CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. less patterned and called as interpretative methodology because the research result

Transcription

1 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Research Design This research uses qualitative research methodology. Qualitative research methodology is also called as artistic methodology because the research process is less patterned and called as interpretative methodology because the research result data is more concerned with interpretation towards data found in field (Sugiyono, 2009). Bodgan and Talor in Sugiyono (2009) explain that qualitative research is conducted in natural setting, descriptive, concerned with process rather than products or outcome. Moreover, qualitative research tends to analyze data inductively and meaning is essential to qualitative research. Based on those definitions, it can be concluded that qualitative method describes the object and results descriptive data. Moreover, this research also belongs to descriptive method. Hadi defines descriptive methodology as a method which is carried out by collecting, classifying, analyzing, interpreting the data, and finally drawing conclusion (1983, p.3). Descriptive method has two characteristics: 1) it focuses on the recent and actual issues, 2) the data are collected, described, and analyzed (Surakmad, 1994: p.140). The researcher drew the phenomenon by systematically analyzing and interpreting data to make it easy in understanding and drawing conclusion. 33

2 34 Based on those explanations, this research employed descriptive qualitative method as the research methodology since the data were indirectly measurable and in the form of words. Besides, the research objectives are to know the attitudes employed in the text and to find out the differences and similarities of attitudes between Obama and Romney in order to find out the characteristic of each other. This research also used comparative study since the researcher compared two data to find out the similarities and differences of the analyzed data. B. Source of Data Source of data is the subject from which the data are obtained (Sutopo, 2002: p.49). Data can be collected from an event or activity as source of data. Thus, this research used United States presidential election debate in 2012 between Obama and Romney regarding Obama s presidency in as source of data. The particular event only occurred once. In this case, direct study can t be done, so transcript is needed. The transcript was retrieved from a website C. Sample and Technique of Sampling Sutopo (2002:54) states that sample deals with limitation of the amount and type of data source. In addition, Bogdan and Biklen in Sutopo (2002: p.55) say that sample in qualitative research is also called as internal sampling. Internal

3 35 sampling is collected to represent the information which the completeness and depth are not necessarily determined by the amount of data source. Sample aims to get information that will be the basic of theory. Qualitative research doesn t use random sampling that is often used for quantitative research. Sutopo states that qualitative research tends to employ purposive sampling because it s able to achieve completeness and the depth of information in facing the reality. Sample choice is led to data source that has important information related to problem being studied (2002, p.36). The researcher used purposive sampling technique. Purposive sampling is a non-random technique of drawing samples based on certain criteria suitable to the research purpose. Sample of this research is research is United States presidential election debate in 2012 transcript between Obama and Romney regarding Obama s presidency in which consist of appraising items both positive and negative. D. Technique of Data Collection Source of data in qualitative research can be achieved from people, events, places, documents or archives. Source of data needs a certain technique of data collection in order to obtain the data needed to answer the problem statements. Furthermore, Goetz and LeCompte in Sutopo (2002, p.58) states that data collection strategy in qualitative research is divided into two types: interactive or non-interactive. Interactive method includes interview and focus group discussion. Meanwhile, non-interactive method includes questioner and content analysis. This

4 36 research used non-interactive method since the data retrieved from a website in form of a transcript (archive). E. Data Validity There are two techniques that can be chosen for the development of research data validity in qualitative research. They are triangulation and informant review. Paton in Sutopo (1992, p.78) divides triangulation technique into four: data triangulation, investigator triangulation, methodological triangulation, and theoretical triangulation. This research uses data triangulation since data are taken from different sources. The source of data is taken from two different people in the same event in form of transcription. F. Research Procedure Research procedure is an explanation of steps used by researcher in conducting the research. The procedure of this research contains several steps which were set up as follows: 1. Collecting the data in the form of transcript about United States presidential election debate in 2012 between Obama and Romney regarding Obama s presidency in , taken from 2. Classifying the data based on chosen theme. The researcher chose a theme regarding Obama s presidency in from United States

5 37 presidential election debate in 2012 between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney. 3. Finding information about the data and theories related to appraisal through the books. 4. Giving codes Text 1 and Text 2 to identify the data. Text 1 represents Obama s respond towards question, Text 2 represents Romney s rebuttal towards Obama. 5. Analyzing the appraisal of the text about United States presidential election debate in 2012 transcript between Obama and Romney regarding Obama s presidency in Interpreting the analysis of the text about United States presidential election debate in 2012 transcript between Obama and Romney regarding Obama s presidency in Comparing the result of analysis of United States presidential election debate in 2012 transcript between Obama and Romney regarding Obama s presidency in Drawing conclusion and providing recommendation. G. Technique of Analyzing Data According to Sparley in Sugiyono (2009), technique of analyzing data is divided into 4 steps: domain analysis, taxonomy analysis, componential analysis

6 38 and cultural theme analysis. Domain analysis is to find category from a certain social situation. The selected domain will be the main focus of the research. The domain of this research is US Presidential debate in 2012 between Obama and Romney regarding Obama s presidency in The following step is taxonomy analysis. Taxonomy analysis is selected data analysis based on appointed domain. The appointed domain will be elaborated in more detail. The result of taxonomy analysis can be presented in 3 ways: box diagram, lines and node diagram, and out line. The taxonomy analysis of this research is appraisal study that includes attitudes analysis (affect, judgment, and appreciation), graduation and engagement analysis. The next step is to find the difference or the contrast of selected domain through componential analysis. After finding types of attitudes, graduation and engagement, the researcher will search for detailed information for each category. For example, what kind of affect, judgment, appreciation used in the text, whether they are expressed positively or negatively and directly or implicitly. The last step is to discover cultural themes. Qualitative analysis is basically to understand social situation into parts, relationship between the parts and the relationship as a whole. In this research, the researcher will find out the genre of both texts and what kind of ideology is adopted by both speakers. Technique of analyzing data was conducted as follows: 1. Collecting the data

7 39 The researcher collected the data about United States presidential election debate in 2012 transcript between Obama and Romney regarding Obama s presidency in found in the form of transcript retrieved from a website. 2. Analyzing the attitudes The researcher analyzed and determined the attitudes of each text found in the transcript of United States presidential election debate in 2012 transcript between Obama and Romney regarding Obama s presidency in Analyzing the prosody and genre The researcher analyzed and identified the prosody and genre which are applied in the texts. 4. Giving explanation dealing with the result of analysis The researcher explained and elaborated the analyzed texts about what the differences and similarities of attitudes employed in the text of United States presidential election debate in 2012 between Obama and Romney regarding Obama s presidency in Drawing conclusion The researcher interpreted the result of the analysis, drawn conclusion, and provided recommendations.