Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology

Transcription

1 Abel Lajtha (Ed.) Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System Volume Editors: Moussa B. H. Youdim, Peter Riederer, Silvia A. Mandel and Leontino Battistin With 39 Figures and 32 Tables

2 Editor Abel Lajtha Director Center for Neurochemistry Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research 140 Old Orangeburg Road Orangeburg New York, USA Volume Editors Moussa B. H. Youdim Professor of Pharmacology Professor of Life Sciences Director of Eve Topf and NPF Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Technion Rappaport Family Faculty of Medicine Efron St. POBox 9697 Haifa Israel Silvia A. Mandel Eve Topf Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Dept. of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Technion Efron St.P.O.B Haifa Israel Peter Riederer Clinic and Policlinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Dept. Clinical Neurochemistry University of Würzburg Füchsleinstr Würzburg Leontino Battistin Department of Neurosciences University of Padova Medical School Via Giustiniani , Padova Italy Library of Congress Control Number: ISBN: Additionally, the whole set will be available upon completion under ISBN: The electronic version of the whole set will be available under ISBN: The print and electronic bundle of the whole set will be available under ISBN: ß 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. springer.com Printed on acid free paper SPIN:

3 Preface This volume of the Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology is a collection of papers that describe recent developments in various pathological aspects of neurological disorders with special emphasis on neurodegenerative diseases, molecular mechanism of neuronal death in the various diseases and their models, prospects for neuroprotection, and development of disease-modifying drugs. Although the goal of this volume was not to include all neurological disorders, we feel that the selective topics have significantly advanced the field. The first seven chapters including those of Berg et al., Müller, Kruger et al., Toft et al., Weinreb et al., and Huber et al. concentrate on the various aspects of Parkinson s disease (PD). These include pathology, diagnosis, and prospects for neuroprotection. The familial LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeats kinase 2)-associated parkinsonism is described at length by Mathias Toft et al. and its role in PD. Although this gene accounts for a minority of PD subjects, it may offer the chance of identifying patients in a presymptomatic state. Mutations in LRRK2 constitute the most common cause of autosomal-dominant inherited PD so far discovered. Another aspect of determining the molecular pathology of neurodegenerative diseases is the introduction of cutting-edge technology of transcriptomic and proteomic profiling. These have brought a new dimension to determine the global view of molecular cascade of events in neurodegeneration in the various neurological diseases and their animal models. Such approaches may contribute to the development of novel drugs with disease-modifying activity. The chapters on Parkinson s disease are supplemented with those on progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration (Geser and Wenning) as well as with a chapter on central tremors (Glöckler and Reichmann). The chapters by Weinreb et al., Jayanthi et al., Butterfield and Sultana, and Golubnitschaja and Fountoulakis go into extensive description of various genes and proteins as potential candidates as biomarkers for disease progression, early detection, and drug development in experimental models of Huntington s disease and Alzheimer s dementia. Unraveling the pathophysiology of the familial disorder Huntington disease is illuminated in the chapter by Kosinski et al., wherein the various genes and proteins that may be involved in this genetic disorder and the contribution of transgenic gene-based models developed are described. Various other aspects of dementia are described in three chapters: Hoyer and Frölich describe the significance of cerebral metabolic disturbance in Alzheimer s disease, while Cagnin and Battistin discuss at length vascular dementia and its relation to this disease. HIV dementia as a viral neurodegenerative disorder is discussed by Koutsilieri et al., while Jellinger describes in all facets the Lewy body disorders and gives a neuropathological differentiation to Alzheimer s disease and Parkinson s disease dementia. Finally, multiple sclerosis is described in its detailed pathology by Lassmann, while the latest news on neuropathic pain is reviewed by Pazzaglia and Battistin. This volume is intended to serve as a reference source for basic researchers and clinicians involved in the neurodegenerative field in particular and in the neuroscience field in general. We thank all those who contributed to this volume: the series editor, Abel Lajtha, the managing secretary, Kristine Immediato, and the publisher.

4 Table of Contents Preface v Contributors ix 1 Parkinson s Disease D. Berg. R. Krüger. O. Rieß. P. Riederer 2 Diagnosis and Neuroprotection in Parkinson s Disease T. Müller 3 Update on Parkinson s Disease Genetics R. Krüger. D. Berg. O. Rieß. P. Riederer 4 LRRK2 Associated Parkinsonism M. Toft. M. J. Farrer. J. O. Aasly. D. W. Dickson. Z. K. Wszolek 5 Gene and Protein Expression Profiling in Parkinson s Disease: Quest for Neuroprotective Drugs O. Weinreb. T. Amit. E. Grünblatt. P. Riederer. M. Youdim. S. Mandel 6 Neuroprotective Mechanisms: Oxidative Stress as a Target for Neuroprotective Therapies in Alzheimer s and Parkinson s Disease A. Huber. A. Bürkle. G. Münch 7 Drug Treatment of Motor Symptoms in Parkinson s Disease T. Müller 8 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Corticobasal Degeneration F. Geser. S. W. Scholz. G. K. Wenning 9 Central Tremors T. Glöckler. H. Reichmann 10 Molecular Mechanisms of Methamphetamine Induced Neurotoxicity: Insights Obtained Through cdna Array Analyses S. Jayanthi. M. T. McCoy. J. L. Cadet # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007

5 viii Table of Contents 11 Huntington s Disease: Unraveling the Pathophysiological Cascade Behind a Singular Gene Defect C. M. Kosinski. B. Landwehrmeyer. A. Ludolph 12 Dementia: The Significance of Cerebral Metabolic Disturbances in Alzheimer s Disease. Relation to Parkinson s Disease S. Hoyer. L. Frölich 13 Proteomics Analysis in Alzheimer s Disease: New Insights into Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration D. A. Butterfield. R. Sultana 14 Vascular Dementia A. Cagnin. L. Battistin 15 Lewy Body Disorders K. A. Jellinger 16 Gene Hunting by Substractive Hybridization in Down Syndrome Correlation with Proteomics Analysis O. Golubnitschaja. M. Fountoulakis 17 HIV Dementia: A Neurodegenerative Disorder with Viral Etiology E. Koutsilieri. G. Arendt. E. Neuen Jacob. C. Scheller. E. Grünblatt. P. Riederer 18 Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis H. Lassmann 19 Neuropathic Pain C. Briani. L. Padua. C. Pazzaglia. L. Battistin Index

6 Contributors J. O. Aasly Department of Neurology, St. Olav s Hospital, Trondheim, Norway T. Amit Eve Topf Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel G. Arendt Department of Neurology, University of Düsseldorf, L. Battistin Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova Medical School, Via Giustiniani 5, 35128, Padova, Italy, and I.R.C.C.S. San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy D. Berg Center of Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, C. Briani Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Italy A. Bürkle Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, Box X911, University of Konstanz, D Konstanz, D. A. Butterfield Department of Chemistry, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Center of Membrane Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA J. L. Cadet Molecular Neuropsychiatry Branch, NIH/NIDA, Intramural Research Program,5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA A. Cagnin Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova Medical School, Via Giustiniani 5, 35128, Padova, Italy D. W. Dickson Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA, and Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA M. J. Farrer Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA M. Fountoulakis Foundation for Biomedical Research of the Academy of Athens, Greece L. Frölich Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J 5, D Mannheim, F. Geser Clinical Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, A 6020 Innsbruck, Austria T. Glöckler Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, O. Golubnitschaja Department of Radiology, Division of Molecular/Experimental Radiology, University of Bonn, E. Grünblatt Clinical Neurochemistry (National Parkinson Foundation Center of Excellence Research Laboratory), Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007

7 x Contributors S. Hoyer Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 220/221, D Heidelberg, A. Huber Comparative Genomics Centre, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia S. Jayanthi Molecular Neuropsychiatry Branch, NIH/NIDA, Intramural Research Program, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA K. A. Jellinger Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Kenyongasse 18, A 1070 Vienna, Austria C. M. Kosinski Department of Neurology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, D Aachen, E. Koutsilieri Clinical Neurochemistry (National Parkinson Foundation Center of Excellence Research Laboratory), Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg,, and Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, R. Krüger Center of Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, B. Landwehrmeyer Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45/1, D Ulm, M. T. McCoy Molecular Neuropsychiatry Branch, NIH/NIDA, Intramural Research Program, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA S. A. Mandel Eve Topf Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel T. Müller Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Gdrunstrasse 56, Bochum, G. Münch Comparative Genomics Centre, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia E. Neuen-Jacob Institute of Neuropathology, University of Düsseldorf, L. Padua Institute of Neurology, Cattolica University, Rome, and Fondazione Don C. Gnocchi, Rome, Italy C. Pazzaglia Institute of Neurology, Cattolica University, Rome, Italy H. Reichmann Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, P. Riederer Department of Clinical Neurochemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, H. Lassmann Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria O. Rieb Medical Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, A. Ludolph Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45/1, D Ulm, C. Scheller Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg,

8 Contributors xi S. W. Scholz Clinical Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, A 6020 Innsbruck, Austria R. Sultana Department of Chemistry, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA M. Toft Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, and Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA O. Weinreb Eve Topf Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel G. K. Wenning Clinical Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, A 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Z. K. Wszolek Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA M. B. H. Youdim Eve Topf Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel