HEAVY HANDS. Chapter Three Research & Theory. Dr. Babcock

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1 HEAVY HANDS Chapter Three Research & Theory Dr. Babcock

2 Research Important to reconcile personal reality with experiential reality Perspective to step away from personal; view objectively Public research to replicate studies; avoid overgeneralization, selective observation, & illogical reasoning Document frequency, populations, perpetrator & victim characteristic, etc Studies of agency & public response shape law, policy, organizations & funding

3 Applied Research Pure research conducted for knowledge Applied research to understand social problem & what to do about it First national study of intimate partner violence, Behind Closed Doors, found spouses strike partners in 1/6 households (1980) First controlled, randomized test of effectiveness of arrest for intimate partner violence: Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment (1980)

4 MDVE Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment assessed effects of various police responses, including arrest; data suggest perp arrest resulted in fewest repeat violence events for same victims in six-month period Subsequent violence reduced by almost 50% when perp was arrested, as opposed to other interventions Findings not replicated in other studies

5 Thurman v. City of Torrington June 10, 1983 police failed to protect Tracey Thurman from ex husband; severely beaten, causing permanent harm (stabbed 13 times, broke her neck; partially paralyzed) (1984) Court found victim of domestic violence was denied equal protection under Fourteenth Amendment; city paid $1.9 million Buck Thurman released from prison in 1991 (7 years). Remarried Thurman Law requires arrest in CT domestic violence calls Made into movie Cry for Help

6 Civil Suits & Statutes Civil suits brought against police agencies (eg Thurman) contributed to new mandatory arrest laws (state), even when DV not witnessed by LEO Statutes broaden definitions & legislative protections Wide variance between jurisdictions All states, Washington, DC, & Puerto Rico enacted some DV legislation

7 Research Methods Quantitative Qualitative deductive model (general to specific) inductive model (specific to general) defines relevant terms examines phenomena in natural setting numeric design (close ended) non-numeric design (open ended) scientific surveys studies characteristics of population examples: NCVS and the UCR Hypothesis-testing replication studies to uncover richness of data (why? how?) hypothesis-generating exploratory

8 Data Sources Family violence data (plural) from many sources: FBI: Uniform Crime Report, NIBRS, Supplementary Homicide Reports Bureau of Justice Statistics: NCVS, State Court Processing Statistics, Federal Justice Statistics, Survey of Inmates in State, Federal, and Local Correctional Facilities Centers for Disease Control (CDC) NISVS Agency data (city, county, state, national, international)

9 Evaluation of Sources Sources must be credible, scholarly, reliable Extra caution using Internet sources Utilize the Six-Step Model Sources must be cited properly Information on both APA and ASA formats widely available ASA or APA required in this course

10 Family Violence Theories #1 Theories provide framework for explaining relationships in data (independent and dependent variables); micro, meso, macro level Social Scientific Theories The Classical School Rational Choice Theory Deterrence Theory The Positive School Biological Theories Eugenics Biochemical Imbalance Theories

11 Family Violence Theories #2 Positive School: Sociological Theories Social Structure & Culture Culture of Violence Theory Social Disorganization Theory Strain Theory Gender-Role Theory The Conflict School (Marx, et al) Patriarchal Theory (feminist approach) Gender Inequality

12 Family Violence Theories #3 The Positive School Psychological Theories Social Learning Theories Behavior Modeling Theory Intergenerational Transmission Theory Social Control Theories Attachment Theory Individual Pathology (psychopaths, sociopaths)

13 Conclusions Research is important (move from personal experience) Inductive or deductive equally valid Not just one theory The Classical School (legalistic approach not biological), is one that most criminal justice students find useful Positive Theory contains most diverse options for examining family abuse Because early biological explanations rest on racist and sexist foundations, they have been discredited Modern theories such as biochemical imbalance and neurological theories are offered from the study of medical conditions rather than physical or social characteristics

14 Important Concepts Deductive approach (general to specific) Inductive (specific to general) Applied research (social problems) Pure research (building knowledge) Replication Deterrence Mandatory arrest Thurman v. City of Torrington (civil suit) Quantitative research (deductive) Qualitative research (inductive) NCVS,, UCR, & other data sources Know how to use APA & ASA to cite sources Not just one theory to explain all Classical School Rational Choice Theory Deterrence Theory Positive School (biological, sociological, psychological) Eugenics Biochemical Imbalance Theory Culture of Violence Theory Social Disorganization Theory Strain Theory Gender-Role Theory Social Learning Theories Behavior Modeling Theory Intergenerational Transmission Theory Social Control Theories Attachment Theory Individual pathology Conflict School Patriarchal Theory/Feminist Theory Gender Inequality