Jurnal UMP Social Sciences and Technology Management Vol. 3, Issue. 2,2015

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1 Study of the relationship between Personality Aspects (introvert, extrovert) and Hardiness Rate of Professional Athletes of Football, Handball and Basketball Teams of Superior leagues of Isfahan Province Masoud Naderian, Associate Professor of University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Zahra MoradSafavi Master of Sport Psychology, Department of Physical Education, Isfahan(Khorasgan)Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan,Iran Abstract The aim of this research is to study the relation between personality aspects (introvert, extrovert) and hardiness rate of professional athletes of football, handball and basketball teams of superior leagues of Isfahan Province.Statistical society of this research was all male and female professional athletes of superior leagues of Isfahan province include football, basketball and handball (190 persons) which of them 123 athletes have selected randomly in two stages for statistical analysis. For evaluating introvert, extrovert and hardiness the athletes were asked to complete the related scales. All of the statistical calculations have done using SPSS software pocket version 20 for descriptive and deductive data analysis. The results of present research indicated that there is a meaningful relation between introvert and extrovert personality of athletes with their hard work rate (P<0.05). The results also showed that from among three components of hardiness include commitment, challenging, and control; there is no meaningful relation between commitment and challenging according to introvert and extrovert personality. But there is meaningful relation between athletes control according to introvert and extrovert personality (P<0.05). Keywords: Extroversion, introversion, hardiness, personality, professional athletes Introduction Sport is considered as a social phenomenon which has had a biological value in human evolution and if sport programs were performed appropriately and basically, they could protect human against mentalsocial damages. Based on research findings, there is a mutual relation between personality, mood and sport. From one hand sport in its generality leads to positive and meaningful changes in personality and excitement variables and from the other hand other personality characteristics are effective in sport and selection of special types of activities and sport programs. Personality is a complex assumptive structure which has defined in several ways. Scope of current definition is varies from concept of organism internal processes to visible behaviors resulted from people interaction. Maddi (1982) considered the personality as a set of attitudes and properties which are determine the behavioral psychological similarities and differences of the persons and may not be easily understandable as the result of time biological and social pressures. Personality characteristics are the first guides of recognizing cognitive and emotional status of the people and they affect emotional social roles and interpersonal or occupational behaviors of them. From Young (1913) point of view, introversion and extroversion phenomena are formed two important aspects of human personality. When attention to objects and affairs was too high that voluntary acts and other basic actions of the man are not as the result of mental evaluation but are effect of affairs occasions and external elements it explained as extroversion. Extrovert persons interact positively to situations and are more talking than introvert type and their social contacts are higher. On the other hand, introvert persons mentally has higher speed of brain activity and this leads to the fact that they need less motive 528

2 forces than normal rate. Introvert persons have internal and mental view and have more readiness for avoidance and self-control. They study in their free time.such persons negatively interact to various situation or escape from these situations. Some psychologists state that participation in sport and championship activities is effective in personality improvement and development. Generally one of widest believes is that sport effects on athlete mentality and personality in different ways. Athletes get extrovert and active personality because of active participation in social activities such as exercises and competitions and also because of social acceptances which are resulted from sport successes and their reaction become better relative to different situations.one of the psychological factors which is important for sport behavior and success is hardiness which first presented by Cobasa. Hardiness acts as a barrier against stress in different situations of the life. Also hardiness shows the person thrust in his/her ability encountering various conditions, it increases independence and self-following sense and leads to performance improvement. Hardiness is stable personal factor formed of three components of commitment, control and challenge.hardiness personality of the athlete with his/her commitment sense to sport performance and duties provide required fields for sport success. This commitment sense caused that the athlete devote him/herself to sport goals and identify and select the best ways to reach to the goals. Also hardiness personality of the athlete by other component means control leads to the fact that the athlete feels he/she is proficient in the situations and could be determinant. Sense of dominance on situations creates the belief in the athlete that his/her attempts are effective and he/she could change the events routes and determine the competition result. This belief improves the athlete performance and increases the success probability. Challenge, is the other component of hardiness personality. This component in different fields caused that the person consider the changes and situations as opportunities for grow and progress not as restriction or threat. Challenge help the athlete to welcome stressful and serious sport situations instead of withdrawal or disturbed act, challenge the situations and do his/her performance actively and creatively and improve his/her probability. Psychological characteristics of athletes include personality elements, mental motor skills, behavioral properties, confronting styles and perfectionism in different sport achievements have been studied in the number of researches. Hossein Zadeh Dehnavi in 1371 indicated in his study titled study and comparison of introvert and extrovert moods of male students in the age of in Khorasan province that personality has meaningful relation with sport activities and group course athletes are more extrovert compare to individual courses athletes. In the other research which Besharat (1384) has done on different courses students of Tehran physical education college, he found that there is a meaningful relation between hardiness and its components with sport success and psychological welfare. Mohammadi Far et. al. (1389) in an study titled comparing female athlete and non athlete students hardiness resulted that athletes had more hardiness than non athletes and physical activities and sport champions have positive effects on hardiness variable. Also hard working persons have more tendency to participate in sport activities. Also the results of Akbari and Hajian research about the relation between two personality types of introvert and extrovert and performance of shooter athletes indicated that shooter females are more extrovert and their performances were higher than introvert shooter females (1390). Sandhu et al in the study of the relation between trainers hardiness with age and their training experiences found that by increasing the age the rate of hardiness became higher in two components of commitment and control and by increasing the precedence and experience all three components became higher, namely commitment, control and challenge.since individual differences and personality have direct effect in their tendencies towards special sports and because athletes success in their course directly depend on these individual and personal differences, we have tried in this research to study the relation between introversion and extroversion of professional athletes employed in superior league of Isfahan province and in football, handball and basketball teams with their hardiness rate which could be an effective step towards success of these athletes and related persons who are professional athletes, trainers and supervisors. Research method Method of this research is applicable from goal point and is descriptive correlation from data collecting view point and this research has been done in field form. Research statistical society includes all male and female athletes of six clubs of Isfahan province ( Zob Ahan, Sepahan, Karandish Shahrdari, Giti Pasand Isfahan, Mahan and Flowerjan) in three courses of basketball, football and handball in which had teams in superior leagues. Based on taken inquiries number of athletes are 190. From among entire sample, 925

3 Study of the relationship between Personality Aspects athletes (78 male and 45 female) were selected by random sampling method and after primary explanations the questionnaires were provided to them. Research devices In this research we have used two questionnaires for measuring studied persons insights based on research hypotheses. For study the studied persons insights we have used two questionnaires based on research hypotheses. The first questionnaires includes 50 questions and each question has two answers and it should be ticked considering which proposed answer accorded with testee method that generally two grades related to extroversion and introversion were obtained. In the second questionnaire which is related to hardiness rate of persons we have used Kobasa questionnaire which has 45 questions and three components. It has rated based on 4 graded Kiot scale from not at all true to completely true which people should ticked one of the options with regard to their feelings about each sentence. Then the questions were classified based on their placement in subsets of questionnaires components and grade of each component were calculated separately and from their sum we obtained hardiness grade. Stability of both questionnaires was studied by Cronbach s Alpha coefficient. Stability of resetting hardiness scale and its sub scales in two sample group was confirmed with correlation coefficient of 0.77 to Internal similarity of this scale was studied using cronbach s alpha coefficient and obtained correlation coefficients from 0.65 to 0.78 were confirmed the internal similarity of this scale.data analysis was done by computer software SPSS and in two statistical levels of descriptive and deductive. In descriptive statistical level we have used statistical characters such as frequency, mean, percent, variance, standard deviation, and in deductive level we have used klugrogh smiroph tests, Levin, independence T, Pearson correlation coefficient and meaningfulness level was considered less than Research Findings and results The present study was done based on 123 athletes of superior league who are 78 male and 45 female and 8 persons were not complete their sexuality field. The mean and standard deviation of study variables have provided in table 1. Also result of kulmogrogh smiroph test for study of data normality is visible in this table.based on the results of table1, variable of k-s-z was not meaningful in the trust level of p<0.05. So distribution of research variables was normal. In accordance with table1, mean of extroversion grade had the highest value and mean of commitment had the lowest value. Table 1. mean and standard deviation of research variables and results of data normality test Variable Mean Standard K-s-z P-Value deviation Commitment Control Challenge Introversion Extroversion Also in accordance with table 1, athletes personality were introvert in 68 persons and were introvert in 47 persons and only 6.5 percent of remained population were normal. Therefore, most of statistical society s persons have introvert personality.for study the relation between extroversion and introversion personalities with hardiness rate we have calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient. These results are given in table 2. Table 2. correlation coefficient between athletes extrovert and introvert personalities with their hardiness rate Variables Hardiness Extroversion Pearson correlation coefficient Meaningfulness level <0.001 Sample number 47 Introversion Pearson correlation coefficient Meaningfulness level <0.001 Sample number

4 The results showed that correlation coefficient between extrovert personality of athletes with hardiness was in the meaningfulness level of p<0.05. So there is meaningful relation between extrovert personalities of athletes with their hardiness rate. Moreover, correlation coefficient between introvert personality of athletes with hardiness was in the meaningfulness level of p<0.05. So there is meaningful relation between introvert personalities of athletes with their hardiness rate. For study of the relation between athletes introversion and extroversion with hardiness components (commitment, control and challenge) we have calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient. Table 3shows the obtained results. Commitment Control Challenge Pearson correlation Introversion coefficient Meaningfulness level Extroversion Introversion < Extroversion < Based on table 3, correlation coefficient between introvert and extrovert personalities of athletes with commitment and challenge were not meaningful in the level p<0.05. so there is meaningful relation between introvert and extrovert personalities of athletes with their commitment and challenge rate. In contrast, correlation coefficient between introversion and extroversion personality with control is meaningful in p<0.05. In the other words, there is meaningful relation between athletes introversion and extroversion with their control rate.for study the relation of hardiness components (commitment, control, and challenge) with introversion and extroversion aspects of personality we have used independent t test for hypotheses evaluation. Obtained results are shown in table 4. Based on the results of table 4, observed t for commitment and challenge were not meaningful in p<0.05 level so there is no meaningful relation between commitment and challenge rate in terms of introversion and extroversion. Therefore, zero assumption was confirmed namely there is no meaningful relation between commitment and challenge rate in terms of introversion and extroversion. In addition, observed t for control component was meaningful in p<0.05 level. So there is meaningful relation between control rate of athletes in terms of introversion and extroversion. Table 4. comparison of mean grade of research variables Variable Mean Standard deviation T test/p-value t Commitment Extrovert Introvert Control Extrovert <0.001 Introvert Challenge Extrovert Introvert Discussion and conclusion Results of current research have shown that introvert personality aspect is stronger than extrovert personality in professional athletes. From this point of view the current study could be compared with Hossein Dehnavi research. Results of his research have shown that athletes of group sports are more extrovert than athletes of single sports. So we could say that if the present study has been done among group and single athletes it could prevent from the happened duality. Aldo the results indicated that there is meaningful relation between introvert personality of athletes with their hardiness rate. Therefore it appears that introvert persons before doing their acts mainly pay attention to its cognitive factors, and this subject has led to the fact that they improve their hardiness and the more introvert the person, the more his/her hardiness. There was meaningful and reverse relation between athletes extrovert personality and their hardiness rate. So we could say that extrovert athletes, regarding their characteristics such as attention 935

5 Study of the relationship between Personality Aspects to external factors and not mental and internal ones, often affected by stresses in environment and team conditions and being stressed and this could lead to decrease the hardiness. Moreover the results indicated that correlation coefficient between introvert and extrovert personality of athletes with commitment component was not meaningful in p<0.05 level. So there is no meaningful relation between introvert and extrovert personality of athletes with their commitment, while correlation coefficient between introvert and extrovert personality of athletes with control was meaningful in p<0.05 level. Therefore, there is meaningful relation between athletes introvert and extrovert personality with their control rate. Study of mean grade of control in two personality aspects of introversion and extroversion has shown that introverts significantly have higher control than extroverts. Correlation coefficient between athletes introvert and extrovert personality was not meaningful in p<0.05 level. So there is no meaningful relation between athletes introvert and extrovert personality with their challenge rate. Accorded with the present research the results of a study has been done by Jick Golby and Michel Sheard (2004) on rugby professional athletes has shown that the better skills persons have and have more skilled performance, the higher their hardiness. Also in the research by Besharat (1384) on students of different courses of physical education colleges has indicated that hardiness aspects were in good level. The result of Sandhu et al (2009) titled the relation of trainers hardiness with age and history and their training experience showed that by aging hardiness rate became higher in two component of commitment and control and by increasing history and experience all three components were increased. So we could say that commitment and control are more affected than challenge aspect.finally we could declare that because in the present research we don t pay attention to group or single sports, it is suggested to researchers to consider this factor in the future studies. Reference 1. Akbari; Atieh; Hajar. (1390) study of the relation between two personality types of extrovert and introvert and performance of male and female shooters of Isfahan. Pages Besharat; Mohammad Ali. (1384), the relation between hardiness and sport success and mental health of athlete students, Olympic No. 30, pages Besharat; Mohammd Ali. (1388). the relation between hardiness and inter personal problems, psychological studies, college of training and psychology of Alzahra university, pages Hossein Zadeh Dehnavi; Amir Hossein (1371). Study and comparison of introversion and extroversion moods of male students in the ages of of Khorasan province, thesis of Tehran university. 5. Haghigh, Jamal; Attari; Yousef Ali; Rahimi; Seyed Ali Sina; Soleimani Nia; Leila (1378). the relation between hardiness and its components and mental health in male students of Ahvaz university, magazine of training and psychology sciences of Ahvaz Shahid Chamran university, 3 and 4, pages Siasi, Ali Akbar. (1371). theories of personality or psychology schools, Tehran university publications, pages Karimi, Yousef. (1390). personality psychology. Edition publication institute, sixteenth edition, autumn. Pages Mohammdi Fear, Mohammd Ali; Mohammadi Far, Maryam; Najafi, Mahmood. (1388). comparing hardiness of athlete and non athlete female students, magazine of news of industrial/organizational psychology, first year, No. 1, pages Najjar pour Ostadi, Saeed; Iravani Mahmood. (1388). the relation between personality typres of intelligence and sexuality and meaningfulconditioning of research knowledge in applicable psychology, Azad Islamic university of Khorasgan (Isfahan). No. 41, pages Golby H, Shread M. (2004). Mental toughness and hardiness ar different levels of rugby league. Personality and individual differences, 37, pp: Hardy L, Jones JG, Gould D. (1996). Understanding psychological preparation for sport : Theory and practice of Elite performers Chichester, UK: Wiley. 12. Kobasa SC (1979), stressful life events, Personality and health and inquiry into hardiness. Journal of personality and social psychology, 37, pp: Sandha, K.S., sharna, RK and Singh, A (2009). Personality hardiness of Indian coaches in relation to their age coaching experience, journal of exercise and physiotherapy, Vol.5, No.1, pp: