Terminology. Population Size and Extinction. Terminology. Population Size and Extinction. Population Size and Extinction
|
|
- Cody Cook
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Terminology Science is simply common sense at its best that is, rigidly accurate in observation, and merciless to fallacy in logic. Thomas Henry Huxley Locus Allele Gene Chromosome Homozygote Heterozygote Polymorphic Monomorphic Terminology Polygenic Epistatic Genotype Phenotype Quantitative trait Neutral Marker Population Size and Extinction Small populations are more likely to go extinct than large populations Genetics Demographic Population Size and Extinction Population Size and Extinction 1
2 Genetic Variation and Population Size Genetic Variation and Population Size Black-footed rock wallaby Genetic Variation & Population Size Genetic drift and heterozygosity Larger population sizes have more heterozygosity. Halocarpus bidwilli Picoides borealis Genetic drift results in a gradual loss of genetic diversity Follow an individual locus and allele frequency will drift until one allele becomes fixed Genetic drift Genetic Variation & Fitness 107 populations of Drosophila 16 individuals per population 2
3 Inbreeding &Population Size Inbreeding Inbreeding is related to population structure Consider (a) one large panmictic population (b) lots of small, discrete populations Identity by descent = Probabilities Probability of event A happening AND event B happening = P A x P B Probability of event A happening OR event B happening = P A + P B (if A & B mutually exclusive) assume every allele in initial population is different IBD = probability of this individual carrying two copies of the same allele Identity by descent Probability of black allele being passed down left hand side = 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 = 1/8 Probability of black allele being passed down right hand side = 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 = 1/8 Probability of individual at bottom getting two black alleles = 1/64 Same argument for yellow allele = 1/64 Probability of getting 2 copies of black or 2 copies of yellow = 1/64 + 1/64 = 1/32 Inbreeding in finite populations Previous examples showed inbreeding in known pedigrees through IBD What about in finite populations? In a finite population, there is some probability of mating with a relative This probability increases with subsequent generations 3
4 Inbreeding in finite populations Assume a population size of N, therefore 2N alleles in population Imagine eggs and sperm released randomly into environment (e.g. sea) Inbreeding in finite populations Assume a population size of N, therefore 2N alleles in population Imagine eggs and sperm released randomly into environment (e.g. sea) What is the probability of 2 gametes drawn randomly having the same allele? Why? Inbreeding in finite populations gen 0 gen 1 You already have one allele with which you started, thus you only need to pick 1 additional allele probability = 1/(2N) 2N alleles Therefore, after 1 generation the level of inbreeding is F 1 = 1 / 2N After t generations the probability is Why? More generally gen t-1 gen t 1/(2N) 1-1/(2N) Probability of picking 2nd allele Probability of picking 2nd allele & it is already inbred Genetic Drift F t = Probability that any 2 alleles drawn randomly from the population are identical by descent 4
5 Measures of Inbreeding 1. Inbreeding coefficient F Parents Unrelated Brother to sister, mother to so, etc Half sibs (half brother to half sister) First cousins Selfing (self-fertilization) Offspring F Extinction Factors Extinction Vortex Inbred individuals are less fit then outbred individuals Deleterious recessive mutations tend to become apparent in inbred individuals Inbred individuals may have lower reproductive success, lower survivorship or lower resistance to parasites Inbreeding and Survival Inbreeding and Survival Inbreeding increases juvenile mortality Inbreeding & Survival Inbreeding and Survival Inbreeding doesn t influence all species the same or does it? 5
6 Inbreeding and Survival Inbreeding and conservation genetics Inbreeding doesn t influence all species the same or does it? Inbreeding has greatest effects in small populations or populations that have suffered a bottleneck Loss of genetic diversity in the cheetah severe bottleneck in its past Inbreeding example 1 Keller et al Nature 372: Distribution of inbreeding coefficients for survivors/non-survivors Sparrows on Mandarte Is., BC Inbreeding associated with poor survivorship Paternities determined by genetic fingerprinting Population crash Survivors less inbred than those that die survivor non-survivor inbreeding coefficient Before crash After crash Adults (n=74) (n=7) Juveniles (n=132) (n=3) Inbreeding example 2: Soay sheep on St. Kilda (Coltman et al Evolution 53: ) Soay sheep subject to parasitism by intestinal nematodes Use markers distributed through the genome Heterozygous individuals appear best able to resist infection and to survive 6
7 Heterozygosity & parasitism Heterozygosity & survivorship filled, low-density years open, high-density years (FEC = fecal egg count of strongyle nematodes) filled, low-density years open, high-density years (survivorship of lambs over winter) Factors acting against genetic drift No matter how big a population, genetic drift will eventually drive all loci to homozygosity (i.e. all alleles at all loci in all indvs. identical by descent) Mutation and migration counters genetic drift Analysis of effect of these processes identical. We see only what we know. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe It requires a very unusual mind to undertake the analysis of the obvious. Alfred North Whitehead EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES AND PATTERNS Theories of species creations and diversity prior to evolutionary theory Theory of Special Creation Species are unchanged through time and are independent of one another All species were created independently by the Trinity on the October 26th 4004 B.C. at 9:00 in the morning Archbishop James Ussher EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES AND PATTERNS Theories of species creations and diversity prior to evolutionary theory Theory of Spontaneous Generation New organisms (species) may suddenly appear wherever conditions are suitable Some new life-forms arise spontaneously from streams, soils, totting meat, and other nonliving materials; not all live arises directly from living organisms 7
8 VanHelmont s evidence for spontaneous generation for if you press a piece of underware soiled with sweat together with some wheat in an open mouth jar, after about 21 days the odor changes and the ferment coming out of the underwear and penetrating through the husks of the wheat, changes the wheat into mice. But what is more remarkable is that mice of both sexes emerge (from the wheat) and these mice successfully reproduce with mice born naturally from parents But what is even more remarkable is that the mice which came out were not small mice but fully grown s EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES AND PATTERNS Theories of species creations and diversity prior to evolutionary theory Prior to Darwin and Wallace - Lamarck New simple life forms arise by spontaneous generation and change over time into more complex life forms Individuals change in response to their environment and the changes are passed to the next generation. EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES AND PATTERNS Theories of Evolutionary Darwin and Wallace Species are related to one another, and they change over time, thus species existing today have descended, with modifications, from other preexisting species. Natural selection acts on individuals; individuals with certain favorable characteristics will produce more offspring. All natural selection results in evolution, but not all evolution is the product of natural selection. What is evolution? What is natural selection? What is an adaptation? All natural selection results in evolution, but not all evolution is the product of natural selection. What is evolution? Evolution is the change in allele frequencies (or traits) over time. Selection Natural Sexual Genetic drift Mutation Migration 8
9 All natural selection results in evolution, but not all evolution is the product of natural selection. What is evolution? Evolution is the change in allele frequencies (or traits) over time. What is natural selection? What is an adaptation? All natural selection results in evolution, but not all evolution is the product of natural selection. What is evolution? Evolution is the change in allele frequencies (or traits) over time. What is natural selection? Natural selection is the differential reproductive success resulting from an adaptation. What is an adaptation? All natural selection results in evolution, but not all evolution is the product of natural selection. What is evolution? Evolution is the change in allele frequencies (or traits) over time. What is natural selection? Natural selection is the differential reproductive success resulting from an adaptation. What is an adaptation? An allele (or trait) which provides superior reproductive success to an individual possessing it relative to an individual with a different allele (or trait). Sum it all up Natural selection for an adaptation results in evolution. What can selection do to a trait? If a trait is under selection, what are the possible results? 9
10 Inlet Midcavity Outlet Chimp Lucy Human m2 Female Mimicry a - unpaired male (m) assumes female coloration and posture while approaching the female (f) as the consort male (c) fights with an approaching male (m2) b - the female accepts a mating by the female mimic while the consort continues fighting with the approaching male c - The consort male allow the female mimic to finish mating without interruption, even when he is not distracted by the other male 10
11 Seeds Ticks off of iguanas etc. Tools use to get insects Leaves and fruit Insects, spiders, nectar Is there variation about a trait? Is the variation heritable and not the result of maternal effects? Is there an excess of individuals so that only some animals live to reproduce? Is there an excess of individuals so that only some animals live to reproduce? Is reproduction nonrandom? The drought of 1977 eliminated seed set by most of the plants producing small soft seeds. Tribulus cistoides seeds are large and hard and became the dominant food item. Only large birds with deep beaks could defend resources and access the resources 11
12 Is reproduction nonrandom? Did evolution occur? The El Niño of 1983 produced 1359 mm of rain and lavish seed set by the small soft seeded plants. Birds with shallow beaks harvest these seeds more efficiently and thus reproduced better than birds with deep beaks, undoing the selection shown here. Fluctuating environmental conditions maintain both phenotypes. At what level does selection occur? Gene for the good of the gene. Individual for the good of the individual. Group for the good of the group. Population for the good of the population. Species for the good of the species. THE INDIVIDUAL NOT THE GROUP!!! * *In silico (computer simulations) do show specific conditions where group selection can work but This has never been seen in nature NEVER THE SPECIES!!! 12
13 P.S. THERE IS NO ALTRUISM! 13
14 Why does it appear that some animals help others at a cost to themselves? Hamilton s inclusive fitness Direct Fitness Personal reproduction Indirect Fitness Relatives reproduction Br - C > 0 What are the units of B and C? Fitness must be in addition to that which you would have gotten from the relative regardless of the behavior! Who will you save from a fire? Brother Cousin 1 Cousin 2 Father Friend Mother Sister Spouse Who will you save from a fire? Brother - Age 21 Cousin 1 - Age 19 Cousin 2 - Age 20 Father - Age 65 Friend - Age 23 Mother - Age 63 Sister - Age 22 Spouse - Age 25 Who will you save from a fire? Brother - Age 21 Cousin M - Age 23 Father - Age 65 Mother - Age 63 Sister - Age 22 Cousin F - Age 19 Spouse - Age 25 Cousin F - Age 20 14
15 Who will you save from a fire? Brother - Age 21 Cousin M - Age 23 Father - Age 65 Mother - Age 63 Sister - Age 22 Cousin F - Age 19 Spouse - Age 25 Cousin F - Age 20 Who will you save from a fire? Brother - Age 21 Cousin M - Age 23 Father - Age 65 Mother - Age 63 Sister - Age 22 Cousin F - Age 19 Spouse - Age 25 Cousin F - Age 20 Who will you save from a fire? Brother - Age 21 Cousin M - Age 23 Father - Age 65 Mother - Age 63 Sister - Age 22 Cousin F - Age 19 Spouse - Age 25 Cousin F - Age 20 Who will you save from a fire? Brother - Age 21 Cousin M - Age 23 Father - Age 65 Mother - Age 63 Sister - Age 22 Cousin F - Age 19 Spouse - Age 25 Cousin F - Age 20 The Modern Synthesis Combines genetics, geology, and natural selection Gradual evolution results from small genetic changes acted upon by natural selection Speciation and macroevolution can be explained by microevolution given the age of the earth Modern Synthesis - Darwin s postulates restated Mutation is the ultimate source of all variation, segregation and independent assortment create novel combinations of alleles Alleles are passed between generations More offspring are produced than can survive Individuals with the most advantageous allelic combination for the current situation produce more offspring. 15
16 God does not play dice with the universe. Albert Einstein Who are you to tell God what to do? Neils Bohr Not only does God play dice, but he throws them where we cannot see them. Stephen Hawkings Happy is he who gets to know the reason for things. Virgil 16
Bio 1M: Evolutionary processes
Bio 1M: Evolutionary processes Evolution by natural selection Is something missing from the story I told last chapter? Heritable variation in traits Selection (i.e., differential reproductive success)
More informationCh. 23 The Evolution of Populations
Ch. 23 The Evolution of Populations 1 Essential question: Do populations evolve? 2 Mutation and Sexual reproduction produce genetic variation that makes evolution possible What is the smallest unit of
More informationEVOLUTION MICROEVOLUTION CAUSES OF MICROEVOLUTION. Evolution Activity 2.3 page 1
AP BIOLOGY EVOLUTION ACTIVITY 2.3 NAME DATE HOUR MICROEVOLUTION MICROEVOLUTION CAUSES OF MICROEVOLUTION Evolution Activity 2.3 page 1 QUESTIONS: 1. Use the key provided to identify the microevolution cause
More informationMechanisms of Evolution
Mechanisms of Evolution TEKS 7(F) analyze and evaluate the effects of other evolutionary mechanisms, including genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and recombination Evolution is. For Darwin (1859): Evolution
More informationComplex Traits Activity INSTRUCTION MANUAL. ANT 2110 Introduction to Physical Anthropology Professor Julie J. Lesnik
Complex Traits Activity INSTRUCTION MANUAL ANT 2110 Introduction to Physical Anthropology Professor Julie J. Lesnik Introduction Human variation is complex. The simplest form of variation in a population
More informationThe plant of the day Pinus longaeva Pinus aristata
The plant of the day Pinus longaeva Pinus aristata Today s Topics Non-random mating Genetic drift Population structure Big Questions What are the causes and evolutionary consequences of non-random mating?
More informationWill now consider in detail the effects of relaxing the assumption of infinite-population size.
FINITE POPULATION SIZE: GENETIC DRIFT READING: Nielsen & Slatkin pp. 21-27 Will now consider in detail the effects of relaxing the assumption of infinite-population size. Start with an extreme case: a
More informationChapter 4 PEDIGREE ANALYSIS IN HUMAN GENETICS
Chapter 4 PEDIGREE ANALYSIS IN HUMAN GENETICS Chapter Summary In order to study the transmission of human genetic traits to the next generation, a different method of operation had to be adopted. Instead
More informationAny inbreeding will have similar effect, but slower. Overall, inbreeding modifies H-W by a factor F, the inbreeding coefficient.
Effect of finite population. Two major effects 1) inbreeding 2) genetic drift Inbreeding Does not change gene frequency; however, increases homozygotes. Consider a population where selfing is the only
More informationSEX. Genetic Variation: The genetic substrate for natural selection. Sex: Sources of Genotypic Variation. Genetic Variation
Genetic Variation: The genetic substrate for natural selection Sex: Sources of Genotypic Variation Dr. Carol E. Lee, University of Wisconsin Genetic Variation If there is no genetic variation, neither
More informationSystems of Mating: Systems of Mating:
8/29/2 Systems of Mating: the rules by which pairs of gametes are chosen from the local gene pool to be united in a zygote with respect to a particular locus or genetic system. Systems of Mating: A deme
More informationPedigree Construction Notes
Name Date Pedigree Construction Notes GO TO à Mendelian Inheritance (http://www.uic.edu/classes/bms/bms655/lesson3.html) When human geneticists first began to publish family studies, they used a variety
More informationRoadmap. Inbreeding How inbred is a population? What are the consequences of inbreeding?
1 Roadmap Quantitative traits What kinds of variation can selection work on? How much will a population respond to selection? Heritability How can response be restored? Inbreeding How inbred is a population?
More informationGenes and Inheritance (11-12)
Genes and Inheritance (11-12) You are a unique combination of your two parents We all have two copies of each gene (one maternal and one paternal) Gametes produced via meiosis contain only one copy of
More informationCHAPTER 16 POPULATION GENETICS AND SPECIATION
CHAPTER 16 POPULATION GENETICS AND SPECIATION MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following describes a population? a. dogs and cats living in Austin, Texas b. four species of fish living in a pond c. dogwood
More informationInbreeding and Inbreeding Depression
Inbreeding and Inbreeding Depression Inbreeding is mating among relatives which increases homozygosity Why is Inbreeding a Conservation Concern: Inbreeding may or may not lead to inbreeding depression,
More informationEvolutionary Processes
Evolutionary Processes MICROEVOLUTION Population -- all the members of a single species Population genetics studies variations in gene pools *Basically, microevolution studies small changes in alleles
More informationGENETICS - NOTES-
GENETICS - NOTES- Warm Up Exercise Using your previous knowledge of genetics, determine what maternal genotype would most likely yield offspring with such characteristics. Use the genotype that you came
More informationCHAPTER 20 LECTURE SLIDES
CHAPTER 20 LECTURE SLIDES To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on or off. Please note: once you have used any of the
More informationGenetics and Heredity Notes
Genetics and Heredity Notes I. Introduction A. It was known for 1000s of years that traits were inherited but scientists were unsure about the laws that governed this inheritance. B. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
More informationAgro/ANSC/Biol/Gene/Hort 305 Fall, 2017 MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Chapter 2, Genetics by Brooker (Lecture outline) #2
Agro/ANSC/Biol/Gene/Hort 305 Fall, 2017 MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Chapter 2, Genetics by Brooker (Lecture outline) #2 MENDEL S LAWS OF INHERITANCE Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884) is considered the father
More informationMECHANISMS AND PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION
MECHANISMS AND PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION Evolution What is it again? Evolution is the change in allele frequencies of a population over generations Mechanisms of Evolution what can make evolution happen? 1.
More informationAny variation that makes an organism better suited to its environment so it can survive is called a what?
A change of an organism over time is also called. Chapters 10 & 11 Evolution Any variation that makes an organism better suited to its environment so it can survive is called a what? 1 Adaptation James
More informationGenetic basis of inheritance and variation. Dr. Amjad Mahasneh. Jordan University of Science and Technology
Genetic basis of inheritance and variation Dr. Amjad Mahasneh Jordan University of Science and Technology Segment 1 Hello and welcome everyone. My name is Amjad Mahasneh. I teach molecular biology at Jordan
More informationHow Populations Evolve
Chapter 16: pp. 283-298 BIOLOGY 10th Edition How Populations Evolve 10% of population Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. natural disaster kills five
More information9/25/ Some traits are controlled by a single gene. Selective Breeding: Observing Heredity
Chapter 7 Learning Outcomes Explain the concept of a single-gene trait Describe Mendel s contributions to the field of genetics Be able to define the terms gene, allele, dominant, recessive, homozygous,
More informationQuantitative Genetics
Instructor: Dr. Martha B Reiskind AEC 550: Conservation Genetics Spring 2017 We will talk more about about D and R 2 and here s some additional information. Lewontin (1964) proposed standardizing D to
More informationGenetics Practice Test
Name: ate: 1. Which genetic concept was proposed by Mendel?. chromosome nondisjunction. independent assortment. multiple alleles. sex linkage 4. Mendel s discovery that characteristics are inherited due
More information11.1 Genetic Variation Within Population. KEY CONCEPT A population shares a common gene pool.
KEY CONCEPT A population shares a common gene pool. Genetic variation in a population increases the chance that some individuals will survive. Genetic variation leads to phenotypic variation. Phenotypic
More informationCh 4: Mendel and Modern evolutionary theory
Ch 4: Mendel and Modern evolutionary theory 1 Mendelian principles of inheritance Mendel's principles explain how traits are transmitted from generation to generation Background: eight years breeding pea
More informationMicroevolution: The Forces of Evolutionary Change Part 2. Lecture 23
Microevolution: The Forces of Evolutionary Change Part 2 Lecture 23 Outline Conditions that cause evolutionary change Natural vs artificial selection Nonrandom mating and sexual selection The role of chance
More informationGenetics Review. Alleles. The Punnett Square. Genotype and Phenotype. Codominance. Incomplete Dominance
Genetics Review Alleles These two different versions of gene A create a condition known as heterozygous. Only the dominant allele (A) will be expressed. When both chromosomes have identical copies of the
More informationCase Studies in Ecology and Evolution
2 Genetics of Small Populations: the case of the Laysan Finch In 1903, rabbits were introduced to a tiny island in the Hawaiian archipelago called Laysan Island. That island is only 187 ha in size, in
More informationDEFINITIONS: POPULATION: a localized group of individuals belonging to the same species
DEFINITIONS: POPULATION: a localized group of individuals belonging to the same species SPECIES: a group of populations whose individuals have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
More information(b) What is the allele frequency of the b allele in the new merged population on the island?
2005 7.03 Problem Set 6 KEY Due before 5 PM on WEDNESDAY, November 23, 2005. Turn answers in to the box outside of 68-120. PLEASE WRITE YOUR ANSWERS ON THIS PRINTOUT. 1. Two populations (Population One
More informationMendelian Genetics. Gregor Mendel. Father of modern genetics
Mendelian Genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Objectives I can compare and contrast mitosis & meiosis. I can properly use the genetic vocabulary presented. I can differentiate and gather data
More informationTrait characteristic (hair color) Gene segment of DNA Allele a variety of a trait (brown hair or blonde hair)
Evolution Change in DNA to favor certain traits over multiple generations Adaptations happen within a single generations Evolution is the result of adding adaptations together Evolution doesn t have a
More informationEvolutionary Forces. What changes populations?
Evolutionary Forces What changes populations? Forces of evolutionary change Natural selection traits that improve survival or reproduction accumulate in the population ADAPTIVE change Genetic drift frequency
More informationGenetics. The study of heredity. Father of Genetics: Gregor Mendel (mid 1800 s) Developed set of laws that explain how heredity works
Genetics The study of heredity Father of Genetics: Gregor Mendel (mid 1800 s) Developed set of laws that explain how heredity works Father of Genetics: Gregor Mendel original pea plant (input) offspring
More informationSchedule Change! Today: Thinking About Darwinian Evolution. Perplexing Observations. We owe much of our understanding of EVOLUTION to CHARLES DARWIN.
Schedule Change! Film and activity next Friday instead of Lab 8. (No need to print/read the lab before class.) Today: Thinking About Darwinian Evolution Part 1: Darwin s Theory What is evolution?? And
More informationEVOLUTION. Hardy-Weinberg Principle DEVIATION. Carol Eunmi Lee 9/20/16. Title goes here 1
Hardy-Weinberg Principle Hardy-Weinberg Theorem Mathematical description of Mendelian inheritance In a non-evolving population, frequency of alleles and genotypes remain constant over generations Godfrey
More informationEvolution of gender Sex ratio how many males and females? Sex determination how did they get to be male/female? Some truly weird animals
1 Roadmap Finishing up inbreeding Evolution of gender Sex ratio how many males and females? Sex determination how did they get to be male/female? Some truly weird animals 2 Midterm Mean 72.6 Range 35-92
More informationLaws of Inheritance. Bởi: OpenStaxCollege
Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The seven characteristics that Mendel evaluated in his pea plants were each expressed as one of two versions, or traits. Mendel deduced from his results that each individual had two
More informationUnit 5 Review Name: Period:
Unit 5 Review Name: Period: 1 4 5 6 7 & give an example of the following. Be able to apply their meanings: Homozygous Heterozygous Dominant Recessive Genotype Phenotype Haploid Diploid Sex chromosomes
More informationScience 1.9 AS WORKBOOK. Working to Excellence
Science 1.9 AS 90948 Demonstrate understanding of biological ideas relating to genetic variation WORKBOOK Working to Excellence CONTENTS 1. Writing Excellence answers to DNA and Genes questions 2. Writing
More informationVOCABULARY somatic cell autosome fertilization gamete sex chromosome diploid homologous chromosome sexual reproduction meiosis
SECTION 6.1 CHROMOSOMES AND MEIOSIS Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have. VOCABULARY somatic cell autosome fertilization gamete sex chromosome diploid
More informationUNIT 6 GENETICS 12/30/16
12/30/16 UNIT 6 GENETICS III. Mendel and Heredity (6.3) A. Mendel laid the groundwork for genetics 1. Traits are distinguishing characteristics that are inherited. 2. Genetics is the study of biological
More informationQ: Do platypus have more functional genes on their Y s than other mammals?
One minute responses Q: Do platypus have more functional genes on their Y s than other mammals? A: I wasn t able to find out I did learn that the platypus X s and Y s are not homologous to normal mammal
More informationA. Incorrect! Cells contain the units of genetic they are not the unit of heredity.
MCAT Biology Problem Drill PS07: Mendelian Genetics Question No. 1 of 10 Question 1. The smallest unit of heredity is. Question #01 (A) Cell (B) Gene (C) Chromosome (D) Allele Cells contain the units of
More informationGenetics: Mendel and Beyond
Genetics: Mendel and Beyond 10 Genetics: Mendel and Beyond Put the following words in their correct location in the sentences below. crossing over fertilization meiosis zygote 4 haploid prophase I diploid
More informationGenetics & The Work of Mendel
Genetics & The Work of Mendel 2006-2007 Gregor Mendel Modern genetics began in the mid-1800s in an abbey garden, where a monk named Gregor Mendel documented inheritance in peas used experimental method
More information8.1 Genes Are Particulate and Are Inherited According to Mendel s Laws 8.2 Alleles and Genes Interact to Produce Phenotypes 8.3 Genes Are Carried on
Chapter 8 8.1 Genes Are Particulate and Are Inherited According to Mendel s Laws 8.2 Alleles and Genes Interact to Produce Phenotypes 8.3 Genes Are Carried on Chromosomes 8.4 Prokaryotes Can Exchange Genetic
More informationBio 312, Spring 2017 Exam 3 ( 1 ) Name:
Bio 312, Spring 2017 Exam 3 ( 1 ) Name: Please write the first letter of your last name in the box; 5 points will be deducted if your name is hard to read or the box does not contain the correct letter.
More informationChapter 23. Population Genetics. I m from the shallow end of the gene pool AP Biology
Chapter 23. Population Genetics I m from the shallow end of the gene pool 1 Essential Questions How can we measure evolutionary change in a population? What produces the variation that makes evolution
More informationMendelian Genetics. 7.3 Gene Linkage and Mapping Genes can be mapped to specific locations on chromosomes.
7 Extending CHAPTER Mendelian Genetics GETTING READY TO LEARN Preview Key Concepts 7.1 Chromosomes and Phenotype The chromosomes on which genes are located can affect the expression of traits. 7.2 Complex
More informationProtecting Your Sugar Gliders: Inbreeding Depression and How You Can Avoid It. Inbreeding and Inbreeding Depression
By: Hannah Harris, Oberlin College Written For: Shelly Sterk, Glider Nursery In our culture, the taboo against incest and inbreeding is highly pervasive. Most people have a sense that you shouldn t marry
More informationThe Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
Chapter 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero Overview: Locating Genes on Chromosomes A century
More informationTHE EVOLUTION OF POPULATIONS
THE EVOLUTION OF POPULATIONS HOW DOES A POPULATION OF PENGUINS EVOLVE? Every year, king penguins return to breed in the same colony in which they are born. These colonies help penguins to guard, protect
More informationThe Law of Segregation Introduction Today, we know that many of people's characteristics, from hair color to height to risk of diabetes, are
The Law of Segregation Introduction Today, we know that many of people's characteristics, from hair color to height to risk of diabetes, are influenced by genes. We also know that genes are the way parents
More informationGenetics All somatic cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes 22 pairs of autosomes 1 pair of sex chromosomes Genes contained in each pair of chromosomes
Chapter 6 Genetics and Inheritance Lecture 1: Genetics and Patterns of Inheritance Asexual reproduction = daughter cells genetically identical to parent (clones) Sexual reproduction = offspring are genetic
More informationFor a long time, people have observed that offspring look like their parents.
Chapter 10 For a long time, people have observed that offspring look like their parents. Even before we knew about genes, people were breeding livestock to get certain traits in the offspring. They knew
More informationIntroduction to Genetics and Heredity
Introduction to Genetics and Heredity Although these dogs have similar characteristics they are each unique! I. Early Ideas About Heredity A. The Theory of Blending Inheritance Each parent contributes
More informationSection 8.1 Studying inheritance
Section 8.1 Studying inheritance Genotype and phenotype Genotype is the genetic constitution of an organism that describes all the alleles that an organism contains The genotype sets the limits to which
More informationGregor Mendel. What is Genetics? the study of heredity
Gregor Mendel What is Genetics? the study of heredity Gregor Mendel s Peas Pollen: plant s sperm Egg Cells: plants reproductive cells Fertilization: joining of pollen + egg cells develops into embryo in
More informationMendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance
Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance A Bit on Gregor Mendel Born to a poor farming family in what is now part of Czech Republic Attended Augustinian monastery (1843) Became an excellent teacher
More informationMendelian Genetics. KEY CONCEPT Mendel s research showed that traits are inherited as discrete units.
KEY CONCEPT Mendel s research showed that traits are inherited as discrete units. Mendel laid the groundwork for genetics. Traits are distinguishing characteristics that are inherited. Genetics is the
More informationMeiosis and Introduction to Inheritance
Meiosis and Introduction to Inheritance Instructions Activity 1. Getting Started: Build a Pair of Bead Chromosomes Materials bag labeled diploid human genome (male) bag labeled diploid human genome (female)
More informationUNIT 1-History of life on earth! Big picture biodiversity-major lineages, Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes-Evolution of Meiosis
Where are we in this course??? UNIT 1-History of life on earth! Big picture biodiversity-major lineages, Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes-Evolution of Meiosis Today we will start with UNIT 2 A. Mendel and the Gene
More informationGenetics & Heredity 11/16/2017
Genetics & Heredity Biology I Turner College & Career High School 2017 Fertilization is the fusion of an egg and a sperm. Purebred (True breeding plants) are plants that were allowed to selfpollinate and
More informationMEIOSIS: Genetic Variation / Mistakes in Meiosis. (Sections 11-3,11-4;)
MEIOSIS: Genetic Variation / Mistakes in Meiosis (Sections 11-3,11-4;) RECALL: Mitosis and Meiosis differ in several key ways: MITOSIS: MEIOSIS: 1 round of cell division 2 rounds of cell division Produces
More informationGenetics & The Work of Mendel
Genetics & The Work of Mendel 2006-2007 Gregor Mendel Modern genetics began in the mid-1800s in an abbey garden, where a monk named Gregor Mendel documented inheritance in peas used experimental method
More informationName Class Date. KEY CONCEPT The chromosomes on which genes are located can affect the expression of traits.
Section 1: Chromosomes and Phenotype KEY CONCEPT The chromosomes on which genes are located can affect the expression of traits. VOCABULARY carrier sex-linked gene X chromosome inactivation MAIN IDEA:
More informationIB BIO I Genetics Test Madden
Name Date Multiple Choice 1. What does the genotype X H X h indicate? A. A co-dominant female B. A heterozygous male C. A heterozygous female D. A co-dominant male 2. A pure breeding tall plant with smooth
More informationEvolution of genetic systems
Evolution of genetic systems Joe Felsenstein GENOME 453, Autumn 2013 Evolution of genetic systems p.1/24 How well can we explain the genetic system? Very well Sex ratios of 1/2 (C. Dusing, " 1884, W. D.
More informationDragon Genetics, pt. VI: Making a dragon
Lesson 6.11 Dragon Genetics, pt. VI: Making a dragon Name Date Period Engage I Dragons are an extremely endangered species and researchers are interested in documenting the genetics of the species and
More informationLecture 13: May 24, 2004
Lecture 13: May 24, 2004 CH14: Mendel and the gene idea *particulate inheritance parents pass on discrete heritable units *gene- unit of inheritance which occupies a specific chromosomal location (locus)
More informationMendel s Methods: Monohybrid Cross
Mendel s Methods: Monohybrid Cross Mendel investigated whether the white-flowered form disappeared entirely by breeding the F1 purple flowers with each other. Crossing two purple F1 monohybrid plants is
More informationGENETIC DRIFT & EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZE
Instructor: Dr. Martha B. Reiskind AEC 450/550: Conservation Genetics Spring 2018 Lecture Notes for Lectures 3a & b: In the past students have expressed concern about the inbreeding coefficient, so please
More informationBeebops Genetics and Evolution Teacher Information
STO-105 Beebops Genetics and Evolution Teacher Information Summary In Part 1 students model meiosis and fertilization using chromosomes/genes from fictitious Beebop parents. They decode the genes in the
More informationAn Augustinian Monk working in Austria (today part of the Czech Republic). Had training in chemistry, physics & mathematics.
Mendelian genetics At the beginning of the last section, we mentioned that while you may resemble your parents, you're not an exact copy. Knowing what we do about mitosis and meiosis, we're now ready to
More informationName: Date: Period: Unit 1 Test: Microevolution (Original Test) Ms. OK, AP Biology,
Name: Date: Period: Unit 1 Test: Microevolution (Original Test) Ms. OK, AP Biology, 2014-2015 General Directions: Use your time effectively, working as quickly as you can without losing accuracy. Do not
More informationHow Organisms Evolve Chapters The Theory of Evolution. The Theory of Evolution. Evolution can be traced through the fossil record.
How Organisms Evolve Chapters 14-15 The Theory of Evolution Evolution is the process of change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms from one generation to the next. The inherited traits
More informationCh 8 Practice Questions
Ch 8 Practice Questions Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What fraction of offspring of the cross Aa Aa is homozygous for the dominant allele?
More informationLecture 5 Inbreeding and Crossbreeding. Inbreeding
Lecture 5 Inbreeding and Crossbreeding Bruce Walsh lecture notes Introduction to Quantitative Genetics SISG, Seattle 16 18 July 018 1 Inbreeding Inbreeding = mating of related individuals Often results
More informationObjectives. ! Describe the contributions of Gregor Mendel to the science of genetics. ! Explain the Law of Segregation.
Objectives! Describe the contributions of Gregor Mendel to the science of genetics.! Explain the Law of Segregation.! Explain the Law of Independent Assortment.! Explain the concept of dominance.! Define
More informationChapter 6 Heredity The Big Idea Heredity is the passing of the instructions for traits from one generation to the next.
Chapter 6 Heredity The Big Idea Heredity is the passing of the instructions for traits from one generation to the next. Section 1 Mendel and His Peas Key Concept The work of Gregor Mendel explains the
More informationMendel. The pea plant was ideal to work with and Mendel s results were so accurate because: 1) Many. Purple versus flowers, yellow versus seeds, etc.
Mendel A. Mendel: Before Mendel, people believed in the hypothesis. This is analogous to how blue and yellow paints blend to make. Mendel introduced the hypothesis. This deals with discrete units called
More informationNovember 4, 2009 Bioe 109 Fall 2009 Lecture 17 The evolution of mating systems. The evolution of sex ratio
November 4, 2009 Bioe 109 Fall 2009 Lecture 17 The evolution of mating systems The evolution of sex ratio - let us define sex ratio as the proportion of males to females. - in discussing the evolution
More informationThe Experiments of Gregor Mendel
11.1 The Work of Gregor Mendel 11.2 Applying Mendel s Principles The Experiments of Gregor Mendel Every living thing (plant or animal, microbe or human being) has a set of characteristics inherited from
More informationBIOL 364 Population Biology Fairly testing the theory of evolution by natural selection with playing cards
BIOL 364 Population Biology Fairly testing the theory of evolution by natural selection with playing cards Game I: The Basics Scenario: Our classroom is now a closed population (no immigration or emigration)
More informationNATURAL SELECTION. Essential Question: How can a change in the environment initiate a change in a population?
Bell ringer 1. A species of mockingbird lives in the Apalachicola National Forest. One year, a few of the mockingbirds were born with very long beaks. Over the next several years, the area experienced
More information1042SCG Genetics & Evolutionary Biology Semester Summary
1042SCG Genetics & Evolutionary Biology Semester Summary Griffith University, Nathan Campus Semester 1, 2014 Topics include: - Mendelian Genetics - Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic Genes - Sex Chromosomes - Variations
More informationActivities to Accompany the Genetics and Evolution App for ipad and iphone
Activities to Accompany the Genetics and Evolution App for ipad and iphone All of the following questions can be answered using the ipad version of the Genetics and Evolution App. When using the iphone
More informationNARRATION FOR UNDERSTANDING INHERITANCE: MENDEL, METHOD, AND MAPPING
NARRATION FOR UNDERSTANDING INHERITANCE: MENDEL, METHOD, AND MAPPING Each of us, unless we re an identical twin, is characterized by a unique combination of traits that makes us different from all other
More informationEvidence for evolution in Darwin s time came from several sources: 1. Fossils 2. Geography 3. Embryology 4. Anatomy
Evidence for evolution in Darwin s time came from several sources: 1. Fossils 2. Geography 3. Embryology 4. Anatomy 1 Fossils in different layers of rock (sedimentary rock strata) have shown: Evidence
More informationComputational Systems Biology: Biology X
Bud Mishra Room 1002, 715 Broadway, Courant Institute, NYU, New York, USA L#4:(October-0-4-2010) Cancer and Signals 1 2 1 2 Evidence in Favor Somatic mutations, Aneuploidy, Copy-number changes and LOH
More informationBy Mir Mohammed Abbas II PCMB 'A' CHAPTER CONCEPT NOTES
Chapter Notes- Genetics By Mir Mohammed Abbas II PCMB 'A' 1 CHAPTER CONCEPT NOTES Relationship between genes and chromosome of diploid organism and the terms used to describe them Know the terms Terms
More informationMammalogy Lecture 16 Conservation Genetics (with a side emphasis on Marine Mammals)
Mammalogy Lecture 16 Conservation Genetics (with a side emphasis on Marine Mammals) Initial definition: Allele An allele is a viable DNA coding that occupies a given locus (position) on a chromosome (plural
More informationHARDY- WEINBERG PRACTICE PROBLEMS
HARDY- WEINBERG PRACTICE PROBLEMS PROBLEMS TO SOLVE: 1. The proportion of homozygous recessives of a certain population is 0.09. If we assume that the gene pool is large and at equilibrium and all genotypes
More informationSOLUTION MANUAL FOR GENETICS FROM GENES TO GENOMES 5TH EDITION BY LELAND
SOLUTION MANUAL FOR GENETICS FROM GENES TO GENOMES 5TH EDITION BY LELAND Link download full:https://testbankservice.com/download/solutionmanual-for-genetics-from-genes-to-genomes-5th-edition-by-leland
More information