is not only related to physical place but also includes social dimensions too. Positive relationship between physical place and personal satisfaction related to social communications, so that in social experiments and interaction that took place facilitate meaningfulness that place given for individuals. Therefore, two important features are: place attachment related to home, common diary and time. Physical qualities which are formed just one dimension of it. Thus, social communication importance never must be ignored. So that some researchers believe that place attachment based on people participation, social network engagement and cultural interactions, there are equal or more importance than physical place. Place attachment develops with people positive interaction and social compatibility in place and place attachment power has direct relationship with these communication power and rate. Cultural factors Groups, families and society members and similar cultures are common in place attachment. Place attachment related to those activities that people do in their cultural requirement setting. Newell (1997) studied cultural role in place preference.

4 Personal factors Place attachment is different among people. People select and attach place due to their conscious tendencies that result from personal characteristics and factors. Individualism is more important factor in social orientation and how to develop intimacy of social communication that known as mental identities based on initial tendencies. place reflect identities, differences and competitions in different groups based on gender, class, race, ethnic, and culture and indicate individual political tendencies, power, liberty, interest and social system and common interests in consumption motives. Memories and experiences Totally, place attachment took place when people experienced powerful, long period of time in that place and in this process, place serve vast meaning. Tuan (1980) pointed to a factor like root in place that is correlation and integrity of person and place. Piley (1992) in study of place attachment found that, place attachment deviated from development period memories and communication took place in an areas not just a simple mere place. He believes that we remember a place that we experience and favorite adventures and place is part of our experiences and might be a symbol of that experience. Amongst, Marcus (1992) studied place memoires from students painting, adult remember their childhood and elders from their residential memoires. Due to his view, people build sense of identity within themselves based on social communication experience and place of events and based on them, people form their dreams. Reflection of this feeling reflected in selected residence and memories about people and places they remember because feeling took place within place and in such emotional communication with place every one experienced differently. In fact, person-place relationship is an interaction process rather cause and effect. Chawla (1997,) in his study of place attachment in children said place attachment might have permanent effects on children life because it contributes in childes life quality. Also, he points in his studies that in place, assessment, children never point body or physical needs but pointed to qualities like appropriate mental image of place. Place satisfaction Emotional relationship person and place depends his place satisfaction and how it assess, and its rate depends on person perceptions of place and place satisfaction and quality and security (physical, social, emotional) that such a perception are conscious, unconscious, objective, subjective, personal or social and results in security and conservation and development of place. Attachment theory showed that not only urgently but probably it took place to meet people needs and expectations about place. Therefore, one most important dimension must be explained was place satisfaction, as place need expectation met, development probability more appropriate emotional relationship increase infect, place satisfaction is place attachment. So that in some students, factors influenced on place attachment and place dependencies and satisfaction are equivalent, an example is Benito et al work in place attachment theory indicate that people place attachment developed based on their place expectation due to previous experience and their cognitive process and place satisfaction depends on the cognition. Satisfaction factor depends on factors like facilities, place adaptation, with performance and setting sustainability, visual characteristics and management, place economic values, resident s image of similar unit and place social setting and architecture and urban planning features, social communication, background features. Interaction and activity features One important factor of place that play important role in promotion of place attachment are activities and interaction between human-place and human-human interactions. In fact, these cases rooted in individual interaction with social and physical place in form of meaning, behavioral and emotional and cognitive interactions result in place attachment, in turn, place activities results in place meaning and finally place meaning cause place attachment. Studies showed that place attachment promoted even with periodical celebration and events or permanent activities dominated on places, so that, in some intercultural studies, festivals, celebrations, story activity featured as more important factors in different cultures attraction to people. Time factor As mentioned before, time factor or residency in long time increase place attachment and many researchers supported this finding. Time factor is raised as deterministic features of place attachment among children and individuals and it was studied in both process and attachment rate. case study

5 Trade is the most important kind of social exchange that considered as the main function of human being. The function that result in establishment of especial space and place is known Bazaar that found in different types. Bazaar is the most important communication channel and urban space in past Iranian cities. The main bazaars in each city is usually established along urban routes and streets (Sultanzadeh, 2005) In Old Iranian cities, bazaar and its main components, in addition of different economical and service functions, play important role in promotion of socio-cultural values. Thus, often three functions addressed for bazaar: 1. Stabilizing urban economy. 2. Developing urban public economy. 3. Breeding spirit of socio-cultural relationships (Falamaki, 1987) Among Tehran different areas, because of rich sustainability setting, good climate, presence of imam zadeh salih, and bazaar and historical centrality, Tajrish was an important place from old times to now. It is the center of mixed religious, cultural and economic activities. One of the main factors of forming Tajrish kernel is old bazaar. In cultural concept, Tajrish bazaar gain more importance. In Iranian ideology, specialized attention devoted to holly places. Imamzedeh salih is a kind of holly place which is in old setting of Tajrish in western extreme of old bazaar. This place make an special identity for Tajrish quarter. figure1.tajrish old bazaar (reference; city hall first volume,2010) figure2. Tajrish Imamzadeh Salih figure3.upper Tajrish hosseinia (reference, city hall first volume,2010) RESEARCH METHOD In this research, participants are including of sellers and buyers of the Tajrish old bazaar (TOB) and Tandis commercial center (TCC). Research tools of this qualitative study were open questionnaire and in-depth semistructured interview and participant observation. The questions focused on place attachment and it impact on place identity is done of sellers and buyers of this shopping centers. In questionnaire design it was used Canter (1997) model to define sense of place in the bazaar. Based on this model, three parameters engaged; physical environments, activities and mental images (Canter, 1997). Obtained results were analyzed in SPSS software. Sampling and data collection. Participant of this paper are include of sellers and customers of (TOB) and (TCC). In this survey, 60 people were selected to accomplish designed questionnaire. Reliability of data collected tools represented in table 1 using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for different parts of questionnaires: Table 1. different parts Cronbach's alpha coefficient In this section, to examine assumptions, it was used Spearman rank correlation, one sample run test and Friedman variance analysis test. Main components Cronbach's alpha coefficient Physical factors & infrastructure 0.71 Correlational and social interaction 0.89 Social security 0.91 Readability and orientation 0.61 Place dependency 0.73

6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In order to study every score of customers and retailers views about main thesis of both old and new bazaar, it was used T-test separately. Also, it was used Friedman variance analysis test equipment to determine importance and variables partial priority. Meaningfulness in all main components is lower than All 5 main components verified by % confidence. Therefore, this concludes that physical factors and infrastructures, correlation social interaction, social security, readability and orientation and place dependency which are mentioned in table 1, are effective factors of place attachments. Hypothesis1. There is not any meaningful relationship between place attachment components of (TOB) and (TCC). In order to interpret this thesis, Spearman rank correlation test might be useful. Spearman test results showed that by % probability, there is positive, significant meaningful relationship between social interaction with physical factors and infrastructures in (TOB). Also, there is positive relationship between social security variables with readability and orientation variable by meaningfulness level and with physical factor and infrastructure variable by 0.42 meaningfulness level. There is meaningful relationship between place dependence variable with physical factors and infrastructures in level of (0.01) equal with All of this data show that there is a correlation between these variables which mentioned above (table 1) and its confident rate is %. (TCC) is against it, just there is meaningful relationship between social security variable with physical factor and infrastructures variables in level of and with readability and orientation variable in level of this show that in (TCC) there is no meaningful relation and correlation between other variables. Hypothesis2. Main components of place attachments among customers and retailers in (TCC) are weaker than (TOB). Among indices related to place attachment measure in both old and new bazaar, five indices evaluated as follow: Table2 showed meaningfulness of average place attachment components of new and old bazaar in Tajrish. Descriptive statistics of one sample T-test in five main components, physical factors and infrastructures, correlational and social interactions, social security, readability and orientation and finally place dependency showed that among these factors just two components of physical factor and infrastructure and social security are higher than average in new trade complexes, in other words, they play important roles in place attachment and three other factors measured weak that is lower than average. In contrast, factors that play important role in traditional bazaar are correlational and social interaction and place dependency. Also both readability and orientation were same at both new and old bazaars. That is, readability of old and new bazaar measured at medium level. H1:µx = (3) %60, H0:µx (3) %60 CONCLUSION As obtained from literature, place sense is some kind of people sense to especial place that form by placeperson interaction. Also in other related research, this point is significant, physical factors, activities and related concepts with these places are complex factors that influence in place sense configuration together with placeperson interaction they combined and place sense created. In other words, other literature confirms emotional place-person interaction. This case based on previous life experience, and personal, sensitive, cognitive, and behavioral structures. Because people made social, sensitive, cognitive, behavioral plan and classified and organized all their new experiences based on this plan and perceptions and also memorize all of them and conducting aspirations person behavior perceive it due to this self-plan. During self-made process, people needs and expectations were stabilized and when an entity or subject met these needs, people feel relieve and security and continue met his needs subjectively or objectively and result in aspiration and attachment of living together. This paper reviews the concept of sense of place and place attachment, offers five-dimensional model of the factors influencing the attachment to the place that are include, physical factors and infrastructures, correlational and social interactions, social security, readability and orientation and finally place dependency parameters. In next stage, tow place have selected as case study; one is Tajrish old Bazaar (TOB) and other is Tandis commercial center (TCC) which both of them are situated in same city area in Tehran. After testing and analysis of variance, and evaluation of the data, these results were obtained that among these factors just two components of physical factor and infrastructure and social security are play important roles in place attachment and three other factors have a weaker importance. In contrast, factors that play important role in traditional bazaar are correlational and

7 social interaction and place dependency. Also both readability and orientation were same at both new and old bazaars. That is, readability of old and new bazaar measured at medium level. Table2. one sample T-test P<0.001 Test Value = 3 % Confidence Interval of the Difference Upper Lower Mean Difference Sig. (2-ailed) df t Correlation and social interaction Social security Physical factors and infrastructures Readability and orientation Place dependancy Now, using freedman test five factors priority were studied: social security, correlational and social interaction, place dependency, readability and orientation, physical factors and infrastructures. The purpose of this test was to determine partial importance and priority of above mentioned factors on bazaar place attachment. Results of above mentioned test showed that average rate of five above mentioned factors in new bazaar (TCC) have no significant differences. Therefore, it was concluded that priority and importance of all factors in new bazaar have no difference in average rate and they share equal importance, but it shows significant difference in old bazaar. Table6.average calculated rank in new and old bazaar factors New bazar Old bazaar Social security Correlation and social interaction Place dependency Readability and orientation Physical factors and infrastructures ,78 Table 7.freedman meaningfulness statistic test Old bazaar New bazaar statistics N Chi-Square df Asymp. Sig. REFERENCES Adams P, Hoelscher S, Till K Place in context, rethinking humanist geographies, in: P. Adams, S. Hoelscher & K. Till (Eds) Textures of Place, Exploring Humanist Geographies, pp (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press). Agnew JA, Duncan JS Introduction. In J. A. Agnew & J. S. Duncan, (Eds.), The Power of Place: Bringing Together Geographical and Sociological Imaginations. Boston: Unwin Hyman, pp.1-8. Agnew JA Place and Politics: The Geographical Mediation of State and Society. Boston: Allen & Unwin. Altman I, Low S Human behavior and environments: Advances in theory and research. Volume 12: Place attachment. New York: Plenum Press. Amdur L, Epstein-Pliouchtch M Architects Places, Users Places: Place Meanings at the New Central Bus Station, Tel Aviv, Journal of Urban Design, Vol. 14. No. 2, Berdoulay V Place, meaning and discourse in French language geography, in: J. A. Agnew & J. S. Duncan (Eds) The Power of Place Bringing Together Geographical and Sociological Imaginations (Boston: Unwin Hyman). Canter D. 1977a. The Psychology of Place. London: Architectural Press. Canter D. 1977b. Book review of E. Relph, `Place and placelessness'. Environment and Planning B, 4,

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