SECTION A. You are advised to spend at least 5 minutes reading the information provided.

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1 2 SECTION A Question 1 A correlation was carried out to see if there is a relationship between psychological distress and incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD). Using systematic sampling 100 government workers were selected as participants. Psychological distress scores were measured at the beginning using a government health questionnaire. Incidents of CHD were recorded over the next seven years. These scores were correlated and a correlation coefficient of was found. (a) (i) Define what is meant by the term correlation. [2] (ii) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of using a correlation. [4] (b) (i) What is meant by correlation coefficient of in this study? [2] (ii) Write an appropriate hypothesis for this study. [2] (c) Define what is meant by the term co-variables. [2] (d) Identify the statistical test that was used to analyse the data in the above study and explain one reason why this test is chosen. [2] (e) (i) A correlation can produce quantitative data. Describe the term quantitative data. [2] (ii) Explain one advantage of quantitative data. [2] (iii) Explain one disadvantage of quantitative data. [2] (f) (i) Define what is meant by the term reliability. [2] (ii) Define what is meant by the term validity. [2] (g) Explain how concurrent validity could be used to ensure validity in research. [2] Total Marks 26

2 3 SECTION B Question 2 Research has found that negative thoughts cause depression. A questionnaire was designed in order to measure negative thoughts which could then be used as a predictor of depression. The questionnaire was given to forty university students who were chosen randomly. The questionnaire contained ten negative statements. The participants were told to read each statement and then rate on a three point scale how the statements made them feel. E.g. your best friend is having a party but has not invited you, how do you feel? 0 No effect 1 sad 2 very sad The participants all filled in the questionnaire while in the university canteen at 12am on a Monday. (a) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of using a questionnaire. [4] (b) Identify and explain how one confounding variable may have affected the above study. [2] (c) (i) Define what is meant by the term random sample. [2] (ii) Explain two disadvantages of using a random sample to select participants in research. [4] (d) What is meant by the term confidentiality in psychological research? [2] (e) The research from this study led to a laboratory experiment to test the hypothesis: gender affects negative thoughts. The researcher used an independent groups design. (i) Define what is meant by the term laboratory experiment. [2] (ii) Define what is meant by the term independent groups design. [2] (iii) State an appropriate directional hypothesis for the laboratory experiment described in (e). [2] (f) (i) Define what is meant by the term ordinal level data. [2] (ii) Explain one advantage of ordinal level data. [2] Total Marks 24 Turn over.

3 2 SECTION A 1. Researchers carried out a natural experiment measuring the stress levels of ten participants who continued to live near a volcano even after an eruption. These were compared with the stress levels of ten participants who lived outside the danger zone of a volcanic eruption. Stress levels were measured on a ten point scale with 1 being low stress and 10 being high stress. Inside danger zone Outside danger zone Mean stress level score (a) (i) Define what is meant by the term natural experiment. [2] (ii) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of a natural experiment. [4] (b) (i) Define what is meant by the term validity. [2] (ii) Identify and explain one issue of validity in the above study. [2] (c) (i) Define what is meant by the term mean. [2] (ii) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using the mean to describe data. [4] (d) (i) Define what is meant by the term median. [2] (ii) Define what is meant by the term mode. [2] (e) Identify: (i) the independent variable (IV) in the above study; [1] (ii) the dependent variable (DV) in the above study. [1] (f) Give two reasons why a Mann-Whitney U test is used to analyse results. [2] (g) Explain how the test-retest method can be used to check the reliability of a way of measuring. [2] Total 26 marks

4 3 SECTION B 2. Research has shown that one of the major causes of eating disorders is how the media portrays women. Researchers gave a questionnaire to ten women about the effect the media, specifically magazines, has on eating disorders. The participants were chosen by opportunity sampling. The questionnaire contained twenty open questions about the role that the media may play in developing eating disorders. Example question Why do you think that many of the women portrayed in magazines are slim? (a) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of using a questionnaire in psychological research. [4] (b) Identify and explain how one confounding variable may have affected the above study. [2] (c) (i) Define what is meant by the term open questions. [2] (ii) Define what is meant by the term closed questions. [2] (d) In the above study the researchers asked the participants to write their name on the questionnaire. Explain one way that this may have affected the answers that were given. [2] (e) (i) Define what is meant by the term opportunity sampling. [2] (ii) (iii) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of using opportunity sampling to select participants in research. [4] Identify and explain one other appropriate sampling method that could have been used in the above study. [2] (f) Describe what is meant by lack of informed consent and right to withdraw in psychological research. [4] Total Marks 24 Turn over.

5 2 SECTION A 1. Psychologists were interested in the success of the prison system. They conducted formal interviews with prisoners and prison guards. The questions were all open questions. The same questions were asked in the same order to both guards and prisoners. The prisoners and guards were selected by quota sampling. Examples of two questions from the interview. (1) How do you think prisons punish prisoners? (10) How do you think relationships between guards and prisoners could be improved? (a) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of using an interview in psychological research. [4] (b) (i) Define what is meant by the term open questions. [2] (ii) Explain one advantage of using open questions. [2] (iii) Define what is meant by the term closed questions. [2] (c) Explain one issue that would affect the validity of an answer given by a prisoner in the above study. [2] (d) (i) Define what is meant by the term quota sampling. [2] (ii) (iii) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of using quota sampling to select participants in psychological research. [4] Identify and explain one other appropriate sampling method that could have been used in the above study. [2] (e) Define what is meant by the term reliability. [2] (f) One way to test the reliability of a study is to measure inter-rater reliability. Define the term inter-rater reliability. [2] Total 24 marks

6 3 SECTION B 2. A laboratory experiment was carried out to see how emotion and arousal affected memory. In Part One of the experiment twenty participants were shown a video of a man walking down a street. They were then shown several photographs of men and had to identify the man from the video. In Part Two of the experiment the same participants were shown a video of a man committing a robbery. Again they were shown several photographs of men and had to identify the man committing the robbery. The participants were chosen by opportunity sampling. Part One Part Two Correctly identified 14 6 Results were found to be significant at the 5% level. (a) (i) Define what is meant by the term laboratory experiment. [2] (ii) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of a laboratory experiment. [4] (b) (i) Define what is meant by the term repeated measures design. [2] (ii) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of a repeated measures design. [4] (c) State an appropriate directional hypothesis for the laboratory experiment in the above study. [2] (d) Define what is meant by the term concurrent validity. [2] (e) Identify and explain how one confounding variable may have affected the above study. [2] (f) (i) Define what is meant by the term opportunity sampling. [2] (ii) Give one disadvantage of opportunity sampling. [2] (g) Results were found to be significant at the 5% level. Explain what this means. [2] (h) Define what is meant by the term ratio level data. [2] Total 26 marks Turn over.

7 2 SECTION A 1. Students wanted to study helping behaviour. They decided to carry out a field experiment. In the experiment a mobile phone was left on a park bench. When it was picked up by a passer-by, one of the researchers who was watching nearby rang the phone. In condition A the researcher explained it was their mobile phone and politely asked if it could be returned to them. In condition B the researcher stated it was their mobile phone and demanded rudely that it be returned to them. The students experimental hypothesis was: the way the researcher asks for the return of the mobile phone will affect the number of phones returned. The table below shows the results. Condition A Condition B Number of phones returned 8 1 (a) (i) Define what is meant by the term field experiment. [2] (ii) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of a field experiment. [4] (b) Define what is meant by the term experimental / alternative hypothesis. [2] (c) Identify: (i) the independent variable (IV) in the above study; [1] (ii) the dependent variable (DV) in the above study. [1] (d) The results were found to be significant at the 5% level. Explain what this means. [2] (e) State an appropriate directional hypothesis for the above study. [2] (f) (i) Define what is meant by the term mode. [2] (ii) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using the mode. [4] (g) Describe what is meant by: (i) a lack of informed consent ; [2] (ii) deception. [2] Total 24 marks

8 3 SECTION B 2. Researchers were interested in the treatment of schizophrenia. The researchers carried out a series of interviews with five clinical psychologists in a range of settings. These settings all differed in how well funded or how well staffed they were. They asked each clinical psychologist the same ten open questions about their treatment of schizophrenia. The clinical psychologists were chosen in each setting by using systematic sampling. (a) (i) Define what is meant by the term interview. [2] (ii) (iii) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of using open questions in an interview. [4] Interviews can produce quantitative data. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of quantitative data. [4] (b) Define what is meant by the term concurrent validity. [2] (c) Identify and explain two issues that would affect the validity of the answers given by the clinical psychologists. [4] (d) (i) Define what is meant by the term systematic sampling. [2] (ii) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of systematic sampling. [4] (e) Describe what is meant by: (i) right to withdraw ; [2] (ii) protection from psychological harm. [2] Total 26 marks Turn over.

9 2 SECTION A 1. 5 Students attending a university wanted to study whether people will stop to help if they see someone visibly upset. Their hypothesis was: the age of the upset person affects helping behaviour. The students carried out a field experiment to test this hypothesis. A young man, a young woman, an old man and an old woman acted as confederates. Each of the confederates stood in the local square and acted in an upset manner. This included crying, shaking their head and holding their head in their hands. The study took place over four consecutive Saturdays at ten a.m., each time using a different confederate. (a) (i) Define what is meant by the term field experiment (line 3). [2] (ii) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of a field experiment. [4] (b) (i) Define what is meant by the term hypothesis (line 2). [2] (ii) Identify the independent variable (IV) in the above study. [1] (iii) Identify the dependent variable (DV) in the above study. [1] (c) Define what is meant by the term operationalised. [2] (d) Name and explain one sampling method that could have been used in the above study. [2] (e) Define what is meant by the term reliability. [2] (f) Explain what is meant by inter-rater reliability. [2] (g) (h) Informed consent and protection from harm are important ethical issues. Describe what is meant by informed consent and protection from harm. [4] A Chi squared test was used to analyse the data. Give two reasons why this test was used. [2] Total Marks 24

10 3 SECTION B 2. Workers in an office were interviewed by their managers who were trying to improve working relationships between managers and workers in order to improve work levels. The managers wanted to see whether types of personality could cause difficulties in working relationships. The interview comprised of ten questions which included open and closed questions. All staff were asked the same questions in the same order. An example of each type of question is given below. 2. Do you like working here? Yes/No 10. How do you think relations between staff and management might be improved? (a) (i) Explain one disadvantage of using closed questions. [2] (ii) Explain one advantage of using open questions. [2] (b) (i) Define what is meant by the term validity. [2] (ii) Explain one factor that would affect the validity of the answer given to the first question (question 2) in the interview above. [2] (c) The workers are interviewed by their managers. Explain one way in which this may influence the answers given. [2] (d) (i) Qualitative data can be analysed by using content analysis. Describe what is meant by content analysis. [2] (ii) Explain one advantage of using content analysis. [2] (iii) Explain one disadvantage of using content analysis. [2] (e) Suggest one reason why questions are asked in the same order in interviews. [2] (f) Identify and explain how one confounding variable may have affected this study. [2] (g) Describe what is meant in psychological research by: (i) deception ; [2] (ii) confidentiality. [2] (h) Explain one advantage of collecting quantitative data in an interview. [2] Total Marks 26 Turn over.

11 2 SECTION A 1. Read the following material and answer ALL the questions that follow. A feral child is a human child who has lived isolated from human contact from a very young age. Feral children have little experience of human care, social behaviour and human language. In some cases feral children have been raised by animals. A case study was carried out on a feral child who had been rescued by aid workers. The child was undernourished but otherwise in good health. The child appeared to have been raised by wild dogs. (a) (i) Define what is meant by the term case study. [2] (ii) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of a case study. [4] (b) (i) Define what is meant by the term reliability. [2] (ii) Define what is meant by the term validity. [2] (c) Explain one issue of validity that may have arisen in the above study. [2] (d) (i) A case study can produce qualitative data. Define what is meant by the term qualitative data. [2] (ii) Explain one advantage of qualitative data. [2] (iii) Explain one disadvantage of qualitative data. [2] (e) Researchers believed that if enough feral children could be found then they could carry out a natural experiment to see the effect on these children of being raised by animals. The language skills of the children raised by animals were compared with the language skills of children who had not been raised by animals. (i) Define what is meant by the term natural experiment. [2] (ii) Explain one advantage of a natural experiment. [2] (iii) Explain one disadvantage of a natural experiment. [2] (iv) Write an appropriate directional hypothesis for this natural experiment. [2] Total marks 26

12 3 SECTION B 2. Read the following material and answer ALL the questions that follow. 5 Research has shown that there is a correlation between how long people have been married and their level of happiness. Twenty married people were chosen by systematic sampling and were asked to fill in a questionnaire. The first question asked, How many years have you been married?. The second question asked them to rate how happy they were on a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 being not happy and 10 being happy. A correlation coefficient of was found. (a) (i) Define what is meant by the term correlation. [2] (ii) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of using a correlation. [4] (b) (i) What is meant by correlation coefficient of (line 5) in the above study? [2] (ii) Write an appropriate null hypothesis for the above study. [2] (c) Define what is meant by the term operationalised. [2] (d) Identify a statistical test that could be used to analyse the data in the above study and explain one reason why this test could be chosen. [2] (e) (i) Define what is meant by the term systematic sampling. [2] (ii) Explain one disadvantage of using systematic sampling. [2] (f) Explain how content validity could be used to ensure validity in psychological research. [2] (g) Describe what is meant in psychological research by: (i) Use of deception ; [2] (ii) Lack of confidentiality. [2] Total marks 24 Turn over.

13 2 SECTION A 1. A laboratory experiment was carried out to investigate whether audio presentation of information is more effective than visual presentation of information in improving memory recall. Two groups of ten participants were selected by random sampling. Group one (audio) was given a memory test which involved them listening to a list of twenty objects that was read aloud. The participants then wrote down as many objects as they could remember. Group two (visual) was given a memory test later in the day but instead of the names of the objects being read aloud, images of the same objects were shown. The results supported the hypothesis, visual presentation improves memory recall better than audio methods of presentation. (a) (i) Define what is meant by the term laboratory experiment. [2] (ii) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of a laboratory experiment. [4] (b) (i) Define what is meant by the term hypothesis. [2] (ii) Identify the independent variable (IV) in the above study. [1] (iii) Identify the dependent variable (DV) in the above study. [1] (iv) State an appropriate non-directional hypothesis for this study. [2] (c) Define what is meant by the term validity. [2] (d) Explain how the content validity could be assessed in the above study. [2] (e) Give one advantage of using random sampling. [2] (f) (g) Identify and explain one confounding variable that may affect psychological research. [2] A Mann Whitney U test was used to analyse the data in this study. Give two reasons why this test was appropriate. [2] (h) Describe what is meant in psychological research by: (i) a lack of informed consent ; [2] (ii) failure to protect participants from psychological harm. [2] Total marks 26

14 3 SECTION B 2. A psychologist carried out a case study on a young woman who was suffering from sleep deprivation due to nightmares. These were so frightening that they were waking her up. The young woman was asked to keep a diary of these nightmares over a three month period. The psychologist researched the young woman s background, collecting information on her family, her childhood experiences and her medical history. The psychologist came to the conclusion that the nightmares were linked to the young woman s experiences as a child when she suffered from a fear of the dark. (a) (i) Define what is meant by the term case study. [2] (ii) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of a case study. [4] (b) Qualitative data can be analysed by using content analysis. Explain one advantage of using content analysis in psychological research. [2] (c) Define what is meant by the term reliability. [2] (d) (i) Explain one issue that would affect the validity of the psychologist s interpretation of the young woman s nightmares. [2] (ii) Explain one issue that would affect the validity of the content of the young woman s diary. [2] (e) (i) A case study can produce qualitative data. Define what is meant by the term qualitative data. [2] (ii) Explain one advantage of qualitative data. [2] (iii) Explain one disadvantage of qualitative data. [2] (f) Describe what is meant in psychological research by: (i) deception ; [2] (ii) confidentiality. [2] Total marks 24 Turn over.