Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, August 5-9, 2001
|
|
- Kristian Lee
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, August 5-9, 1 SCREENING FOR DEMENTIA USING LONGITUDINAL MEASUREMENTS OF COGNITION Christopher H. Morrell, Mathematical Sciences Department, Loyola College in Maryland, 51 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD Shan L. Sheng, Alan B. Zonderman, and Larry J. Brant, NIA, 56 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 22 Key Words: Classification, Linear Mixed-Effects Model, Prediction 1. INTRODUCTION The incidence rate of Alzheimer s disease increases exponentially with age (Brookmeyer, Gray, and Kawas, 199). The authors estimate that the number of Americans with Alzheimer s disease will nearly quadruple in the next 5 years. Consequently, as the population of the United States ages, this disease will impose an immense strain on the US health care system. Treatments that could postpone the onset of this disease would have a considerable impact. Thus it would be beneficial to be able to predict when a patient is at increased risk of Alzheimer s disease. The Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) (Benton, 197), a test of immediate recall of geometric figures, has been used as an indicator for dementia, for detecting brain injuries in children, and for other purposes. Subjects are required to reproduce geometric designs from memory after 1 seconds of study. On each test there are 1 separate designs with one or more figures, and the score is the total number of errors in reproduction. The test requires spatial conception, immediate recall, and visuomotor reproduction. Studies indicate that performance on tests of visual memory declines with age with even sharper declines after age 7 (Arenberg; 197, 197). In the United States, we have an aging population such that by it is predicted that an increasing number will be among the oldest old. This is expected to result in an even greater increase in the number of individuals being diagnosed with dementia. The aim of this study is to examine whether changes in performance (as measured by increases in error rates on the Benton Visual Retention Test) predict dementia, in particular, of the Alzheimer s type. We demonstrate a method of classification based on longitudinal trends in BVRT using a linear mixed-effects (LME) model. The procedure first fits a LME model to the data to describe the longitudinal trends in BVRT. This LME model contains terms that differentiate longitudinal changes between the normal and dementia groups. Then, based on an individual s longitudinal data, posterior probabilities are calculated for membership in the two groups sequentially after each BVRT measurement. The subject is classified as a dementia case once the calculated probability becomes larger than some cutoff value. Based on an individual s predicted starting level of BVRT and the predicted rate of change in BVRT, a cross-validation study of the current BVRT data set is performed in order to classify each individual into a pre-clinical diagnosis state of normal or dementia. 2. METHOD 2.1 THE DATA The data used for this study are from 199 participants from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) with at least 2 repeated Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) measurements, who had no evidence of dementia at first examination. There were 57 males and 22 females who were diagnosed with dementia during the study period. These dementia cases were matched (based on age and number of repeated measurements) with males and females, respectively, who showed no evidence of dementia throughout the follow-up period (see Table 1). Figure 1 plots the longitudinal BVRT for 5 normal and 5 Alzheimer s cases. The participants were selected by finding the mean BVRT over the repeated measurements and then selecting participants with the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum BVRT. BVRT values above the horizontal line in Figure 1 have been used to indicate individuals with abnormal cognition scores. 2.2 THE LINEAR MIXED-EFFECTS MODEL First the longitudinal data are modeled using a LME model. Using the notation in Laird and Ware (192), the model for the ith subject is i = 1,...,m where y i is the n i 1 vector of observations for subject i, X i is the design matrix of independent variables for subject i, $ is the p 1 vector of parameters for the fixed effects, Z i is the design matrix of predictor variables for the random effects, b i is the q 1 vector of random effects for subject i, e i is the error vector, and m represents the number of different subjects. It is assumed that b i ~ N (, D) where D is a q q variance-covariance matrix of the b i, e i ~ N (, F 2 I), and that b i and e i are independent.
2 Table 1. DESCRIPTION OF DEMENTIA DATA Normal Alzheimer s Normal Alzheimer s Number of participants at diagnosis Length of follow-up Number of BVRT measurements Interval between BVRT measurements Figure 1. OBSERVED BENTON VISUAL RETENTION TEST VALUES FOR 1 SYSTEMATICALLY SELECTED CASES 2 Alzheimer cases maximum BVRT Errors 2 median first quartile third quartile BVRT Errors minimum Normal cases third quartile first quartile minimum maximum Value for the reference line is based on the Benton Visual Retention Test Manual, 5th Edition,1992 median
3 The fixed effects, $, give the population average intercept and slopes. They model the systematic variation in the data that can be linked to explanatory variables that differ among the subjects and other explanatory variables that vary within the subjects. In contrast, the random effects, b i, account for the heterogeneity among the subjects by allowing the intercepts and slopes for each subject to differ from the overall average. Finally, the random errors, e i, account for the unexplained variation in the data. The variance components are estimated using either maximum likelihood (ML) or restricted maximum likelihood (REML) (Laird and Ware, 192; Lindstrom and Bates, 19). The estimators of the random effects, b i, are empirical Bayes estimators (Laird and Ware, 192), and the marginal covariance matrix of y i is F 2 V i where F 2 V i = F 2 I + Z i D Z it. The SPlus function, lme() is used to fit the LME models in this paper. 2. CLASSIFICATION We wish to classify a given participant as either normal or as having dementia of the Alzheimer s type based on repeated BVRT measurements taken preclinically. There are two stages in the classification procedure. The first stage is implemented by modeling the BVRT measurements and the clinical diagnosis for all the participants, except the kth individual who is being classified, using a LME model. The LME model contains an indicator variable to distinguish between the two diagnostic groups as well as interactions of the indicator variable and other explanatory variables to allow the two groups to have different patterns of change with age and over time. The mean of the two diagnostic groups is given by: : j = X kj $, where X k has the indicator variable for Alzheimer s set to and X k1 has the indicator variable set to 1. In the second stage, we calculate the posterior probability that subject k belongs to group j (j= 1 or 2) as: p kj = p j f kj (y k 2) / {p 1 f k1 (y k 2) + p 2 f k2 (y k 2)} where 2 represents the vector of all parameters replaced by their estimates when the kth subject is removed from the analysis, f kj = N(: j, V k ), and p j = the proportion of subjects in group j. Subject k is classified as having dementia if p kj is greater than a cutoff value. This procedure is applied sequentially, for k = 2,,..., n k or until the participant has been classified as having dementia. For the longitudinal BVRT data, the following LME model was fit: y ij = ($ + b i ) + ($ 1 + b i 1 ) time ij + ($ 2 + b i 2 ) time ij 2 + $ fage i + $ A i + $ 5 time ij A i + e ij where time ij is the jth follow-up time for the ith participant, fage i is the age at first visit for the ith participant, and A i = 1 () is the participant developed dementia of the Alzheimer s type (otherwise). For this model, : = $ + $ 1 time ij + $ 2 time ij 2 + $ fage i, and : 1 = ($ + $ ) + ($ 1 + $ 5 ) time ij + $ 2 time ij 2 + $ fage i represent the systematic component. The final mixedeffects model was selected by a backward elimination procedure as described in Morrell, Pearson and Brant (1997).. RESULTS Figures 2 and illustrate the application of this procedure to a female participant and a male participant. The figures show the ages of the predictions and the actual clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer s disease. Table 2 presents the results of the procedure for all the participants in the study. Two different values are used as the cutoff value for the posterior classification probabilities to illustrate the method. As the cutoff value decreases, the proportion correctly classified as Alzheimer s increases. However, the number of normal subjects incorrectly classified as having Alzheimer s also increases. The results in the table suggest that the measurements of the Benton Visual Retention Test are more useful in the diagnosis of Alzheimer s disease in females than males.. DISCUSSION Several recent studies support the belief that Alzheimer s disease is a chronic process that starts years before any clinical evidence of the disease and that subtle cognitive deficiencies can also be present years before a clinical diagnosis of the disease (Masur et al., 199; Petersen et al., 199; Jacobs et al., 1995). This study illustrates the usefulness of longitudinal measurements of visual cognitive memory scores as a basis for a classification method of preclinical Alzheimer s disease. The results indicate that such a classification method may perform better in women than in men with both higher percentages of diseased persons correctly classified (sensitivity) and higher percentages of non-diseased persons correctly classified (specificity) for women. Finally, these classification results suggest that there may be a window of opportunity for the early detection of Alzheimer s disease and hence the possibility of preventative treatment. REFERENCES American Psychological Association, Presidential Task Force on the Assessment of -Consistent Memory Decline and Dementia (199). Guidelines for the evaluation of dementia and age-related cognitive decline. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
4 Arenberg, D. (192). Changes with in Problem Solving. In Craik, F.I.M., and Trehub, S. (Editors), Aging and Cognitive Processes. New York: Plenum. Arenberg, D. (192). Estimates of Changes on the Benton Visual Retention Test, J. of Gerontology, 7, 7-9. Arenberg, D. (19). Memory and Learning Do Decline Late in Life. In Birren, J.E., Munnichs, J.M.A., and Marois, M. (Editors), Aging: A Challenge to Science and Society, Behavioral Sciences and Conclusions. Oxford: Oxford U.P. Benton, A.L. (19). Benton Visual Retention Test Stimulus Booklet. Fifth Edition. Psychological Corporation. Harcourt Brace & Company, San Antonio. Brookmeyer, R., Gray, S., and Kawas, C. (199) Projections of Alzheimer s Disease in the United States and the Public Health Impact of Delaying Disease Onset, American Journal Of Public Health,, Giambra, L.M., Arenberg, D., Zonderman, A.B., Kawas, C., and Costa, P.T. Jr. (1995). Adult Life Span Changes in Immediate Visual Memory and Verbal Intelligence, Psychology and Aging, 1, -19. Gilbert, J.G. (197). Thirty-five-year follow-up study of intellectual functioning, J. of Gerontology, 2, Jacobs, D.M., Sano, M., Dooneief, G., Marder, K., Bell, K.L., and Stern, Y. (1995) Neuropsychological Detection and Characterization of Preclinical Alzheimer s Disease, Neurology, 5, Laird, N.M. and Ware, J.H. (192), Random-Effects Models for Longitudinal Data, Biometrics,, Lindstrom, M. J. and Bates, D. M (19), Newton- Raphson and EM Algorithms for Linear Mixed-Effects Models for Repeated-Measures Data, Journal of the American Statistical Association,, Masur, D.M., Sliwinski, M., Lipton, R.B., Blau, A.D., and Crystal, H.A. (199) Neuropsychological Prediction of Dementia and the Absence of Dementia in Healthy Elderly Persons, Neurology,, 7-1. McCarty, S.M., Siegler, I.C., and Logue, P.E. (192). Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Patterns of Memory Scores, J. of Gerontology, 7, Morrell, C.H., Pearson, J.D., and Brant, L.J. (1997) Linear Transformations of Linear Mixed-Effects Models, The American Statistician, 51, -. Petersen, R.C., Smith, G.E., Ivnik, R.J., Kokmen, E., and Tangalos, E.G. (199) Memory Function in Very Early Alzheimer s Disease, Neurology,, Resnick, S.M., Trotman, K.M., Kawas, C., and Zonderman, A.B. (1995). -Associated Changes in Specific Errors on the Benton Visual Retention Test, J. of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 5B, Robinson-Whelen, S. (1992). Benton Visual Retention Test Performance among Normal and Demented Adults, Neuropsychology, 6, Shichita, K., Hatano, S., Ohashi, Y., Shibata, H., and Matuzaki, T. (196). Memory Changes in the Benton Visual Retention Test Between s 7 and 75, J. of Gerontology 1, 5-. Sivan, A. B. (1992). Benton Visual Retention Test Manual. Fifth Edition. Psychological Corporation. Harcourt Brace & Company, San Antonio. S-PLUS, Data Analysis Products Division, Seattle, WA.
5 Table 2. SUMMARY OF CLASSIFICATION RESULTS Actual Prediction (Cutoff Value =.5) Normal Alzheimer s Total Normal 6 (77%) Alzheimer s 7 (5%) 57 Normal 27 (%) 5 Alzheimer s 9 1 (59%) 22 Total (6%) Actual Prediction (Cutoff Value =.6) Normal Alzheimer s Total Normal 61 (69%) 27 Alzheimer s 27 (7%) 57 Normal 27 (%) 5 Alzheimer s 1 (6%) 22 Total (65%) Figure 2. TYPICAL FEMALE ALZHEIMER S CASE Figure. TYPICAL MALE ALZHEIMER S CASE Benton Visual Retention Test Errors 2 2 Diagnosed Predicted Benton Visual Retention Test Errors 2 2 Predicted Diagnosed (years) BVRTOT Probability (Normal) Probability (Alzheimer) (years) BVRTOT Probability (Normal) Probability (Alzheimer)
Sandra Gordon-Salant Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
Age- and gender-specific reference ranges for hearing level and longitudinal changes in hearing level Christopher H. Morrell Mathematical Sciences Department, Loyola College in Maryland, 4501 North Charles
More informationNeuropsychological detection and characterization of preclinical Alzheimer s disease
Neuropsychological detection and characterization of preclinical Alzheimer s disease D.M. Jacobs, PhD; M. Sano, PhD; G. Dooneief, MD; K. Marder, MD; K.L. Bell, MD; and Y. Stern, PhD Article abstract-we
More informationTrail making test A 2,3. Memory Logical memory Story A delayed recall 4,5. Rey auditory verbal learning test (RAVLT) 2,6
NEUROLOGY/2016/790584 Table e-1: Neuropsychological test battery Cognitive domain Test Attention/processing speed Digit symbol-coding 1 Trail making test A 2,3 Memory Logical memory Story A delayed recall
More informationORIGINAL INVESTIGATION
ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION The Relationship Between Longitudinal Declines in Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate Concentrations and Cognitive Performance in Older Men Scott D. Moffat, PhD; Alan B. Zonderman, PhD;
More informationNIH Public Access Author Manuscript Arch Neurol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 December 17.
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Published in final edited form as: Arch Neurol. 2009 October ; 66(10): 1254 1259. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2009.158. Longitudinal Study of the Transition From Healthy
More informationApplication of a Growth Curve Approach to Modeling the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease
Journal of Gerontology: MEDICAL SCIENCES 1996. Vol. 51 A. No. 4. M179-MI84 Copyright 1996 by The Ceromological Society of America Application of a Growth Curve Approach to Modeling the Progression of Alzheimer's
More informationMemory impairment, executive dysfunction, and intellectual decline in preclinical Alzheimer s disease
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (2008), 14, 266 278. Copyright 2008 INS. Published by Cambridge University Press. Printed in the USA. DOI: 10.10170S1355617708080302 Memory impairment,
More informationWe are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists. International authors and editors
We are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 3,900 116,000 120M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our
More informationGeneralized Estimating Equations for Depression Dose Regimes
Generalized Estimating Equations for Depression Dose Regimes Karen Walker, Walker Consulting LLC, Menifee CA Generalized Estimating Equations on the average produce consistent estimates of the regression
More informationAdaptational Approach to Cognitive Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis: Description of Three Models of Care
Adaptational Approach to Cognitive Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis: Description of Three Models of Care Päivi Hämäläinen, PhD; Arja Seinelä, MA; Juhani Ruutiainen, MD Masku Neurological Rehabilitation
More informationHAL author manuscript. Sensitivity of four psychometric tests to measure cognitive changes in brain. aging population-based studies
HAL author manuscript American Journal of Epidemiology 2007; 165 344-50 Sensitivity of four psychometric tests to measure cognitive changes in brain aging population-based studies Cécile Proust-Lima 1,2
More informationSelection and Combination of Markers for Prediction
Selection and Combination of Markers for Prediction NACC Data and Methods Meeting September, 2010 Baojiang Chen, PhD Sarah Monsell, MS Xiao-Hua Andrew Zhou, PhD Overview 1. Research motivation 2. Describe
More informationTHE ROLE OF ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING IN THE MCI SYNDROME
PERNECZKY 15/06/06 14:35 Page 1 THE ROLE OF ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING IN THE MCI SYNDROME R. PERNECZKY, A. KURZ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, Germany. Correspondence
More informationTest Assessment Description Ref. Global Deterioration Rating Scale Dementia severity Rating scale of dementia stages (2) (4) delayed recognition
Table S. Cognitive tests used in the Georgia Centenarian Study. Test Assessment Description Ref. Mini-Mental State Examination Global cognitive performance A brief screening of orientation, memory, executive
More informationLecture 14: Adjusting for between- and within-cluster covariates in the analysis of clustered data May 14, 2009
Measurement, Design, and Analytic Techniques in Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences p. 1/3 Measurement, Design, and Analytic Techniques in Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences Lecture 14: Adjusting
More informationOLDER AGE IS associated with functional declines
0013-7227/02/$15.00/0 The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 87(11):5001 5007 Printed in U.S.A. Copyright 2002 by The Endocrine Society doi: 10.1210/jc.2002-020419 Longitudinal Assessment of
More informationSex Differences in Cognitive Decline in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease
Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive All Theses and Dissertations 2016-07-01 Sex Differences in Cognitive Decline in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease Juliann Thompson Brigham Young
More informationAppropriate Statistical Methods to Account for Similarities in Binary Outcomes Between Fellow Eyes
Appropriate Statistical Methods to Account for Similarities in Binary Outcomes Between Fellow Eyes Joanne Katz,* Scott Zeger,-\ and Kung-Yee Liangf Purpose. Many ocular measurements are more alike between
More informationTreatment of AD with Stabilized Oral NADH: Preliminary Findings
MS # 200 000 128 Treatment of AD with Stabilized Oral NADH: Preliminary Findings G.G. Kay, PhD, V. N. Starbuck, PhD and S. L. Cohan, MD, PhD Department of Neurology, Georgetown University School of Medicine
More informationThe 9 year cognitive decline before dementia of the Alzheimer type: a prospective population-based study
doi:10.103/brain/awh41 Brain (200), 12, 103 1101 The year cognitive decline before dementia of the Alzheimer type: a prospective population-based study Hélène Amieva, 1 Hélène Jacqmin-Gadda, 2 Jean-Marc
More informationPapers. Detection of Alzheimer s disease and dementia in the preclinical phase: population based cohort study. Abstract.
Detection of Alzheimer s disease and dementia in the preclinical phase: population based cohort study Katie Palmer, Lars Bäckman, Bengt Winblad, Laura Fratiglioni Abstract Objectives To evaluate a simple
More informationORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION. Comparison of the Short Test of Mental Status and the Mini-Mental State Examination in Mild Cognitive Impairment
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Comparison of the Short Test of Mental Status and the Mini-Mental State Examination in Mild Cognitive Impairment David F. Tang-Wai, MDCM; David S. Knopman, MD; Yonas E. Geda, MD;
More informationRapidly-administered short forms of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 3rd edition
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 22 (2007) 917 924 Abstract Rapidly-administered short forms of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 3rd edition Alison J. Donnell a, Neil Pliskin a, James Holdnack
More informationConcurrent validity of WAIS-III short forms in a geriatric sample with suspected dementia: Verbal, performance and full scale IQ scores
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 20 (2005) 1043 1051 Concurrent validity of WAIS-III short forms in a geriatric sample with suspected dementia: Verbal, performance and full scale IQ scores Brian L.
More informationUnderstanding. Regression Analysis
Understanding Regression Analysis Understanding Regression Analysis Michael Patrick Allen Washington State University Pullman, Washington Plenum Press New York and London Llbrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication
More informationORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION. Five-Year Follow-up of Cognitive Impairment
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Five-Year Follow-up of Cognitive Impairment With No Dementia Holly Tuokko, PhD; Robert Frerichs, MSc; Janice Graham, PhD; Kenneth Rockwood, MD; Betsy Kristjansson, PhD; John Fisk,
More informationAbstract. Introduction A SIMULATION STUDY OF ESTIMATORS FOR RATES OF CHANGES IN LONGITUDINAL STUDIES WITH ATTRITION
A SIMULATION STUDY OF ESTIMATORS FOR RATES OF CHANGES IN LONGITUDINAL STUDIES WITH ATTRITION Fong Wang, Genentech Inc. Mary Lange, Immunex Corp. Abstract Many longitudinal studies and clinical trials are
More informationDEMENTIA DUE TO ALZHEImer
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Cognitive Decline in Prodromal Alzheimer Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment Robert S. Wilson, PhD; Sue E. Leurgans, PhD; Patricia A. Boyle, PhD; David A. Bennett, MD Objective:
More informationEarly Diagnosis of Alzheimer s Disease and MCI via Imaging and Pattern Analysis Methods. Christos Davatzikos, Ph.D.
Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer s Disease and MCI via Imaging and Pattern Analysis Methods Christos Davatzikos, Ph.D. Director, Section of Biomedical Image Analysis Professor of Radiology http://www.rad.upenn.edu/sbia
More information2 Assumptions of simple linear regression
Simple Linear Regression: Reliability of predictions Richard Buxton. 2008. 1 Introduction We often use regression models to make predictions. In Figure?? (a), we ve fitted a model relating a household
More informationProjections of future numbers of dementia cases in Australia with and without prevention
Projections of future numbers of dementia cases in Australia with and without prevention Anthony F. Jorm, Keith B.G. Dear, Nicole M. Burgess Objective: To produce projections of the number of dementia
More informationIntelligence 40 (2012) Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect. Intelligence
Intelligence 40 (2012) 352 361 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Intelligence Does the direction and magnitude of cognitive change depend on initial level of ability? Timothy A. Salthouse
More informationCOLOURED PROGRESSIVE MATRICES: ERROR TYPE IN DEMENTIA AND MEMORY DYSFUNCTION. D. Salmaso, G. Villaggio, S. Copelli, P. Caffarra
COLOURED PROGRESSIVE MATRICES: ERROR TYPE IN DEMENTIA AND MEMORY DYSFUNCTION. D. Salmaso, G. Villaggio, S. Copelli, P. Caffarra CNR-Istituto di Psicologia, Roma and Istituto di Neurologia, Universita'
More informationValidity of Family History for the Diagnosis of Dementia Among Siblings of Patients With Late-onset Alzheimer s Disease
Genetic Epidemiology 15:215 223 (1998) Validity of Family History for the Diagnosis of Dementia Among Siblings of Patients With Late-onset Alzheimer s Disease G. Devi, 1,3 * K. Marder, 1,3 P.W. Schofield,
More informationLIFE expectancy at older ages has been increasing, and
Crimmins, E.M., Kim, J.K., Langa, K.M., & Weir, D.R. (2011). Assessment of cognition using surveys and neuropsychological assessment: the health and retirement study and the aging, demographics, and memory
More informationChapter 1: Exploring Data
Chapter 1: Exploring Data Key Vocabulary:! individual! variable! frequency table! relative frequency table! distribution! pie chart! bar graph! two-way table! marginal distributions! conditional distributions!
More informationThe Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status Effort Scale
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 27 (2012) 190 195 The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status Effort Scale Julia Novitski 1,2, Shelly Steele 2, Stella Karantzoulis 3, Christopher
More informationI n recent years, the concept of mild cognitive impairment
1275 PAPER Mild cognitive impairment: a cross-national comparison E Arnáiz, O Almkvist, R J Ivnik, E G Tangalos, L O Wahlund, B Winblad, R C Petersen... See end of article for authors affiliations... Correspondence
More informationInterference with spatial working memory: An eye movement is more than a shift of attention
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2004, 11 (3), 488-494 Interference with spatial working memory: An eye movement is more than a shift of attention BONNIE M. LAWRENCE Washington University School of Medicine,
More informationFebruary 8, Prepared By: Glen M. Doniger, PhD Director of Scientific Development NeuroTrax Corporation
1 February 8, 2007 Prepared By: Glen M. Doniger, PhD Director of Scientific Development 2...3...3...3...5...6...6...7!" #"...7 ""...8...9 $#%&#$%'#...11!...12 "# $...14!...15 %...18 3 In the following
More information2.75: 84% 2.5: 80% 2.25: 78% 2: 74% 1.75: 70% 1.5: 66% 1.25: 64% 1.0: 60% 0.5: 50% 0.25: 25% 0: 0%
Capstone Test (will consist of FOUR quizzes and the FINAL test grade will be an average of the four quizzes). Capstone #1: Review of Chapters 1-3 Capstone #2: Review of Chapter 4 Capstone #3: Review of
More informationFour Tissue Segmentation in ADNI II
Four Tissue Segmentation in ADNI II Charles DeCarli, MD, Pauline Maillard, PhD, Evan Fletcher, PhD Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis Summary Table of
More informationThe effect of education and occupational complexity on rate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer s patients
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (2006), 12, 147 152. Copyright 2006 INS. Published by Cambridge University Press. Printed in the USA. DOI: 10.10170S1355617706060206 BRIEF COMMUNICATION
More informationORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION. Detecting Dementia With the Mini-Mental State Examination in Highly Educated Individuals
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Detecting Dementia With the Mini-Mental State Examination in Highly Educated Individuals Sid E. O Bryant, PhD; Joy D. Humphreys, MA; Glenn E. Smith, PhD; Robert J. Ivnik, PhD; Neill
More informationHow to analyze correlated and longitudinal data?
How to analyze correlated and longitudinal data? Niloofar Ramezani, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado ABSTRACT Longitudinal and correlated data are extensively used across disciplines
More informationWHI Memory Study (WHIMS) Investigator Data Release Data Preparation Guide December 2012
WHI Memory Study (WHIMS) Investigator Data Release Data Preparation Guide December 2012 1. Introduction Changes in the current update (December 2012): New data sets Post Trial - Form A, Phase 2: Administration
More informationValidity and Reliability Benton visual-retention test in braininjured diagnosis of 8 to 10 years old children in Tehran
International Academic Institute for Science and Technology International Academic Journal of Humanities Vol. 4, No. 1, 2017, pp. 1-9. ISSN 2454-2245 International Academic Journal of Humanities www.iaiest.com
More informationMini-Mental State Examination Item Scores as Predictors of Alzheimer's Disease: Incidence Data From the Kungsholmen Project, Stockholm
Journal of Gerontology: MEDICAL SCIENCES 1997, Vol. 52A. No. 5, M299-M304 Copyright 1997 by The Gemntological Society of America Mini-Mental State Examination Item Scores as Predictors of Alzheimer's Disease:
More informationNeuropsychological Evaluation of
Neuropsychological Evaluation of Alzheimer s Disease Joanne M. Hamilton, Ph.D. Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer s Disease Research Center Department of Neurosciences University of California, San Diego Establish
More informationUsing contextual analysis to investigate the nature of spatial memory
Psychon Bull Rev (2014) 21:721 727 DOI 10.3758/s13423-013-0523-z BRIEF REPORT Using contextual analysis to investigate the nature of spatial memory Karen L. Siedlecki & Timothy A. Salthouse Published online:
More informationBayesian Joint Modelling of Longitudinal and Survival Data of HIV/AIDS Patients: A Case Study at Bale Robe General Hospital, Ethiopia
American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics 2017; 6(4): 182-190 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajtas doi: 10.11648/j.ajtas.20170604.13 ISSN: 2326-8999 (Print); ISSN: 2326-9006 (Online)
More informationUnit 1 Exploring and Understanding Data
Unit 1 Exploring and Understanding Data Area Principle Bar Chart Boxplot Conditional Distribution Dotplot Empirical Rule Five Number Summary Frequency Distribution Frequency Polygon Histogram Interquartile
More informationAssessing cognition in ELDERLY drivers
Assessing cognition in ELDERLY s Alexandra Economou Assistant Professor Department of Psychology University of Athens 18 October 2013 Athens Overview ability in the older ability in the older The older
More informationUnderstanding and Applying Multilevel Models in Maternal and Child Health Epidemiology and Public Health
Understanding and Applying Multilevel Models in Maternal and Child Health Epidemiology and Public Health Adam C. Carle, M.A., Ph.D. adam.carle@cchmc.org Division of Health Policy and Clinical Effectiveness
More informationCognitive Modeling. Lecture 9: Intro to Probabilistic Modeling: Rational Analysis. Sharon Goldwater
Cognitive Modeling Lecture 9: Intro to Probabilistic Modeling: Sharon Goldwater School of Informatics University of Edinburgh sgwater@inf.ed.ac.uk February 8, 2010 Sharon Goldwater Cognitive Modeling 1
More informationGeneral growth mixture modeling for randomized preventive interventions
Biostatistics (2002), 3, 4,pp. 459 475 Printed in Great Britain General growth mixture modeling for randomized preventive interventions BENGT MUTHÉN Graduate School of Education & Information Studies,
More informationNeuropsychological Signs of Alzheimer s Disease 8 Years Prior to Diagnosis
Journal of Alzheimer s Disease 34 (2013) 1 8 IOS Press 1 Supplementary Data Neuropsychological Signs of Alzheimer s Disease 8 Years Prior to Diagnosis Nicole S. Schmid a, Kirsten I. Taylor a,b, Nancy S.
More informationCognitive Modeling. Mechanistic Modeling. Mechanistic Modeling. Mechanistic Modeling Rational Analysis
Lecture 9: Intro to Probabilistic Modeling: School of Informatics University of Edinburgh sgwater@inf.ed.ac.uk February 8, 2010 1 1 2 3 4 Reading: Anderson (2002). 2 Traditional mechanistic approach to
More informationAn Introduction to Bayesian Statistics
An Introduction to Bayesian Statistics Robert Weiss Department of Biostatistics UCLA Fielding School of Public Health robweiss@ucla.edu Sept 2015 Robert Weiss (UCLA) An Introduction to Bayesian Statistics
More informationInterpreting change on the WAIS-III/WMS-III in clinical samples
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 16 (2001) 183±191 Interpreting change on the WAIS-III/WMS-III in clinical samples Grant L. Iverson* Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook
More informationA COMPARISON OF IMPUTATION METHODS FOR MISSING DATA IN A MULTI-CENTER RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL: THE IMPACT STUDY
A COMPARISON OF IMPUTATION METHODS FOR MISSING DATA IN A MULTI-CENTER RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL: THE IMPACT STUDY Lingqi Tang 1, Thomas R. Belin 2, and Juwon Song 2 1 Center for Health Services Research,
More informationLinear Regression Analysis
Linear Regression Analysis WILEY SERIES IN PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS Established by WALTER A. SHEWHART and SAMUEL S. WILKS Editors: David J. Balding, Peter Bloomfield, Noel A. C. Cressie, Nicholas I.
More informationClass 7 Everything is Related
Class 7 Everything is Related Correlational Designs l 1 Topics Types of Correlational Designs Understanding Correlation Reporting Correlational Statistics Quantitative Designs l 2 Types of Correlational
More informationConfirmatory Factor Analysis of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease
Psychological Assessment 1996. Vol. 8, No. 1,85-91 Copyright 1996 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. I4-359/96/S3. Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale in Patients
More informationModels for HSV shedding must account for two levels of overdispersion
UW Biostatistics Working Paper Series 1-20-2016 Models for HSV shedding must account for two levels of overdispersion Amalia Magaret University of Washington - Seattle Campus, amag@uw.edu Suggested Citation
More informationMultivariate Multilevel Models
Multivariate Multilevel Models Getachew A. Dagne George W. Howe C. Hendricks Brown Funded by NIMH/NIDA 11/20/2014 (ISSG Seminar) 1 Outline What is Behavioral Social Interaction? Importance of studying
More informationThe Effects of Music intervention on Functional connectivity. Supplemental Information
Yang et al. 0 The Effects of Music intervention on Functional connectivity strength of Brain in Schizophrenia Supplemental Information Mi Yang,#, Hui He #, Mingjun Duan,, Xi Chen, Xin Chang, Yongxiu Lai,
More informationSupplementary Appendix
Supplementary Appendix This appendix has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. Supplement to: Howard R, McShane R, Lindesay J, et al. Donepezil and memantine
More informationLogistic Regression and Bayesian Approaches in Modeling Acceptance of Male Circumcision in Pune, India
20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, Adelaide, Australia, 1 6 December 2013 www.mssanz.org.au/modsim2013 Logistic Regression and Bayesian Approaches in Modeling Acceptance of Male Circumcision
More informationDOES IMPAIRED EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING DIFFERENTIALLY IMPACT VERBAL MEMORY MEASURES IN OLDER ADULTS WITH SUSPECTED DEMENTIA?
The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20: 230 242, 2006 Copyright # Taylor and Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1385-4046 print=1744-4144 online DOI: 10.1080/13854040590947461 DOES IMPAIRED EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING DIFFERENTIALLY
More informationList of Figures. List of Tables. Preface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition
List of Figures List of Tables Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition xv xxv xxix xxxi 1 What Is R? 1 1.1 Introduction to R................................ 1 1.2 Downloading and Installing
More informationAnalysis of Vaccine Effects on Post-Infection Endpoints Biostat 578A Lecture 3
Analysis of Vaccine Effects on Post-Infection Endpoints Biostat 578A Lecture 3 Analysis of Vaccine Effects on Post-Infection Endpoints p.1/40 Data Collected in Phase IIb/III Vaccine Trial Longitudinal
More information6. Unusual and Influential Data
Sociology 740 John ox Lecture Notes 6. Unusual and Influential Data Copyright 2014 by John ox Unusual and Influential Data 1 1. Introduction I Linear statistical models make strong assumptions about the
More informationEFFECTS OF ABACUS TRAINING ON THE INTELLIGENCE OF SUDANESE CHILDREN
EFFECTS OF ABACUS TRAINING ON THE INTELLIGENCE OF SUDANESE CHILDREN PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Dr. Omar Khaleefa ---UCMAS Advisor, University of Khartoum,
More informationGENERALIZED ESTIMATING EQUATIONS FOR LONGITUDINAL DATA. Anti-Epileptic Drug Trial Timeline. Exploratory Data Analysis. Exploratory Data Analysis
GENERALIZED ESTIMATING EQUATIONS FOR LONGITUDINAL DATA 1 Example: Clinical Trial of an Anti-Epileptic Drug 59 epileptic patients randomized to progabide or placebo (Leppik et al., 1987) (Described in Fitzmaurice
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. Table 1 Patient characteristics Preoperative. language testing
Categorical Speech Representation in the Human Superior Temporal Gyrus Edward F. Chang, Jochem W. Rieger, Keith D. Johnson, Mitchel S. Berger, Nicholas M. Barbaro, Robert T. Knight SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
More informationMetabolic syndrome is a constellation of cardiovascular
and Cognitive Decline in Elderly Latinos: Findings from the Sacramento Area Latino Study of Aging Study Kristine Yaffe, MD, wzk Mary Haan, DrPH, MPH, z Terri Blackwell, MA, # Elena Cherkasova, BA, Rachel
More informationProstate-Specific Antigen Testing of Older Men
Prostate-Specific Antigen Testing of Older Men H. Ballentine Carter, Patricia K. Landis, E. Jeffrey Metter, Lee A. Fleisher, Jay D. Pearson Background: Elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels
More informationEducation M.Sc. Clinical Research Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN
Negash 1 Selam Negash Curriculum Vitae University of Pennsylvania Penn Memory Center 3615 Chestnut Street, Suite 310 Philadelphia, PA 19104 Email: selamawit.negash@uphs.upenn.edu Tel: (215)-349-8284 Fax:
More informationAnemia is a common condition in older persons. In
Serum Erythropoietin and Aging: A Longitudinal Analysis William B. Ershler, MD, w Shan Sheng, PhD, w Julie McKelvey, RN, w Andrew S. Artz, MD, Neelima Denduluri, MD, Josephine Tecson, MD, Dennis D. Taub,
More informationScaling TOWES and Linking to IALS
Scaling TOWES and Linking to IALS Kentaro Yamamoto and Irwin Kirsch March, 2002 In 2000, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) along with Statistics Canada released Literacy
More informationHearing Loss and Cognition in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
Neuropsychology In the public domain 2011, Vol. 25, No. 6, 763 770 DOI: 10.1037/a0024238 Hearing Loss and Cognition in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging Frank R. Lin Johns Hopkins University Luigi
More informationVerbal and visual memory in patients with early Parkinson s disease: Effect of levodopa
Original Article Verbal and visual memory in patients with early Parkinson s disease: Effect of levodopa Sumit Singh, Madhuri Behari Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari
More informationPredicting Personality in Adulthood from College MMPI Scores: Implications for Follow-up Studies in Psychosomatic Medicine
Predicting Personality in Adulthood from College MMPI Scores: Implications for Follow-up Studies in Psychosomatic Medicine ILENE C. SIEGLER, PH.D., M.P.H., ALAN B. ZONDERMAN, PH.D., JOHN C. BAREFOOT, PH.D.,
More informationTHE ANALYSIS OF METHADONE CLINIC DATA USING MARGINAL AND CONDITIONAL LOGISTIC MODELS WITH MIXTURE OR RANDOM EFFECTS
Austral. & New Zealand J. Statist. 40(1), 1998, 1 10 THE ANALYSIS OF METHADONE CLINIC DATA USING MARGINAL AND CONDITIONAL LOGISTIC MODELS WITH MIXTURE OR RANDOM EFFECTS JENNIFER S.K. CHAN 1,ANTHONY Y.C.
More informationChapter 6 Topic 6B Test Bias and Other Controversies. The Question of Test Bias
Chapter 6 Topic 6B Test Bias and Other Controversies The Question of Test Bias Test bias is an objective, empirical question, not a matter of personal judgment. Test bias is a technical concept of amenable
More informationBayesian growth mixture models to distinguish hemoglobin value trajectories in blood donors
Bayesian growth mixture models to distinguish hemoglobin value trajectories in blood donors Kazem Nasserinejad 1 Joost van Rosmalen 1 Mireille Baart 2 Katja van den Hurk 2 Dimitris Rizopoulos 1 Emmanuel
More informationUsing dynamic prediction to inform the optimal intervention time for an abdominal aortic aneurysm screening programme
Using dynamic prediction to inform the optimal intervention time for an abdominal aortic aneurysm screening programme Michael Sweeting Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge Friday 15th
More informationThe current state of healthcare for Normal Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment, & Alzheimer s Disease
The current state of healthcare for Normal Aging, g, Mild Cognitive Impairment, & Alzheimer s Disease William Rodman Shankle, MS MD FACP Director, Alzheimer s Program, Hoag Neurosciences Institute Neurologist,
More informationForecasting the Global Burden of Alzheimer's Disease
University of California, Los Angeles From the SelectedWorks of Ron Brookmeyer July, 2007 Forecasting the Global Burden of Alzheimer's Disease Ron Brookmeyer, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
More informationStatistics and Probability
Statistics and a single count or measurement variable. S.ID.1: Represent data with plots on the real number line (dot plots, histograms, and box plots). S.ID.2: Use statistics appropriate to the shape
More informationUse of IQ-Adjusted Norms to Predict Progressive Cognitive Decline in Highly Intelligent Older Individuals
Neuropsychology Copyright 2004 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 2004, Vol. 18, No. 1, 38 49 0894-4105/04/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0894-4105.18.1.38 Use of IQ-Adjusted Norms to Predict Progressive
More informationORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION. Implementing Diagnostic Criteria and Estimating Frequency of Mild Cognitive Impairment in an Urban Community
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Implementing Diagnostic Criteria and Estimating Frequency of Mild Cognitive Impairment in an Urban Community Jennifer J. Manly, PhD; Sandra Bell-McGinty, PhD; Ming-X. Tang, PhD; Nicole
More informationWDHS Curriculum Map Probability and Statistics. What is Statistics and how does it relate to you?
WDHS Curriculum Map Probability and Statistics Time Interval/ Unit 1: Introduction to Statistics 1.1-1.3 2 weeks S-IC-1: Understand statistics as a process for making inferences about population parameters
More informationErin Cullnan Research Assistant, University of Illinois at Chicago
Dr. Moises Gaviria Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago Director of Consultation Liaison Service, Advocate Christ Medical Center Director of the Older Adult Program,
More informationMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Dept. of Epidemiology & Biostatistics Working Paper Series Year 2007 Paper 14 On Comparing the Clustering of Regression Models
More informationThe Flynn effect and memory function Sallie Baxendale ab a
This article was downloaded by: [University of Minnesota] On: 16 August 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 917397643] Publisher Psychology Press Informa Ltd Registered in England
More informationCatherine A. Welch 1*, Séverine Sabia 1,2, Eric Brunner 1, Mika Kivimäki 1 and Martin J. Shipley 1
Welch et al. BMC Medical Research Methodology (2018) 18:89 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0548-0 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Does pattern mixture modelling reduce bias due to informative attrition
More information