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1 Positive Psychology Published by Global Vision Publishing House Edited By Dr. Sunil Kumar Dr. S.B. Yadav A Study of Relationship of Emotional Intelligence with Normal and Clinical Personality Factors Prerna Puri* and Nidhi Purohit** ABSTRACT This research was conducted to find out the relationship between emotional intelligence and Clinical Analysis Questionnaire. A sample of 300 students was taken for the present study. Emotional Intelligence by Mangal & Mangal and Clinical Analysis Questionnaire developed by Samuel E. Krug was used. Results revealed significant relationship between Emotional Intelligence and some normal personality traits as well as some clinical factors. INTRODUCTION Emotional intelligence refers to the capacity for recognizing our own feelings for and those of others, for motivating ourselves, and for managing emotions well in our-selves and our relationship (Goleman, 1998). Emotional intelligence has received much attention in the psychological literature and beyond, generating intense demand for applications in educational, organizational and clinical settings. The key component of EQ (emotional quotient) is empathy understanding other s feeling and taking their perspective; and respecting differences; in how people feel about things. Relationships are major factors, including learning to be good listener and question- asker, distinguishing between what someone says or does and your own reactions and judgments, being assertive rather than angry or passive, and learning the art of cooperation, conflict resolution and negotiating compromise (Goleman, 1995). Researchers like Austin (2004), Petrides & Furnhum (2000) distinguished between two emotional intelligence constructs, depending on whether the operationlization process is based on self-report or on maximum performance. Trait emotional intelligence concerns emotion related dispositions and self perceptions whereas ability emotional intelligence concerns emotion related cognitive abilities (Petrides et. al., 2007). * Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur. ** Research Scholar, Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur

2 24 Prerna Puri and Nidhi Purohit Emotional intelligence (EI) can play crucial role in improving individuals performance in many aspects such as career prospects in organizations, employees, consulting centers and psychological health centers across the world. So for better and more understanding of emotional intelligence, a study (Sani & Homayouni, 2010) investigated Emotional intelligence and personality traits in addicted people. Results showed that high emotional intelligence was related positively and significantly with Extroversion, Openness to experience and Conscientiousness. Arteche et al (2008) studied relationship among trait emotional intelligence (EI), personality, IQ and sex in a sample of 585 employees. Bivariate correlations revealed significant associations between overall EQ- i and Neuroticism (negative), agreeableness, extraversion, openness and conscientiousness (all positive). While there was no significant associations between overall EQ-i and sex or IQ. METHODOLOGY Aim of the Study To find out the correlation between emotional intelligence and various personality factors. Hypothesis Emotional intelligence will be significantly related to the various personality factors. Sample The sample for the present study was taken from 1 st year and 2 nd year students of Maharani s College, Jaipur. 100 each from the faculty of Science, Commerce and Arts were taken. The age range was between17 to 20 years. Purposive sampling method was used. Tools 1. Mangal Emotional Intelligence Inventory (MEII) This was developed by S.K. Mangal and Shubhra Mangal (2004). Emotional intelligence inventory has been designed for use with Hindi and English knowing 16+ years students. It measures emotional intelligence in four areas namely, intra personal awareness (knowing about one s own emotions), inter personal awareness (knowing about other s emotions), intra personal management (managing one s own emotions) and inter personal management (managing other s emotions). It has 100 items, 25 each from the four areas to be answered as yes or no. The split- half reliability coefficient was found to be.89. The validity for the inventory through factorial related approach varied from.437 to.716. Scoring can be done by hand or with the help of stencil. 2. Clinical Analysis Questionnaire This was developed by Samuel E. Kurg (1980) and adapted in Hindi by S.D. Kapoor and R.N. Singh (1980). It has 28 scales, 16 of which are the normal personality traits and 16 are clinical personality traits. The CAQ has 272 items, 128 in part 1, which covers the normal personality structure, and 144 in part 2, which covers the clinical personality traits. The median test- retest reliability coefficient across 28 scales is.73. The validity coefficient is between.45 to.86.

3 A Study of Relationship of Emotional Intelligence Procedure Students of Maharani s College, Jaipur were contacted with prior permission of college authorities. The psychological tools mentioned above were administered on the sample. Results were analyzed after data collection. Proper information about the study was given to the participants, including confidentiality, risk factors, and right to withdraw from study at any point. Statistical Analysis Correlation design was used to see the relationship between emotional intelligence and personality traits. RESULTS Table 1: Correlation between CAQ and MEII scores of 300 students CAQ MEII Normal personality factors MEA MEB MEC MED TME Warmth (A) Intelligence (B).2146** Emotional stability (C) Dominance (E) * *.1673* Impulsivity (F) Conformity (G) Boldness (H) Sensitivity(I) Suspiciousness (L) Imagination (M) Shrewdness (N) * ** * Insecurity (O) Radicalism (Q1) Self- sufficiency (Q2) Self- discipline (Q3) Tension (Q4) Clinical personality factors Hypochondriasis (D1) * * * ** Suicidal Depression (D2) ** ** ** ** Agitation (D3) Anxious Depression (D4) Low energy depression (D5) * ** ** Guilt & resentment (D6) Boredom & withdrawal (D7) * * Paranoia (Pa) Psychopathic Deviation (Pp).1839**.1706* ** Schizophrenia (Sc) * * ** Psychasthenia (As) Psychological inadequacy (Ps) ** ** * ** * Significant at.01, **Significant at.001

4 26 Prerna Puri and Nidhi Purohit DISCUSSION The present study was undertaken to study the relationship between emotional intelligence and various normal and clinical personality factors. It was hypothesized that there will be a significant correlation between emotional intelligence and personality traits. Over the last decade the concept of emotional intelligence (EI) has aroused significant academic and practitioner s interest. Within the literature, there has been extensive debate around the validity of the construct and, in particular, its ability to add explanation of variance in criteria beyond that provided by personality factors. Many studies do, however, provide evidence that EI is significantly related to performance, progression and leadership. More recently, evidence has also been provided which demonstrated that emotional intelligence is a significant factor in explaining individual emotional reactions to work contexts (e.g., job satisfaction, stress at work etc.). This has led to some authors proposing linkages between EI and the emerging field of positive psychology, and, in particular, the concept of well- being. Higgs & Dulewicz (2008) reported a study in which data on, emotional intelligence, personality and well- being was obtained from a sample of 150 in work managers. Analysis of the data demonstrated significant relationship between emotional intelligence and measures of well being. However, emotional intelligence explained more variance in well being measures than personality factors alone. The results of the present study showed that few normal personality factors are positively correlated to emotional intelligence. Intelligence (factor B) and intra personal awareness are positively correlated, as intelligence is a major contributor in self awareness. Second factor of personality which has positive relationship with emotional intelligence is dominance (factor E). It is significantly correlated with inter personal awareness, inter personal management as well as, total emotional intelligence. Dominance involves interaction with and management of other people. In understanding and managing other people, inter personal emotional intelligence plays an important role. Shrewdness (factor N) and interpersonal awareness, intra personal awareness and emotional intelligence as a whole, are negatively correlated. Results also indicated relationship between emotional intelligence and clinical personality factors. Hypochondriasis (factor D1) and emotional intelligence as a whole, as well as, subparts like interpersonal awareness, intrapersonal awareness, and intra personal management are negatively correlated. It shows that emotionally intelligent people have less chances of being preoccupied with bodily dysfunctions. Suicidal depression (factor D2) and low energy depression both are negatively correlated with emotional intelligence. High scoring individuals on suicidal depression report emptiness and meaninglessness in life. They entertain thoughts of death as a viable alternative to their present, hopeless condition. High scoring individuals on low energy depression (factor D5) report frequent feeling of sadness and gloom. They have little zest and are worn out and low. These features do not relate with high scores on emotional intelligence. Downey et. al., (2008) aimed to investigate the relationship between EI and a clinical diagnosis of depression in a cohort of adults. Significant associations were

5 A Study of Relationship of Emotional Intelligence observed between severity of depression and the EI dimensions of Emotional Management (r = ) and Emotional Control (r = -0.62). The results showed a reduced social involvement, an increased prior institutionalization and an increased incidence of Schizophrenic Psychosis and Abnormal Personalities in the sub-group of repeated admissions. Boredom and withdrawal (factor D7) are also negatively correlated with inter personal awareness and inter personal management. Individuals scoring high on boredom and withdrawal have feeling that life is pointless and silly to care at all, and have a tendency to avoid people. These features are opposed to interpersonal awareness and inter personal management of emotional intelligence. Psychopathic deviation (factor Pp) is the only clinical personality trait of CAQ which is positively correlated with emotional intelligence. This may be due to some common features like less inhibition, excitement and liking for being center of attention shared by Psychopathic deviation and emotional intelligence. Ali et. al., (2009) investigated the relationships between psychopathy (primary and secondary), Machiavellianism, trait emotional intelligence and empathy, using an image task that required an appropriate empathic response to the emotional displays of others (happy, sad and neutral). Results indicated that primary psychopathy and Machiavellianism were positively associated with the experience of positive affect from sad stimuli, while secondary psychopathy and Machiavellianism were positively associated with the experience of negative effect in response to neutral stimuli, and the opposite pattern was found for trait emotional intelligence. Regression analyses demonstrated that secondary psychopathy, Machiavellianism, trait emotional intelligence and state anxiety are important predictors when stimuli are ambiguous. Schizophrenia (factor Sc) which is characterized by negative emotions like feeling of rejection, unsympathetic attitude of others towards them etc. is also negatively correlated with emotional intelligence. Emotionally intelligent person has better skills or capacity to understand and manage their own emotions. Keeabc et al (2009) found that the MSCEIT demonstrated good psychometric properties in both groups (50 schizophrenic & 39 non- psychiatric controls). Schizophrenia patients performed significantly worse than controls on the total MSCEIT score, and on three of the four subtests: Identifying, Understanding, and Managing Emotions. Among patients, lower MSCEIT scores significantly correlated with higher negative and disorganized symptoms, as well as worse community functioning. The last factor of CAQ is negatively correlated with intrapersonal awareness, interpersonal awareness, interpersonal management and emotional intelligence as a whole, is psychological inadequacy (factor Ps). High scorer on this dimension considers them self as good for nothing. Reality disorders occur in the area of factual self worth. High scorers on emotional intelligence are well aware of themself and other s feeling and have better capacity to manage the emotions of self and others. Thus it can be concluded that the some normal personality factors like, intelligence and dominance are positively correlated with emotional intelligence whereas, shrewdness is negatively correlated. Clinical personality factors like Hypochondriasis, suicidal depression, low energy depression boredom and withdrawal, psychopathic deviation and schizophrenia are negatively correlated with emotional intelligence, again except one factor, that is, psychopathic deviation which is negatively correlated.

6 28 Prerna Puri and Nidhi Purohit This study also has some limitations like the sample size was small for generalization of results. No psychological treatment was given. REFERENCES Ali, F., Amorim, I.S., & Premuzic, T.C. (2009). Empathy deficits and trait emotional intelligence in psychopathy and Machiavellianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(7), Arteche, A., Premuzic, T.C., Furnhum, A., & Crump, J.(2008). The relationship of trait EI with personality, IQ and sex in a UK sample of employees. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 16(4), Austin, E.J. (2004). An investigation of the relationship between trait emotional intelligence and emotional task performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 36 (8), Downey, L. A., Johnston, P.J., Hansen, K., Schembri, R., Stough, C., Tuckwell, V., Schweitzer, I. (2008). The relationship between emotional intelligence and depression in a clinical sample. The European Journal of Psychiatry, 22. Goleman, D. (1998). Emotional intelligence that lead to success. Emotional Intelligence, 2, Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence: why it can matter more than IQ, New York. Bantam books. Higgs, M. & Dulewicz, V. (2008). Emotional Intelligence, Well- being and Personality: An Empirical Study of their Interrelationship, Southamptom. University of southamptom. Kapoor, S.D., & Singh, R.N. (1980). Cinical Analysis Questionnaire. N V P 1999 Hindi edition. The psychocentre, New Delhi. Keeabc, K.S., Horanbc, W.P., Saloveyd, P., Kernbc, R.S., Sergice, M.J., Fiskef, A.P., Leebc, J., Subotnikb, K.L., Nuechterleinbg, K., Sugarh, C.A., Greenbc, M.F. (2009). Emotional intelligence in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 107(1), Krug, S.E. (1980). Clinical Analysis Questionnaire manual. Institute for personality and ability testing, Inc. Champaign, Illinois Mangal, S.K. & Mangal, S. (2004). Manual for Emotional Intelligence Inventory. National psychological corporation, Agra. Petrides, K. V., Pita, R., & Kokkinaki, F. (2007). The location of trait emotional intelligence in personality factor space. British Journal of Psychology, 98, Petrides, K.V., & Furnhum, A. (2000). On the dimensional structure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, Sani, H.T. & Homayouni, A. (2010). P A survey on relationship between emotional intelligence and personality traits in addicted people. European Psychiatry, 25(1), 1329, Germany.