Psychodynamic Theories. Personality. *An individual s unique pa0ern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persists over 9me and across situa9ons.

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1 Psychodynamic Theories Trait Theory Personality *An individual s unique pa0ern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persists over 9me and across situa9ons. Cogni9ve Social Learning Theories Humanis9c Theories

2 Issues in Personality 1. Free will or determinism? 2. Nature or nurture? 3. Past, present, or future? 4. Uniqueness or universality? 5. Equilibrium or growth? 6. Op?mism or pessimism?

3 Sigmund Freud Psychodynamic Theories Behavior is the product of psychological forces within the individual, omen outside of conscious awareness Neo Freudians Central Tenets 1) Much of mental life is unconscious. People may behave in ways they themselves don t understand. 2) Mental processes act in parallel, leading to conflic9ng thoughts and feelings. 3) Personality pa0erns begin in childhood. Childhood experiences strongly affect personality development. 4) Mental representa9ons of self, others, and rela9onships guide interac9ons with others. 5) The development of personality involves learning to regulate aggressive and sexual feelings as well as becoming socially independent rather than dependent.

4 Sigmund Freud

5 Sigmund Freud The human PERSONALITY is an energy system. It is the job of psychology to inves9gate the change, transmission and conversion of this psychic energy within the personality which shape and determine it.

6 These Drives are the Energy

7 Structure of the Mind Id Super ego Ego

8 Id Exists en9rely in the unconscious (so we are never aware of it). Our hidden true animalis9c wants and desires. Works on the Pleasure Principle Avoid pain and receive instant gra9fica9on.

9 Ego If you want to be with someone. Your id says just take them, but your ego does not want to end up in jail. So you ask her out instead. Nego9ates between the Id and the environment. Develops amer the Id. Works on the Reality Principle. In our conscious and unconscious minds. It is what everyone sees as our personality.

10 Superego It is our conscience (what we think the difference is between right and wrong) Develops last at about the age of 5 The ego omen mediates between the superego and id.

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12 Unconscious

13 What happens when the Id and Superego can t reconcile? The psychic energy has to go somewhere! Id won t let it go. Super ego won t let it happen. To protect itself the organism employs defense mechanisms.

14 Defense mechanisms Denial: refusal to acknowledge a painful or threatening reality. Repression: exclude painful thoughts or feelings w/o realizing Projec9on: a0ribu9ng own feelings on others. Regression: revert to childlike behavior Reac9on Forma9on: exaggeratedly opposite ideas and emo9ons. Displacement: redirec9on of repressed mo9ves or feelings onto subs9tute objects. Sublima9on: transforming repressed mo9ves or feelings into more socially accepted forms. Intellectualiza9on undertaking an academic, unemo9onal study of a topic. Ra9onaliza9on coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable outcome.

15 Thin line Between the conscious and unconscious Some9mes our unconscious thoughts, etc slip into the conscious. How? Freudian slips Dreams Humor

16 So how does this play out? Humans are driven by the desire for bodily sexual pleasure (libido) it gets released from different centers at different 9mes. But the parents act as the social coercion to balance these desires. Super ego givers. Development is the resolu9on of a series of conflicts.

17 So how does this play out Psychosexual Stages of development Oral: 0 18months Sucking (Weaning) Fixa9on Gullible or Cynical Anal: 18months 3 Defeca9on (Po0y training) Fixa9on Self Destruc9ve vs. Anal Reten9ve Phallic: 3 5/6 Genitals (Oedipus and Electra Complex / Castra9on Anxiety)

18 So how does this play out Latency 5/6 12/13 all libidinal ac9vity is suppressed. Genital Stage To puberty and beyond! genitals and orgasm. Focused on reproduc9on

19 Oedipus Complex Phase One Boy has a libidinal bond with the mother (breast feeding and mother as primary caregiver) Parallel to this, the boy begins to iden9fy with his father, the figure parallel to him in terms of biological sex. (Iden9fica9on with the father's role as "lover" of mother.) In this phase, these 2 rela9onship exist side byside and in rela9ve harmony.

20 Oedipus Complex Boy s feelings Intensify Sees the father as an obstacle and a rival who he desires to get rid of or to kill. Worries the father will castrate him. Boy is never 100% hos9le. He keeps the iden9fica9on so he is torn ambivalence Boy hopefully turns his psychic energy into full on iden9fica9on with the father. Can t beat em, join em. Boy is masculinized, eventually seeks his own sexual partner

21 The Electra Complex But what about girls? During the phallic stage the daughter becomes a0ached to her father and more hos9le towards her mother. Believes that mom is responsible for her not having a penis. This is due mostly to the idea that the girl is "envious" of her father's penis thus the term "penis envy". This leads to resentment towards her mother, who the girl believes caused her castra9on.

22 The Psychoanaly9c Perspec9ve Neo Freudians Freud Neo Freudians Carl Jung Alfred Adler Karen Horney The Neo Freudians refers to theorists who broke with Freud but whose theories retain a psychodynamic aspect, especially a focus on mo9va9on as the source of energy for the personality.

23 Carl Jung Shared Freud s emphasis on unconscious processes But libido is all life forces not just sexual ones Unconscious is posi9ve source of strength Development comes to frui9on by middle age

24 Carl Jung Personal unconscious That part of the unconscious mind containing an individuals repressed thoughts and feelings Collec9ve unconscious The part of the unconscious that is inherited and common to all members of a species

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26 Archetypes Self regula9ng center of the psyche Shadow destruc9ve and aggressive tendencies Persona Our public self Anima Female archetype as expressed in male personality Animus Male archetype as expressed in female personality

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29 Astude/Personality Types Extroverts Focus on external world and social life Introverts Focus on internal thoughts and feelings Jung felt that everyone had both quali9es, but one is usually dominant

30 Personality Types Ra9onal individuals People who regulate their ac9ons through thinking and feeling Ra9onal and logical people who decide on facts Acts tac9ully and has a balanced sense of values Irra9onal individuals People who base their ac<ons on percep<ons, either through their senses or intui9on Relies on surface percep<ons li0le imagina9on Beyond the obvious to consider future possibili<es

31 Alfred Adler Didn t see the conflict between the id and superego People have innate posi9ve mo9ves that make them strive for personal/ social perfec9on The unique mix of personal and social perfec9on creates unique direc9ons and beliefs that become our style of life This emerges by 4 or 5

32 Alfred Adler Compensa9on Our efforts to overcome real or perceived weaknesses while we strive for that perfec9on. We try to overcome feelings of inferiority Inferiority complex Fixa9on on feelings of personal inferiority that can lead to emo9onal and social paralysis Would focus on our drive toward superiority and perfec9on father of Humanis9c Psychology

33 Karen Horney Environmental and social factors are important, especially those we experience as children Viewed anxiety (reac9on to real or imagined dangers) as a powerful mo9va9ng force seen as being as important as unconscious sexual conflict

34 Karen Horney Neuro9c trends Irra9onal strategies for coping with emo9onal problems and thus minimizing anxiety Submission (Moving toward people) Feels the need to give in to other and only feels safe when receiving protec9on and guidance. Friendliness is superficial and masks true resentment Aggression (Moving against people) Hides inner feelings of insecurity while they lash out Detachment (Moving away from people) If I withdraw nothing can hurt me

35 Evalua9ng Psychodynamic Theories Culture bound ideas Freud made no connec9on between women s subordinate status in society and their sense of inferiority Psychodymanic theories are largely untestable in any scien9fic way Most of its concepts arise out of clinical prac9ce, which are the amer the fact explana9on.

36 Evalua9ng the Psychoanaly9c Perspec9ve Modern Research 1. Personality develops throughout life and is not fixed in childhood. 2. Freud underemphasized peer influence on the individual, which may be as powerful as parental influence. 3. Gender iden9ty may develop before 5 6 years of age.

37 Evalua9ng the Psychoanaly9c Perspec9ve Modern Research 4. There may be other reasons for dreams besides wish fulfillment. 5. Verbal slips can be explained on the basis of cogni9ve processing of verbal choices. (capture effect) 6. If suppressed sexuality leads to psychological disorders. Sexual inhibi9on has decreased, but psychological disorders have not.

38 Evalua9ng the Psychoanaly9c Perspec9ve Freud's psychoanaly9c theory rests on the repression of painful experiences into the unconscious mind. The majority of children, death camp survivors, and ba0le scarred veterans are unable to repress painful experiences into their unconscious mind.

39 Projec9ve Tests Assessing Unconscious Processes Evalua9ng personality from an unconscious mind s perspec9ve would require a psychological instrument (projec9ve tests) that would reveal the hidden unconscious mind.

40 Thema9c Appercep9on Test (TAT) Developed by Henry Murray, the TAT is a projec9ve test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

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44 Rorschach Inkblot Test The most widely used projec9ve test uses a set of 10 inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach. It seeks to iden9fy people s inner feelings by analyzing their interpreta9ons of the blots. Lew Merrim/ Photo Researcher, Inc.

45 Projec9ve Tests: Cri9cisms Cri9cs argue that projec9ve tests lack both reliability (consistency of results) and validity (predic9ng what it is supposed to). 1. When evalua9ng the same pa9ent, even trained raters come up with different interpreta9ons (reliability). 2. Projec9ve tests may misdiagnose a normal individual as pathological (validity).

46 Personality Type Personality types, assessed by measures such as the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (looks at preferences in people and how they perceive the world), consist of a number of traits. For example, a feeling type personality is sympathe9c, apprecia9ve, and tacuul. More research is needed on this popular test s validity. Sympathe9c Apprecia9ve Tacuul Feeling Type Personality

47 Assessing Traits Personality inventories are ques9onnaires (omen with true false or agree disagree items) designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors assessing several traits at once.

48 MMPI The Minnesota Mul9phasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) (assesses the structure of the personality and diagnose mental illness) is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to iden9fy emo9onal disorders.

49 MMPI Test Profile

50 Trait Theory Social Cogni9ve Theory 50

51 The Trait Perspec9ve An individual s unique constella<on of durable disposi<ons and consistent ways of behaving (traits) cons9tutes his personality. Examples of Traits Honest Dependable Moody Impulsive Allport & Odbert (1936), iden9fied 18,000 words represen9ng traits. 51

52 Gordon Allport Three levels of traits: Cardinal (rare) The trait that dominates and shapes a person s behavior Central General characteris9c found in all people Secondary These only manifest in certain circumstances 52

53 Factor analysis is a sta<s<cal approach used to describe and relate personality traits. Ca0ell used this approach to develop the 16 Personality Factor (16PF) inventory. Raymond Ca0ell Raymond Ca0ell ( ) 53

54 Factor Analysis Ca0ell found that large groups of traits could be reduced down to 16 core personality traits based on sta<s<cal correla<ons. Irritable Impa<ent Excitement Boisterous Superficial traits Impulsive Basic trait 54

55 Personality Dimensions Hans and Sybil Eysenck suggested that personality could be reduced down to two polar dimensions, extraversion introversion and emo<onal stabilityinstability. 55

56 The Big Five Factors Today s trait researchers believe that Eysencks personality dimensions are too narrow and Ca0ell s 16PF too large. So a middle range (five factors) of traits does a be0er job of assessment. Conscien9ousness Agreeableness Neuro9cism Openness Extraversion 56

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58 Ques9ons about the Big Five 1. How stable are these traits? Quite stable in adulthood. Though change over development. 2. How heritable are they? FiMy percent or so for each trait. 3. How about other cultures? These traits are common across cultures. 4. Predict other personal a0ributes? Yes. Conscien9ous people are morning types, and extraverted evening types. 58

59 Evalua9ng the Trait Perspec9ve The Person Situa9on Controversy Walter Mischel (1968, 1984, 2004) points that traits may be enduring but the resul9ng behavior in different situa9ons is different. Thus traits are not good predictors of behaviors. 59

60 The Person Situa9on Controversy Trait theorists argue that behaviors may be different from situa<on to situa<on, but average behavior remains the same, thus traits maker. 60

61 The Person Situa9on Controversy Traits are socially significant and influence our health, thinking and performance (Gosling et al., 2000). John Langford Photography Samuel Gosling 61

62 Social Cogni9ve Perspec9ve Bandura (1986, 2001, 2005) believes that personality is the result of an interac<on that takes place between a person and his social context. Albert Bandura 62

63 Reciprocal Determinism Bandura called the process of interac9ng with our The three factors, behavior, cogni<on and environment are interlocking determinants of each environment reciprocal determinism. other. Stephen Wade/ Allsport/ Ge0y Images 63

64 Individuals & Environments Specific ways how individuals and environments interact. Different people choose different environments. Our personali9es shape how we react to events. The school you a0end, the music you listen to, are partly based on your disposi9ons. Anxious people react to situa9ons differently than calm people. Our personali9es shape situa9ons. How we view and treat people influences how they treat us. 64

65 Behavior Behavior emerges from an interplay of external and internal influences. 65

66 Personal Control Social cogni9ve psychologists emphasize our sense of personal control whether we control the environment or the environment controls us. External locus of control refers to the percep<on that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate. Internal locus of control refers to the percep<on that we can control our own fate. 66

67 Learned Helplessness When unable to avoid repeated aversive events an animal or human learns hopelessness. 67

68 Op9mism vs. Pessimism An op9mis9c or pessimis9c a0ribu9onal style is your way of explaining posi9ve or nega9ve events. Posi9ve psychology aims to discover and promote condi9ons that enable individuals and communi9es to thrive. 68

69 Evalua9ng the Social Cogni9ve Perspec9ve Cri9cs say that social cogni9ve psychologists pay a lot of a0en9on to the situa9on and pay less a0en9on to the individual, his unconscious mind, his emo9ons and his gene9cs. 69

70 Posi9ve Psychology and Humanis9c Psychology Posi9ve psychology like humanis9c psychology a0empts to foster human fulfillment. Posi9ve psychology in addi9on seeks posi<ve subjec<ve well being, posi<ve character and posi<ve social groups. Courtesy of Mar9n E.P. Seligman, PhD Director, Posi9ve Psychology Center/ University of Pennsylvania Mar9n Seligman 70

71 Exploring the Self Research on the self has a long history, because the self organizes thinking, feelings and ac9ons and is a cri9cal part of our personality. 1. Research has focused on the different selves we possess some we dream and others we dread. 2. Research on how we overes9mate our concern that others evaluate our appearance, performance and blunders (spot light effect). 3. Self reference effect in recall. 71

72 Benefits of Self Esteem Maslow and Rogers argued that a successful life results from a healthy self image (self esteem). There are two reasons why low self esteem results in personal problems. 1. When self esteem is deflated, we views our self and others cri9cally. 2. Low self esteem reflects reality our failure in mee9ng challenges or surmoun9ng difficul9es. 72

73 Culture & Self Esteem People maintain their self esteem even with a low status by valuing things they achieve and comparing themselves with people with the similar posi9ons. 73

74 Self Serving Bias We accept responsibility for good deeds and successes than for bad deeds and failures. Defensive self esteem is fragile and ego9s9c whereas secure self esteem is less fragile and less dependent on external evalua9on. 74

75 Barnum Effect (Forer effect) It is the tendency for people to accept very general or vague characteriza9ons of themselves and take them to be accurate. 75

76 Humanis9c Perspec9ve By the 1960s, psychologists became discontent with Freud s nega9vity and the mechanis9c psychology of the behaviorists. Abraham Maslow ( ) h0p:// Carl Rogers ( )

77 Humanis9c Personality Theories The humanis9c view asserts the fundamental goodness of people and their constant striving toward higher levels of func<oning. Does not dwell on past occurrences, but rather focuses on the present and future.

78 Self Actualizing Person Maslow proposed that we as individuals are mo9vated by a hierarchy of needs. Beginning with physiological needs, we try to reach the state of self actualiza9on fulfilling our poten9al. h0p:// Ted Polumbaum/ Time Pix/ Ge0y Images

79 SA are self aware, self accep<ng, open and spontaneous, loving and caring, and not paralyzed by other s opinions. acquired enough courage to be unpopular, to be unashamed about being openly virtuous College students most likely to become selfactualized were privately affec9onate to those of their elders who deserve it. and secretly uneasy about the cruelty, meanness and mob spirit so omen found in young people.

80 Self Actualiza9on Maslow es9mated only 1% of the popula9on reaches this. The top of the mo9va9onal hierarchy. This makes it the weakest of all needs and the most easily impeded. This inner nature is not strong and overpowering and unmistakable like the ins9ncts of animals. It is weak and delicate and subtle and easily overcome by habit, cultural pressure, and wrong astudes toward it. Maslow Jonah Complex must be willing to sacrifice safety for personal growth. Society? Childhood?

81 Perceived Self vs. Ideal Self Perceived Self In a stream of consciousness manner Describe yourself Ideal Self In a stream of consciousness manner Fantasy how would you like to be?

82 Perceived Self vs. Ideal Self Did you write the same thing for each prompt? From a humanis9c perspec9ve, a fully func9oning, self actualized person finds the perceived self as completely congruent with the ideal self. Rogers suggests that if our self concept is nega9ve, that is, if we fall far short of our ideal self, we feel dissa9sfied and unhappy. It follows that parents, teachers, and friends should help others know, accept, and be true to themselves

83 Carl Rogers Fully Func9oning Person Goal of every organism is to fulfill the capabili9es of our gene9c blueprint actualizing tendency. Human beings form images of themselves called self concepts. Drive to fulfill self concepts self actualizing tendency.

84 Assessing the Self In an effort to assess personality, Rogers asked people to describe themselves as they would like to be (ideal) and as they actually are (real). If the two descrip9ons (real and ideal self) were close the individual if a fully func9oning person. All of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the ques9on, Who am I? refers to Self Concept.

85 How to become fully func9oning? Early Childhood Ma0ers Uncondi9onal posi9ve regard Full acceptance and love of another regardless of our behavior Genuineness Accep9ng Empathy Condi9onal posi9ve regard Acceptance and love con9ngent on certain behaviors and fulfilling certain condi9ons.

86 Evalua9ng the Humanis9c Perspec9ve 1. Humanis9c psychology has a pervasive impact on counseling, educa9on, child rearing, and management. 2. Concepts in humanis9c psychology are vague and subjec9ve and lack scien9fic basis. 3. Some view these theories as overly op9mis9c and that they ignore the nature of human evil 4. Some argue that humanis9c view lead to selfindulgence, narcissism and self centeredness Western view of hyper individualism