CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. This study belongs to qualitative research using a descriptive method in a

Transcription

1 1 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Research Design This study belongs to qualitative research using a descriptive method in a case study mode. Qualitative research is conducted based on naturalist paradigm that the reality is multiple, constructed, and holistic (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). The reason why qualitative research is multiple is the object analyzed tends to be heterogeneous (Santosa, 2014) and still related to the context. The characteristic of multiple in qualitative research, as Hancock, Ockleford, & Windridge (2009) figured out in their book, focuses on how people or groups of people have different ways of looking reality, and they are bound in the same context of reality. As the implementation of this research, this study investigates the genre and ideology of news text published by The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe websites. The researcher analyzes the realization of interpersonal meaning used in both news texts which is multiple and holistically constructed based on the context. The constructions of MOOD system, mood structure, lexis, and genre indicate the writer s ideology in the nature of qualitative study (Bodgan and Buklen, 1982).

2 2 This study also uses descriptive method since it describes the phenomena of reality in society based on the concept and theory. Strauss and Corbin (2003) in Santosa (2014) explain that descriptive method in qualitative research is used to describe and interpret the development of new concepts and theory by observing, classifying, and interpreting. Hancock, Ockleford, & Windridge (2009) also add that the descriptive method in qualitative research could be as an evaluation of the previous concept and theory. Santosa (2014) also points out that descriptive method usually has a purpose to understand the implicit culture and ideology which may be implicitly shown toward common people. As the manifestation of descriptive method in this research, the genre and ideology of both news texts coming from two different websites are discovered using interpersonal perspective. The data observed are not only displayed but also it will be observed, classified, and interpreted based on the genre relation from tenor s area explained by Martin and Rose (2008). The status among participants will be figured out whether they are close or distant; and equal or unequal. At the same time, the data are analyzed in accordance with the theory of genre macro and micro (Martin, 1992; Santosa, 2010 in Santosa, Priyanto, and Nuraeni, 2014). Then, the result of this study is classified based on the theory of linguistic power relation or ideology stated by Martin (1992). The ideology of writer in responding an issue is divided into two, challenging (left) and holding (right). The way they challenge or support is still classified into one side (antagonist) and two sides (protagonist).

3 3 Here is the illustration of power relation types or ideology: Figure 3.1 Power Relation Types or Ideology one-sided (right antagonist) Hold two-sided (right protagonist) Issues one-sided (left antagonist) Challenge two-sided (left protagonist) (Adapted from Martin, 1992) After the genre and ideology has been contested, the researcher describes who the owner of both media is. It is based on the theory of media in critical perspective stated by Burton (2005) that the media owner of such an institution may have a role as a media controller. The theory of newsworthiness from Gamble and Gamble in Intanniza (2010) and Vivian (2011) are linked with it since newsworthiness should appeal human interest and attract the attention from the whole of world. Then, the alignment of The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe during the campaign in previous election are reflected in the way they write the news texts,

4 4 whether they are objective or not. As starting point, both examples below are taken from the title of both texts. These texts are talking about the first debate of presidential candidates which was held in 10 th June The Jakarta Post: Jokowi vs Prabowo: 1-0 The Jakarta Globe: Election Fever Grips the Nation After TV Debate Explicitly, the readers guess that The Jakarta Post tried to show that Jokowi became the winner over Prabowo in the debate. On the other hand, The Jakarta Globe prefers to show the condition of audience post the debate. In addition, this research also uses case study because it has a function of transferability (Yin, 2002; Whyte, 2002) by using exploration and explanation design. Transferability here means that the conclusion of this study cannot be generalized in other studies. It may have same context and meaning, but still it cannot be as a representative of similar cases. Therefore the result of the research is not generalizable (Hancock, Ockleford, & Windridge: 2009). For instances, news text of The Jakarta Post in this research seems more subjective than The Jakarta Globe in accordance to the title and the content of the text. However, we cannot generalize that all of news texts published by The Jakarta Post are always subjective and The Jakarta Globe is always objective. B. Research Location Research location is defined as focus determined boundary. It is the place where the researcher locates the data analyzed that could be determined as the

5 5 focus and boundaries of the research itself. Therefore, location of a research could be geography, demography, and media (Santosa, 2014). Thus, we may consider that the location of this study is media, preferably news media online named The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe. Within this research location, there are still three aspects which have to be explained. Those three aspects are setting, events, and participants (Spradley in Santosa, 2014). As the manifestation of the theory above, this study was conducted in the news text. Then, the participants include the writer of the text and the participants involved in the text. Aspect of setting and event here are realized in the two texts from The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe websites which is talking about first presidential debate during the campaign of Indonesia General Election. C. Data and Source of Data Data is a detailed description of situation, participants, events, settings, and observed behaviors (Paton, 1990). Thus, in this research the data involve the realization of interpersonal meaning in the news texts taken from The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe websites. The realization of interpersonal meaning here involves the Mood Structure, Mood system, modality, and the lexis system. Based on Blaxter et all in Santosa (2014), data in research is still classified into two parts, primary data and secondary data. Primary data are those data which are found by the researcher while secondary data is taken from other

6 6 resources. Those data are taken from the source that includes place, informants, events, documents, and sites (Santosa, 2014). The analysis of genre and ideology uses primary data taken from observing the realization of interpersonal meaning in the news texts from two different websites which talks the same topic. D. Sampling Sampling is a part of data being observed (Hadi in Briliani, 2014). In qualitative research, sampling can occur at several stages, both while collecting data and while interpreting and reporting on it (Hancock, Ockleford, & Windridge: 2009). In this research, the researcher uses total sampling since all realization of interpersonal meaning such as; mood system, mood structure, modality, and lexis are collected as the data. Then, all of them are observed to analyze and to compare the genre and ideology of news text published by The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe websites. E. Validity As the data that has been collected, all are validated to ensure trustworthiness. It is one of the researcher s responsibility to make the data is valid and trusted for the readers. The method which is commonly used for data validation in qualitative research is triangulation (Lincoln & Guba (1985) & Paton (1980) in Santosa: 2014).

7 7 Triangulation has four techniques, Source of Data, Investigator/ researcher, Method triangulation, Theoretical triangulation. Source of Data is used by serving the data which could be taken from documents, events, participants, and sites. Investigator or researcher in triangulation is not commonly used because it is only used for big project. Method of triangulation is dependent on the type of source of data taken. They could be content analysis of documents, observing the events or phenomena, interviewing the informants, and exploring the sites. Then, theoretical triangulation is used when the study is conducted with more than one theories or multidisciplinary studies. This research uses the technique of source of data triangulation with content analysis. This technique is chosen by considering that the aim of this study is analyzing the genre and ideology in two different news media by comparing it. In consequence, it needs content analysis to make the result of this research valid and trustworthy. F. Technique of Data Collection According to Santosa (2014), there are several techniques in collecting data such as interview, questionnaire, group discussion, and content analysis. To conduct this research, the researcher employed the content analysis to discover the genre and ideology completely with the language use of objectivity in news text. Content analysis was chosen since it can be a useful technique for allowing us to discover and describe the focus of individual, group, institutional, or social attention (Weber, 1990 in Stamler, 2001).

8 8 As the source of data is taken from two different media online (The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe), content analysis method is employed to compare the genre and ideology between these two media. The researcher acquired the documents from news published in the same date, 11 th June 2014, with the same topic about first debate of presidential candidates. G. Procedure of Data Analysis To conduct this research, the data taken were analyzed qualitatively and inductively by using content analysis method. Some scholars defines content analysis as a systematic research method for analyzing textual information in a standardized way that allows evaluators to make inferences about that information (Weber, 1990: 9-12, and Krippendorff, 1980: 21-27). By using content analysis, the researcher can classify the key ideas in a written communication. Furthermore, content analysis method can be used to develop a certain theory of the phenomena under the research (Sarwono, 2006; Wahyuni, 2012 in Briliani, 2014). Thus, in analyzing data to discover the ideology of mass media and developing the theory of language used related to its objectivity, content analysis is employed. Dealing with this, Spradley (in Santosa, 2014) pointed out the four stages of content analysis, which are domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, componential analysis, and finding cultural values. These four stages are not always in a linear way; it can be employed in a circular way. See Figure 3.2 below

9 9 Figure 3.2 Stages of Data Analysis (Adapted from Spradley in Santosa, 2014) 1. Applying domain analysis Domain analysis has a function to classify whether it belongs to data or not (Santosa, 2014). The whole data are classified by using descriptive observation (Moleong, 2010; Sarwono in Briliani, 2014). In brief, domain analysis is applied to observe the whole data and to classify whether it belongs to data or not by general description. In this research, domain analysis of the data categorizes both texts (from The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe). In addition, the texts are further categorized based on the text structure. Both texts belong to report text which has general structure contain: title, general classification, and description. Then, all clauses in both texts are examined whether it is major or minor clause, based on its mood system, mood structure, transitivity, theme-rheme, modality, lexis, to interpret their genre and ideology.

10 10 a. The analysis of News Text Published by The Jakarta Post Website Table 3.1.a.1 Example of domain analysis (Mood structure, mood system, transitivity, and theme-rheme) e.g.: Most of Prabowo or Hatta s remarks and answers were normative and too general. Most of Prabowo or Hatta s remarks and answers Were Normative and too general S F/ P Adj. Mood Residue Carrier ARP Attribute Top Unmarked Theme Rheme Indicative: declarative; proposition: giving information From the analysis above, the clause taken from The Jakarta Post website belongs to proposition in order to give information. The process employed in this sentence is attributive relational process. In line, it uses Topical Unmarked Theme for the point of view. Table 3.1.a.2 Example of domain analysis (lexis system based on interpersonal perspective) e.g.: Most of Prabowo or Hatta s remarks and answers were normative and too general.

11 11 Descriptive Attitudinal Most Prabowo or Hatta Remarks Answers Normative General From the analysis of lexis system based on interpersonal perspective, one of clause taken from The Jakarta Post website contains more descriptive lexes and less attitudinal lexes. Example of domain analysis (modality) e.g.: We could do elections in one region at the same time to save money. Actually, this term seems to be a statement. However, if we take a look the context, this sentence was said by Jokowi in order to emphasize his vision if he is elected. If we analyze this sentence based on Mood system and mood structure it will be classified as giving services. In line, what modality could indicates the willingness of its speaker s (Jokowi) inclination of modulation. b. The analysis of News Text Published by The Jakarta Globe Website Table 3.1.b.1 Example of domain analysis (Mood system and Mood structure)

12 12 e.g.: Our democracy is still crawling Our democracy Is Still crawling S F/ P Adj. Mood Residue Carrier ARP Attribute Top unmarked theme Rheme Indicative: declarative; proposition: giving information The analysis above shows that one clause taken from The Jakarta Globe website belongs to proposition in order to give information. The process employed in this sentence is attributive relational process. In line, it uses Topical Unmarked Theme for the point of view. Table 3.1.b.2 Example of domain analysis (lexis system based on interpersonal meaning) e.g: Our democracy is still crawling Descriptive Attitudinal Our democracy Still Crawling The table above similarly shows that one of clause taken The Jakarta Globe website has less attitudinal lexes and more descriptive lexes. Example of domain analysis (modality)

13 13 e.g: Our democracy is still crawling, it will need time to grow up, learn and eventually be ready to fight, Zainal said. Based on mood system and mood structure, the sentence above is classified as indicative: declarative; proposition: giving information. There is one modality and one mood adjunct found there. Both of Will and eventually classified as probability of modalization. After all data have been described, they will be classified in the table based on the text structure. Since the genre is going to be explored, sub domain used in this table is classified into title, opening, and body. The amount of all clauses which belong to title, main idea in the opening section and detail information in the body will be examined towards the table below: Table 3.1 Presence of domain and sub-domain Media Opening Body The Jakarta Post The Jakarta Globe Total 2. Applying taxonomic analysis Moleong (2010) explains that taxonomic analysis is used to focus on what the result of domain analysis. It is employed to get the deeper result from the data chosen through domain analysis. Santosa (2014) points out that taxonomic

14 14 analysis has an aim of data reduction from the larger scale into the smaller one by classifying them based on the natural realization object observed. Thus, taxonomic analysis in this study is employed as follows: Table 3.2 Presence of mood structure Media Text Structure Mood Structure Proposal Proposition TJP Opening Body TJG Total Orientation Events Table 3.3 Presence of mood system Media Text Structure Mood System Giving Demanding TJP Opening Body TJG

15 15 Opening Body Total Table 3.4 Presence of Transitivity Media Text Transitivity Structure Mat Men Ver VBP MBP ARP IRP Ext TJP Opening Body TJG Opening Body Total Table 3.5 Presence of modality Media Text Modality Structure Modalization Modulation Probability Usuality Obligation Inclination TJP Opening

16 16 Body TJG Total Opening Body Table 3.6 Presence of Lexis System based on interpersonal meaning Media Text Structure Lexis System Descriptive Attitudinal TJP Opening Body TJG Opening Body Total 3. Applying componential analysis According to Santosa (2014), componential analysis is used to correlate all the aspects observed horizontally and hierarchically. The application of componential analysis in this research will be shown in the table 3.7

17 17 Table 3.7 Example of componential analysis Media Text Mood Structure Mood System Modality Transitivity Lexis Structure Modal Modul PL PT Giv Dem Prob Usu Incl. Obl. Mat Men Ver MBP VBP ARP IRP Ext Des Att TJP OR Events TJG OR Events TOTAL

18 18 4. Finding cultural values After all stages of domain, taxonomic, and componential analysis have been conducted, the result will show the pattern of the data found. The pattern found is interpreted by linking it with the secondary data, such as the contexts which could be the situation behind the text and the literature reviews found. This stage of looking at the pattern is called as finding cultural values. The pattern as the reality of the object observed is discussed deeply. From this stage, the researcher tries to find out the ideology of both media towards their alignment and their objectivity. Status between participants involved as the realization of Genre Relation: Mapping Culture is also observed. The different pattern between languages used by media in which is objective and subjective is described. Moreover, the proof that the theory of media owner has a role in influencing ideology is linked. The whole relation can be seen in figure 3.3 Figure 3.3 Finding Cultural Values Context Interpersonal meaning Genre and Ideology News and Media Theory

19 52