Chin-Tsai Kuo, Associate Professor, Office of Physical Education, Nanhua University, Taiwan ABSTRACT

Transcription

1 A study on Participation Motivation in Exercise, Leisure Constraints, Life Quality, and Job Satisfaction of joggers A case of joggers in Chiayi County and City Chin-Tsai Kuo, Associate Professor, Office of Physical Education, Nanhua University, Taiwan ABSTRACT This study aims to discuss the correlations among Participation Motivation in Exercise, Leisure Constraints, Life Quality, and Job Satisfaction of joggers. Cyclists in Chiayi County and City were selected as the research subjects. Within the total 400 questionnaires, 353 valid copies are retrieved, with the valid retrieval rate 88.25%. Several statistics methods, such as Lisrel Path Analysis, are utilized for analyses. The research outcomes are listed as follows. 1. Participation Motivation does not present direct effects on Job Satisfaction. 2. Participation Motivation does not show direct effects on Leisure Constraints. 3. Participation Motivation would directly affect. 4. Recreation would directly affect. 5. Leisure Constraints would directly affect Job Satisfaction. 6. would directly affect Job Satisfaction. 7. Participation Motivation in recreation would directly affect Job Satisfaction. 8. With Life Quality, Leisure Constraints would indirectly affect Job Satisfaction. Keywords: Participation Motivation, Leisure Constraints,, Job Satisfaction INTRODUCTION Research motivation The rapid development of technology and the increase of workload have resulted in the increase of work stress for modern people. To allow people releasing stress in recreation time, Taiwan Government started two-day-off weekend in showing that the national life style has entered recreation age. Chang (2003) regarded recreational activities being the basic requirements for living. Samdahl and Jekubovich (1997) indicated that Participation Motivation was likely to affect people changing their schedule, creating time, and communicating with others that the opportunities to mutually participate in leisure and sports would be further created. In this case, recreation has become an important part of modern life, living is no longer occupied by work, and the participation in leisure activities is a part of life. Participation Motivation of joggers in Chiayi County and City therefore was the research motivation in this study. Constraints are likely to appear in the process of leisure activities, including transportation, time, health, and interpersonal relationship. The effects on individual participating in leisure and sports would ultimately affect Life Quality. Crawford and Godeyb (1987) defined Leisure Constraints as the factors in individual subjectively perceiving and generating disgust at or not participating in leisure activities. Jackson (1988) argued that Leisure Constraints referred to individual perception or experiences being constrained or influenced, but did not necessarily result in not participating in leisure activities; instead, it would affect individual preference for leisure and further change the intention to participate. Shen (1998) indicated that the participation in leisure activities was still affected by internal and external conditions. For this reason, people should be given opportunities to participate in sports before promoting Life Quality so as to enhance the intention of participation in leisure and sports and further to reduce the constraints. To discuss the correlations between the intention of participating in jogging and Job Satisfaction became the second motivation in this study. Economic development also enhances the income of people that the intention of everyday consumption is increased. Taiwan is approaching the developed country that is getting emphasized. Most people do not treat work as the primary task, but simultaneously take care of work and health. Tang (2005) pointed out the effects of exercise on vent, sleeping quality, enhancement of immune system, positive and happy life, self-actualization, and developed mind. Mitchell (2000) regarded as the satisfaction of individuals toward needs in certain period. Dobbins, DeCorby and Robeson (2009) proposed to transform the focus on illness treatments to healthy promotion for healthy life, and emphasized the improvement of changeable factors in health, such as smoking, unhealthy diet, and

2 insufficient exercises. Appropriate leisure activities could not only improve the physical functions of the aged, but could also enhance the perceived health condition and prevent from depression and further promote the life quality. Life Quality therefore has become an important issue for people who expect better quality of life. As a result, the improvement of for joggers in Chiayi County and City was the third research motivation in this study. In such a rapidly changing era, pressure from work competition is unavoidable. Without properly releasing the pressure, physical and emotional harm might result in work discordance and further affect Job Satisfaction. Recreational sports therefore have become a factor in releasing pressure. Yang (1997) proposed that work stress would cause disgust and antipathy to workplace when lack of proper leisure activities that work quality and job satisfaction would be reduced. Mannell (2006) believed that benefits of leisure could enhance Job Satisfaction. As a consequence, the participation in recreation allowed relaxing the body and the emotion, releasing work stress, and further enhancing Job Satisfaction. Kuo (2011) concluded that the higher was presented by cyclists, the higher Job Satisfaction appeared. The correlations between and Job Satisfaction of joggers in Chiayi County and City were therefore the fourth motivation in this study. Research purpose Based on above research motivations, this study aimed to discuss the effects among Participation Motivation in exercise, Leisure Constraints,, and Job Satisfaction of joggers. Terminology (1) Participation Motivation refers to the ideas or thoughts of individuals tending to participate in certain activities. It is the inner drive to facilitate the actions or behaviors of individuals. Lin (1994) regarded that Participation Motivation pushed people taking certain behaviors to satisfy certain needs. Participation Motivation, in this study, was divided into Psychological needs, Health-related fitness, and Commitment to excellence. Psychological needs were the motivation of joggers in Chiayi County and City satisfying the expectations; Health-related fitness referred to the motivation of joggers in Chiayi County and City participating in jogging; and Commitment to excellence referred to the motivation of joggers in Chiayi County and City participating in jogging for satisfying self-achievements. (2) Leisure Constraints. Crawford & Godbey (1987) regarded Leisure Constraints as the factors in individuals subjectively disliking or not participating in leisure activities. Leisure Constraints were further divided into Interpersonal constraints, Personal constraints, and Structural constraints. Interpersonal constraints referred to joggers in Chiayi County and City not able to participate in jogging because of friends; Personal constraints referred to joggers in Chiayi County and City refusing jogging because of individual factors; and Structural constraints referred to joggers in Chiayi County and City not able to participate in jogging because of external factors, such as engaging in social activities, and working overtime. (3). was defined in World Health Organization as the perceived feelings of present living environment achieving objective, expectation, standard, and concern, based on individual culture and value. Life Quality was divided into Psychological level and Physical level in this study. The former referred to the degree of joggers in Chiayi County and City feeling energetic, satisfying with personal capability, enhancing sleep, and relaxing themselves after participating in jogging. The latter regarded the interpersonal relationship and the life style of joggers in Chiayi County and City. (4) Job Satisfaction. Job Satisfaction was the differences between the received value and the expected achievement (Hsu, 1995). Job Satisfaction was classified into Work achievements, Work support, and Performance in this study. Work achievements referred to the degree of work achievement and goal realization showed by joggers in Chiayi County and City after participating in jogging; Work support referred to the satisfaction of joggers in Chiayi County and City with job stability and getting along with colleagues; and Performance referred to the satisfaction of joggers in Chiayi County and City with the job being emphasized and praised by superiors

3 RESEARCH METHOD Research subject Having the joggers in Chiayi County and City as the research subjects, sampling distribution was preceded. Pretest questionnaire survey was first preceded in July Total 220 questionnaires were distributed and 215 copies were collected. Having deducted 14 invalid ones, total 201 valid questionnaires were retrieved, with the retrieval rate 91%. In September and October 2010, total 350 formal questionnaires were distributed and 344 copies were collected. Having deducted 11 incomplete and invalid ones, total 334 valid copies were retrieved, with the retrieval rate 95.42%. In this case, the retrieval of this scale was considered excellent for statistics and analyses. Research tool 1. Compilation of questionnaire Participation Motivation Scale for joggers in Chiayi County and City was revised from the Participation Motivation Scale proposed by Berad & Ragheb (1983). Three dimensions were classified in the scale, namely Psychological needs, Health-related fitness, and Commitment to excellence. Leisure Constraints Scale for joggers in Chiayi County and City was revised from the Leisure Constraints Scale proposed by Huang and Li (2009). Three dimensions were divided in the scale, including Interpersonal constraints, Intrapersonal constraints, and Structural constraints. Scale for joggers in Chiayi County and City was revised from the Scale proposed by World Health Organization and Kuo (2009). Two dimensions were contained in the scale, namely Psychological level and Physical level. Job Satisfaction Scale for joggers in Chiayi County and City was revised from the Job Satisfaction Scale proposed by Smith, Kendall & Hulin (1969). Three dimensions were classified in the scale, including Work achievements, Work support, and Performance. The tutor was invited for the expert discriminative validity. Based on the research motivations, the research purpose, and the research framework, Participation Motivation, Leisure Constraints,, and Job Satisfaction Scales were compiled. With Likert 5-point Scale. 2. Item Analysis: Appropriate items needed to be selected from the scales for pretest. The received data were therefore proceeded Item Analysis and Reliability Analysis (Ho, 1990). Generally, Correlation Analysis and Criterion of Consistency were utilized for Item Analysis (Li, 1993). This scale applied Criterion of Consistency and Correlation Analysis to the statistics analysis in SPSS for Windows 16.0 for selecting the items. When the CR value is large and achieves the significance (α=0.05), the item is considered being able to discriminate the reaction of different respondents; otherwise, the item should be deleted (Li, 1993). 3. Validity Analysis: With Item Analysis, all CR values in Participation Motivation, Leisure Constraints, and Job Satisfaction Scale achieved significance that all items were further preceded Factor Analysis. The factor construction of Participation Motivation, Leisure Constraints, and Job Satisfaction Scale were deleted some topics. The eigenvalue of the three dimensions was >1, complying with the requirement of Factor Analysis, and the Participation Motivation Scale explained variance achieved %, Leisure Constraints achieved %, Scale achieved % and Job Satisfaction Scale achieved % that the scale presented good validity. 4. Reliability Analysis: The reliability of the sub-scales and the overall scale was further calculated that α in Participation Motivation Scale was between.741 and.825, Leisure Constraints Scale was between.590 and.822, Scale was between.855and 895, Job Satisfaction Scale was between.688 and.887, Four factors scale showed good reliability. Data Process SPSS for Window16 was applied to Item Analysis as well as reliability and validity tests, while Lisrel 8.80 was utilized for Path Analysis in this study. The significance for the statistic tests was set.05

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Results Structural Equation Model Analysis of Participation Motivation, Leisure Constraints,, and Job Satisfaction of joggers 1.Model specification This study tended to establish a concept model for Participation Motivation, Leisure Constraints,, and Job Satisfaction of joggers. The hypotheses are listed as follows. Hypothesis 1: Participation Motivation presented direct and positive effects on Job Satisfaction. Hypothesis 2: Participation Motivation showed direct and positive effects on Leisure Constraints. Hypothesis 3: Participation Motivation revealed direct and positive effects on. Hypothesis 4: Leisure Constraints displayed direct and positive effects on. Hypothesis 5: Leisure Constraints presented direct and positive effects on Job Satisfaction. Hypothesis 6: appeared direct and positive effects on Job Satisfaction. Hypothesis 7: With, Participation Motivation showed indirect and positive effects on Job Satisfaction. Hypothesis 8: With Leisure Constraints, Participation Motivation displayed indirect and positive effects on Job Satisfaction. The concept model was further established according to the above hypotheses, Fig. 1. δ1 δ2 δ3 ε3 ε4 ε5 X1 X2 X3 Y6 Y7 Y8 λ1 λ2 λ3 Participation Motivation γ3 β1 γ1 λ9 λ10 λ11 δ3 Y1 λ4 γ2 γ6 Job Satisfaction δ4 Y2 λ5 γ4 β2 γ5 δ5 Y3 λ6 Leisure Constraints λ7 Y4 λ8 Y5 ε1 ε2 Regarding the effects of variables in Structural Equation Model, they are described as follows. (1) Exogenous latent variables The exogenous latent variables in this study were Participation Motivation, which was consisted of three observed variables, including Psychological needs, Health-related fitness, and Commitment to excellence (Table 1). (2) Endogenous latent variables The endogenous variables in this study were constructed by causation relation, which was divided into mediator variables and outcome variables. (3) Mediator latent variables Two mediator latent variables were contained in this study. included two observed variables of Psychological level and Physical level, which were constructed by six and eleven variables, respectively. Leisure Constraints contained three observed variables of Interpersonal constraints, Internal constraints, and Structural

5 constraints, which were separately constructed by six items (Table 1). By adding the observed variables in the dimension and being divided by the number of the items in the dimension, the mean was obtained. (4) Outcome latent variables The outcome latent variable in this study was Job Satisfaction, in which the observed variables of Work achievements, Work support, and Performance were constructed by seven, eight, and three items, respectively (Table 4). Table 1:Meanings of the variable symbols in the model Latent variable Observed variable Error (X1) Psychological needs δ1 External latent variables Participation Motivation (X2)Health-related fitness δ2 (X3)Commitment to excellence δ3 (Y1)Interpersonal constraints ε4 Leisure Constraints (Y2)Internal constraints ε5 Mediator latent variables (Y3)Structural constraints ε6 (Y4)Psychological level ε7 (Y5)Physical level ε8 (Y6)Work achievements ε1 Outcome latent variables Job Satisfaction (Y7)Work support ε2 (Y8)Performance ε3 2.Analyses of Skewness and Kurtosis Structural Equation Model in LISREL8.80 was utilized for testing the model. Since the test required the evaluation of complete information technology, it was affected by sample distribution. Generally speaking, when the absolute value of Skewness of the variable distribution is larger than 3, it is regarded as Extreme Skewness. On the other hand, the absolute value of Kurtosis larger than 10 is considered problematic that the distribution would affect maximum likelihood (ML). From the table, the Skewness of various variables was in between 0.43 and -.37 and the Kurtosis between4.7 and -.50, which were acceptable (Huang, 2002; Kline, 1998), showing that ML could be applied to the model evaluation in this study (Table 2). Table 2: Distribution of Mean, Standard Deviation, Skewness, and Kurtosis of the observed values in the model Factor Mean Standard Deviation Skewness Kurtosis Psychological needs Health-related fitness Commitment to excellence Interpersonal constraints Internal constraints Structural constraints Psychological factors Physiological factors Work achievements Work support Performance Overall model fit test The overall model fit was presented in Table 5 that the Chi-square test χ2= (p<.05) achieved significance, showing the consistency of the hypotheses achieved ideal value. χ 2 / df=3.14 of Absolute model measure, Relative fit measure, and Simple model measure revealed that the model was acceptable.

6 Absolute fit measure Relative fit measure Table 3: Summary of overall model test Model measure Ideal value Model value Model test χ 2 p > * Acceptable df 38 GFI Acceptable RMSEA Acceptable NNFI Acceptable CFI Acceptable Simple fit measure χ 2 / df 1~ Acceptable *p <.05 4.Modification of model As the theory model in this study was acceptable, the overall model was ideal that it did not require modifications X1 X2 X3 Y6 Y7 Y8.86*.69*.67* Participation Motivation.58*.01.81*.78*.62* 0.48 Y1.72*.06.62* Job Satisfaction 0.39 Y2.78* Y3.63* Leisure Constraints.90* Y4.73* Y Measurement model analysis The composite reliability (CR) of latent variables stands for the consistency of the dimension that the higher reliability, the higher consistency. Fornell and Larcker (1981) suggested the value should be above 0.6. From Table 8, the composite reliability of latent variables in the model was larger than 0.6, and the coefficients were within 0.72~0.80, showing favorable consistency of the model. The average variance extracted (AVE) of latent variables tends to calculate the explained variable of the measured variable to the latent variables that the higher AVE, the higher reliability and convergent validity of the latent variables. Fornell and Larcker (1981) suggested that the value should be larger than 0.5. From Table 8, the AVE of various variables was above 0.5 and the values were within 0.56~0.67. According to the composite reliability and the average variance extracted in the dimensions, the consistency of the model was reliable and stable. Table 4: Evaluation of parameters in the model Latent variables Observed variable Factor loading Composite reliability Participation Motivation Leisure Constraints X X X Y Y Y Y Y Average variance extracted

7 Job Satisfaction Y Y Y Test of the internal fit of model After being tested the external quality, the internal fit of the model could be further tested, i.e., Reliability Analysis. The reliability of each item is the factor loading of the measured variable toward the latent variable. The acceptable factor loading should reach 0.71 and t should achieve significance (Hair, Anderson, Tatham, & Black, 1998). The factor loading in this study was between 0.62 and 0.90 and only the measured variables X2, X3, Y3, and Y8 did not reach 0.71, but t was larger than 1.96 and reached the significance of 0.5. The composite reliability of the latent variable represents the consistency of the dimension that the acceptable latent variable should reach the composite reliability 0.6 (Fornell & Larcker, 1981). The composite reliability of the latent variable in this study was between 0.72 and 0.80 that the reliability was acceptable, Table 5. Table 5: Composite reliability of the internal fit Latent variable Measured variable Factor loading t Composite reliability Psychological needs 0.86 Reference indicator Participation Health-related fitness Motivation Commitment to excellence Interpersonal constraints 0.72 Reference indicator Leisure Internal constraints Constraints Structural constraints Psychological level 0.90 Reference indicator Physical level Work achievements 0.81 Reference indicator Job Satisfaction Work support Performance Test of model hypothesis According to Measurement model analysis, Table 9, the factor loading of the observed variables achieved significance that the latent variables appeared sufficient validity. The structural parameters in the table were applied to testing the hypotheses 1-8. From Table 10, Normalizing parameter of γ1 was 0.01 and t was 0.17 which did not reach significance, showing the hypothesis in the structure γ1 not agreed. Normalizing parameter of γ2 was 0.06 and t was 0.86, presenting γ2 not agreed. Normalizing parameter of γ3 was 0.58 and t was 9.45 which achieved significance, revealing γ3 agreed. In other words, Participation Motivation presented direct and positive effects on. Normalizing parameter of γ4 was 0.13 and t was 2.18 which achieved significance, showing γ4 agreed. Leisure Constraints therefore would directly affect. Normalizing parameter of γ5 was 0.23 and t was 0.09 which did not reach significance, presenting γ5 not agreed. Leisure Constraints therefore did not appear direct effects on Job Satisfaction. Normalizing parameter of γ6 was 0.01 and t was 6.42 which achieved significance, showing γ6 agreed. therefore would directly affect Job Satisfaction. Normalizing parameter of β1 was 0.36 and t was 5.61 which achieved significance, presenting β1 agreed. With, Participation Motivation revealed indirect and positive effects on Job Satisfaction. Normalizing parameter of β2 was 0.08 and t was 2.07 which achieved significance, presenting β2 agreed. With, Leisure Constraints appeared indirect effect on Job Satisfaction. Table 6: Evaluation of parameters in the hypotheses Parameter Path Normalizing parameter t value Agreement γ1 Effects of Participation Motivation on Job Satisfaction Disagreed γ2 Effects of Participation Motivation on Leisure Constraints Disagreed γ3 Effects of Participation Motivation on * Agreed γ4 Effects of Leisure Constraints on * Agreed

8 γ5 Effects of Leisure Constraints on Job Satisfaction Disagreed γ6 Effects of on Job Satisfaction * Agreed β1 Indirect effects of Participation Motivation in recreation on Job Satisfaction with * Agreed β2 Indirect effects of Leisure Constraints on Job Satisfaction with * Agreed Note: Significance appeared on t>1.96 *p <.05 Table 7: Summary of various effects in Regression Path Analysis Independent variable Endogenous variable Recreation Constraints Job Satisfaction Recreation Participation Motivation Direct effect Indirect effect.01.36* Overall effect.06.59*.37* Recreation constraint Direct effect -.13*.01 Indirect effect -.08* Overall effect -.13*.09* Direct effect.62* Indirect effect Overall effect.62* *p<.05 DISCUSSIONS This study aims to discuss the relations among Participation Motivation in recreation, Leisure Constraints,, and Job Satisfaction of joggers. Based on the research outcomes, Structural Equation Model Analysis was proposed. With Participation Motivation in recreation, Leisure Constraints,, and Job Satisfaction to analyze the structural model, both direct and indirect effects were presented. In terms of indirect effects, independent variables were affected by mediator variables and further indirectly influenced the latent dependent variables, Table 7. The statistics analyses of the direct and indirect effects are listed as below. 1. Effects of γ1 Participation Motivation on Job Satisfaction (Hypothesis 1) The path value appeared.01 and t 0.17, not reaching significance, that Participation Motivation in recreation did not present direct effects on Job Satisfaction. 2. Effects of γ2 Participation Motivation on Leisure Constraints (Hypothesis 2) The path value showed.06 and t 0.86, not reaching significance, that Participation Motivation did not show direct effects on Leisure Constraints 3. Effects of γ3 Participation Motivation on (Hypothesis 3) The path value appeared.58 and t 9.45, achieving significance, that Participation Motivation revealed direct effects on. Kuo (2010) discovered the effects of Participation Motivation of college students in sports teams on Life Quality, presenting that the higher motivation in sports teams, the better. Tsai (2011) indicated the correlations between Participation Motivation in recreation and exercise and that Participation Motivation in recreation and exercise would affect and the lower Participation Motivation in recreation, the worse Life Quality. The relevant research presented the effects of intention of participating in sports on. 4. Effects of γ4 Leisure Constraints on (Hypothesis 4) The path value was.13 and t 2.18, achieving significance, that Leisure Constraints displayed direct effects on Life Quality. Laforge, Rossi, Prochaska, Velicer, Levesque and McHorney (1999) pointed out the positive correlations between the frequency of exercise and the perceived. Vanner, E. A., Block, P., Christopher, C. C.,

9 Horowitz, B. P., Lauren B. Krupp, L. B. (2008) indicated the constraints of exercise being painful, lack of interest, difficulty, lack of time, afraid of symptoms getting worse, being bored in exercise, lack of support, being too old, not agreeing with exercise being able to improve the situation, and both work and family responsibility not negatively affecting physical activities. According to the above factors, individual perception, interest, and value were distinct that individual intention of leisure activities and identity of were likely to be affected. 5. Effects of γ5 Leisure Constraints on Job Satisfaction (Hypothesis 5) The path value appeared.23 and t 0.09, not reaching significance, that Leisure Constraints did not show direct effects on Job Satisfaction. 6. Effects of γ6 on Job Satisfaction (Hypothesis 6) The path value was.01 and t 6.42, achieving significance, that appeared direct effects on Job Satisfaction. Huang (2010) pointed out the correlations between and Job Satisfaction. Lin (2000) regarded Living Satisfaction as individuals having better life, pleasure living, and higher. 7. Indirect effects of β1 Participation Motivation on Job Satisfaction with (Hypothesis 7) The path value was.36 and t 5.61, showing the directs effect of Participation Motivation on being.58, significance, and the direct effects of on Job Satisfaction being.36, significance. However, with mediator variables,.58.62= =.37, the statistics achieved significance. Huang (2010) pointed out the correlations between Participation Motivation in recreation and Job Satisfaction. Kao (1995) indicated that internal motivations in Recreation Participation revealed positive causation effects on Recreation Satisfaction. Tsai, Hsieh, & Tsung (2008) found the correlations between Participation Motivation and Satisfaction. This study also presented the indirect effects of Participation Motivation on Job Satisfaction of joggers, with. 8. Indirect effects of β2 Leisure Constraints on Job Satisfaction with (Hypothesis 8) The indirect path value appeared.08 and t 2.07, and the direct effects of Leisure Constraints on was.13, achieving significance. The direct relations between and Job Satisfaction was.62, achieving significance. However, with mediator variables,.13.62= =.09, it achieved significance. In this case, Leisure Constraints did not directly affect Job Satisfaction, but would with the mediator variable of. Apparently, the ones did not acquire good after sports and leisure could not present good work efficiency. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion (1) Participation Motivation in recreation of joggers would not directly affect Job Satisfaction. (2) Participation Motivation in recreation of joggers would not directly affect Leisure Constraints. (3) Participation Motivation in recreation of joggers would directly affect. (4) Leisure Constraints of joggers would directly affect. (5) Leisure Constraints of joggers would directly affect Job Satisfaction. (6) of joggers would directly affect Job Satisfaction. (7) With, Participation Motivation in recreation of joggers would indirectly affect Job Satisfaction. (8) With, Leisure Constraints of joggers would indirectly affect Job Satisfaction. Suggestion (1) It was found in this study that Participation Motivation in recreation of joggers would directly affect. It is therefore suggested that the local governments should promote the advantages of jogging to appeal more people participating in jogging. (2) Joggers should well manage the free time to reduce Leisure Constraints. (3) With, Participation Motivation in recreation of joggers would directly and indirectly affect Job Satisfaction. In this case, people are suggested to participating in jogging so as to enhance personal and Job Satisfaction. (4) With, Leisure Constraints of joggers would directly and indirectly affect Job Satisfaction. For this reason, people are suggested to get rid of constraints in jogging and frequently participate in exercise.

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