Midterm 2: Scantron results. Term Paper Due on Thursday!

Transcription

1 Midterm 2: Scantron results Mean = 81% Term Paper Due on Thursday! Follow formatting instructions on website May be slightly different than the example Example citation format: State space models are now capable of incorporating behavioral data in addition to simple animal paths (Breed et al 2012). Breed, G.A., Costa, D.P., Jonsen, I.D., Robinson, P.W., Flemming, J.M. (2012). State-space methods for more completely capturing behavioral dynamics from animal tracks. Ecological Modeling :

2 Goal: Term Paper Due on Thursday! Be sure your paper contains topics that all ties together around a central theme or question rather than just describing an aspect of a species or group How to find scientific papers: NEED TO BE ON A CAMPUS CONNECTION! Then click Web of Science Use several peer-reviewed journal articles! Most books are OK, but not textbooks. Textbooks do not represent the original work of the author! Do not cite the lectures! 2

3 Life History, Foraging, and Reproduction 3

4 Maternal Care Strategies Breeding strategies Island Fast ice Pack ice Provisioning strategies Capital: fasting most phocids Income: foraging cycle most otariids (But there are exceptions!!) Maternal Care Strategies Mother is solely responsible for care & feeding In placental mammals, lactation is most energetically expensive period Milk: lipid, protein, carbohydrate, & water Potential parent-offspring conflict Offspring wants maximum resources from mom Mom benefits by withholding resources for future progeny 4

5 Comparisons of Pinniped Maternal Care Strategies Large phocid body size permits ample lipid storage for heavy investment in pup during short lactation period Small otariid body size requires intermittent feeding during lactation Relative to body size, otariids invest more energy, protein, & time into their pups than phocids 5

6 Energy Storage & Body Mass 8000 Fat stores (MJ) Maintenance metabolism (Watts) Fat stores kg 1.0 Maintenance metabolism kg Mass (kg) 6

7 Comparisons of Pinniped Maternal Care Strategies Cyclical foraging pattern of lactating otariid provides flexibility in lactation duration providing a buffer during food shortages; not the case for phocids Longer lactation periods of otariids & walrus permit pups to develop foraging skills while still getting energy from mother Otariid Provision Strategy (Cyclic Attendance) 7

8 Central Place Forager Distant Foraging site Nearby Foraging site Few, long duration trips Maximize energy return per trip Many, short duration trips Spend time with young Lactating female Juvenile Non-lactating female 8

9 Pinniped Reproductive Patterns Most Phocids (Capital provisioner) Short lactation Fasts while lactating Rapid pup growth Most Otariids (Income provisioner) Long lactation Feeds while lactating Slow pup growth Pinniped Reproductive Patterns Phocidae: True seals 1 pup every yr 50-60% fat in milk Abrupt weaning at 4-50 dys Mom fasts during lactation Odobenidae: Walrus 1 calf every 2-3 yr 14-32% fat in milk Gradual weaning at 2-3 yrs Mom feeds during lactation Otariidae: Sea lions & Fur seals 1 pup every yr 24-44% fat in milk Gradual weaning at 4 mos 1.3 yrs Mom feeds during lactation, pup fasts 9

10 Exception To The Rule Hawaiian Monk Seal Skips years between breeding events Exception To The Rule Galapagos sea lion Pup may not wean until >1 yr old Mom sometimes cares for newborn and older pup! 10

11 Exception To The Rule Australian Sea Lion Asynchronous breeding Breeds every 17.5 mos Populations out of synch Ontogeny of diving behaviour in the Australian sea lion: trials of adolescence in a late bloomer Journal of Animal Ecology Volume 75, Issue 2, pages , 31 MAR 2006 DOI: /j x 11

12 ONTOGENY OF MOVEMENTS AND FORAGING RANGES IN THE AUSTRALIAN SEA LION Marine Mammal Science Volume 23, Issue 3, pages , 21 MAY 2007 DOI: /j x ONTOGENY OF MOVEMENTS AND FORAGING RANGES IN THE AUSTRALIAN SEA LION Marine Mammal Science Volume 23, Issue 3, pages , 21 MAY 2007 DOI: /j x 12

13 Cetacean Mating System: Promiscuous Odontocetes: toothed whales & dolphins Seasonal Males are solitary (sperm whale), in coalition (bottlenose dolphin), or within & across groups (spinner dolphin & killer whale) Mysticetes: baleen whales Cycle: Breeding-Migration- Feeding-Migration Males & females only associate during breeding * Humpback whale males perform songs & defend females (components of lek & dominance polygny system) Movements of Gray Whale 13

14 Gray Whale (Eschrictius robustus) One Of The Most Well Studied Mysticetes Gray Whale With Calf 14

15 Gray Whale Breeding Cycle Generalized Breeding Cycle for Mysticetes 15

16 Humpback Whale With Calf in Hawaii Humpback Whale Feeding in Alaska 16

17 Opposite Schedules Exception To The Rule Bowhead whale Gives birth in high latitudes during spring/ summer Feeds during lactation Comparatively long lactation 17

18 Cetacean Reproductive Patterns Odontocetes: toothed whales & dolphins 7-17 mos gestation 1 calf every 2-8 yrs 14-46% fat in milk Weaning age yrs Remain w/ mom up to 10 yrs Mom feeds during lactation Mysticetes: baleen whales mos gestation 1 calf every 1-2 yrs 17-53% fat in milk Weaning age 5-12 mos Disassociate from mom Mom fasts during lactation Cetacean Reproductive Patterns Juvenile Survivorship? 18

19 Mysticete-Odontocete & Phocid-Otariid Contrasts are Similar Mysticete & Phocid mothers fast & have comparatively short lactation periods Odontocete & Otariid mothers forage & have longer lactation periods Odontocete & Otariid offspring hone foraging skills during late lactation Mysticete & Phocid mothers tend to produce very fatty milk Odontocete & Otariid mothers tend to produce milk with variable fat content Other Marine Mammal Mating Systems Sirenians Promiscuous mating yearround Males & females only assoicate when mating Male-male competition Physical Lek Sea Otters Polygynous spring breeding Gender segregation Males occupy annual home ranges at extremes of female home ranges During breeding males establish territories in female home ranges Polar bears Polygynous spring breeding Males travel to find receptive females & fight males to gain access Only 1/3 of females receptive per year 19

20 Other Marine Mammal Reproductive Patterns Sirenians mos gestation 1 calf every 2-7 yrs % fat in milk unknown Age at weaning 1-2 yr Sea Otters 6 mos gestation 1 pup every 1-2 yrs 21-26% fat in milk Weaned gradually at 6 mos Polar bears 8 mos gestation 1-2 pups every 2-4 yrs 17-36% fat in milk Age at weaning > 2.5 yrs Remain w/ mom up to 3.5 yrs General Patterns 20

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22 Male vs Female Maturity Male Reproductive Structures Cetaceans: Muscle fibers (not vasodilation) Pinnipeds Baculum Sperm Competition 22