The koala is one of the few mammals (other than primates) that has fingerprints. In fact, koala fingerprints are remarkably similar to human

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2 The koala is one of the few mammals (other than primates) that has fingerprints. In fact, koala fingerprints are remarkably similar to human fingerprints; even with an electron microscope, it can be quite difficult to distinguish between the two.

3 History of Fingerprints Prehistoric 1. In ancient Babylon, fingerprints were used on clay tablets for business transactions. 2. In ancient China, thumb prints were found on clay seals. 3. In 14th century Persia, various official government papers had fingerprints (impressions), and one government official, a doctor, observed that no two fingerprints were exactly alike.

4 History of Fingerprints Marcello Malpighi 1686 Professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna. Noted in a paper the ridges, spirals and loops in fingerprints. He made no mention of their value as a tool for individual identification. A layer of skin was named after him; "Malpighi" layer, which is approximately 1.8mm thick.

5 History of Fingerprints John Evangelist Purkinji 1823 A professor of anatomy at the University of Breslau. Published his thesis discussing 9 fingerprint patterns, but he too made no mention of the value of fingerprints for personal identification.

6 History of Fingerprints Dr. Henry Faulds 1880 A British Surgeon & Superintendent of Tsukiji Hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Began to study what he called "skin-furrows" after noticing finger marks on specimens of prehistoric pottery. Dr. Faulds not only recognized the importance of fingerprints as a means of identification, but devised a method of classification as well.

7 In 1880, Faulds forwarded an explanation of his classification system and a sample of the forms he had designed for recording inked impressions, to Sir Charles Darwin. Darwin, in advanced age and ill health, informed Dr. Faulds that he could be of no assistance to him, but promised to pass the materials on to his cousin, Francis Galton.

8 Father of Contemporary Fingerprinting Sir Francis Galton A British anthropologist, began his observations of fingerprints as a means of identification in the 1880's. In 1892, he published his book, "Finger Prints", establishing the individuality and permanence of fingerprints. The book included the first classification system for fingerprints.

9 According to his calculations, the odds of two individual fingerprints being the same were 1 in 64 billion. Galton identified the characteristics by which fingerprints can be identified. These same characteristics (minutiae) are basically still in use today, and are sometimes referred to as Galton's Details.

10 History of Fingerprints 1901 Introduction of fingerprints for criminal identification in England and Wales, using Galton's observations and revised by Sir Edward Richard Henry. Thus began the Henry Classification System, used even today in all English speaking countries.

11 History of Fingerprints First systematic use of fingerprints in the U.S. by the New York Civil Service Commission for testing. Dr. Henry P. DeForrest pioneers U.S. fingerprinting The New York State Prison system began the first systematic use of fingerprints in U.S. for criminals The use of fingerprints began in Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary in Kansas, and the St. Louis Police Department. They were assisted by a Sergeant from Scotland Yard who had been on duty at the St. Louis Exposition guarding the British Display.

12 History of Fingerprints saw the use of fingerprints for the U.S. Army. Two years later the U.S. Navy started. Joined the next year by the Marine Corp. During the next 25 years, more law enforcement agencies joined in the use of fingerprints as a means of personal identification. Many of them began sending copies of their fingerprint cards to the National Bureau of Criminal Identification, (established by the International Association of Police Chiefs).

13 Edmond Locard wrote that if 12 points (Galton's Details) were the same between two fingerprints, it would suffice as a positive identification. This is where the often quoted (12 points) originated. Be aware though, there is "NO" required number of points necessary for an identification. Some countries have set their own standards which do include a minimum number of points, but not in the United States.

14 History of Fingerprints an Act of Congress established the Identification Division of the F.B.I. The National Bureau and Leavenworth consolidated to form the nucleus of the F.B.I. fingerprint files in By 1946, the F.B.I. had processed 100 million fingerprint cards in manually maintained files; and by 1971, 200 million cards. With the introduction of AFIS technology, the files were split into computerized criminal files and manually maintained civil files.

15 Future of fingerprinting FBI hopes to stop using paper fingerprint cards completely inside their new Integrated AFIS (IAFIS) site at Clarksburg, WV. IAFIS initially had individual computerized fingerprint records for approximately 33 million criminals.

16 In September 2014 The FBI announced that Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System was at full operation. IAFIS, is a national fingerprint and criminal history system that responds to requests 24 hours a day, 365 days a year to help our local, state, and federal partners solve and prevent crime and catch criminals and terrorists. IAFIS provides automated fingerprint search capabilities, latent search capability, electronic image storage, and electronic exchange of fingerprints and responses. Not only fingerprints, but: corresponding criminal histories; mug shots; scars and tattoo photos; physical characteristics like height, weight, and hair and eye color; and aliases.

17 The system also includes civil fingerprints, mostly of individuals who have served or are serving in the U.S. military or have been or are employed by the federal government. The fingerprints and criminal history information are submitted voluntarily by state, local, and federal law enforcement agencies. 70 million subjects in the criminal master file. 34 million civil prints. 73,000 known and suspected terrorists processed by the U.S. or by international law enforcement agencies who work with us. How fast it works: The average response time for an electronic criminal fingerprint submission is about 27 minutes, while electronic civil submissions are processed within an hour and 12 minutes. IAFIS processed more than 61 million ten-print submissions during Fiscal Year 2010.

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19 Limitations of fingerprints Most prints are not useful for a comparison, there is not enough information available in the print. Prints can be too old, too small, too dirty or damaged. Most fingerprints disappear after a few days or weeks.

20 Principles of Fingerprints First Principle: A fingerprint is an individual characteristic; no two fingers have yet been found to posses identical ridge characteristics.

21 Principles of Fingerprints Second Principle: A fingerprint will remain unchanged during an individual's lifetime.

22 John Dillinger Tried to Remove w/ Acid

23 Principles of Fingerprints Third Principle: Fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified.

24 Fingerprint Principles More details on the 3 fundamental principles: A fingerprint is an individual characteristic; no two people have been found with the exact same fingerprint pattern. A fingerprint pattern will remain unchanged for the life of an individual; however, the print itself may change due to permanent scars and skin diseases. Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge patterns that allow them to be systematically identified.

25 Basic Parts of a Print: Core The central pattern in the middle of the print. Delta A small up-side-down V shape that appears within most fingerprint patterns. Type Line The ridges that diverge (separate) above and below the delta.

26 Deltas & Cores

27 CLASSES OF FINGERPRINTS

28 Look for these basic patterns

29 Fingerprint Classes There are 3 specific classes for all fingerprints based upon their visual pattern: arches, loops, and whorls. Each group is divided into smaller groups as seen in the lists below. Arch Plain arch Tented arch Loop Radial Loop Ulnar loop Whorl Plain whorl Central pocket whorl Double loop whorl Accidentical

30 Loops Whorls Arches

31 Comparing the 3 classes: Dactyloscopy is the study of fingerprint identification. Police investigators are experts in collecting dactylograms, otherwise known as fingerprints. Percents within the population: 60% of people have loops, 35% have whorls, 5% have arches Composite prints are the same as accidental whorls. Graph %s are representative of a smaller population.

32 Arches Arches are the simplest type of fingerprints that are formed by ridges that enter on one side of the print, rise slightly, and then exit on the other. No deltas are present. Spike or tent Plain Arch Ridges enter on one side and exit on the other side. Tented Arches Similar to the plain arch, but has a spike in the center.

33 Only 5 percent of the population has arches. Two distinct types-- plain arches and tented arches. Plain arches tend to show a wave like pattern. Tented arches show a sharp spike at the center of the arch. Arches do not have type line, deltas or cores.

34 Plain Arch The simplest of all fingerprint patterns; a plain arch is formed by ridges entering from one side of the print, rising slightly and exiting on the opposite side.

35 Tented Arch A tented arch rises sharply upward causing the center of the print to look like a tent. By definition, the angle of the lines on a tented arch meets at less than a 90- degree angle.

36 Comparison:

37 Loops Loops must have one delta and one or more ridges that enter and leave on the same side of the core. These patterns are named for their positions related to the radius and ulna bones. Delta Ulnar Loop (Right Thumb) Loop opens toward right or the ulna bone. Radial Loop (Right Thumb) Loop opens toward the left or the radial bone.

38 Radial Loop vs. Ulnar Loop Radial Loops enter the core from the side of the hand where the radius is located, and exit on the same side. Both lines lead to the radius. Ulnar Loops - enter the core from the side of the hand where the ulna is located, and exit on the same side. Both lines lead to the ulna.

39 Loops: 60-65% of the population has loops: 1 or more ridges entering from one side of the print, curving, and exiting from the same side. The pattern area of a loop is surrounded by 2 diverging ridges known as type lines. All loops must have at least 1 delta. The Core is the approximate center of the pattern. Loop opening toward little finger = ulnar loop. Loop opening toward thumb = radial loop.

40 Ulnar Loops Radial Loops

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42 Whorls Whorls have at least one ridge that makes (or tends to make) a complete circuit. They also have at least two deltas. If a print has more than two deltas, it is most likely an accidental. Plain Whorl Central Pocket Whorl Draw a line between the two deltas in the plain and central pocket whorls. If some of the curved ridges touch the line, it is a plain whorl. If none of the center core touches the line, it is a central pocket whorl.

43 Whorls Part 2 Double Loop Whorl Accidental Whorl Delta Delta Double loop whorls are made up of any two loops combined into one print. Accidental whorls contain two or more patterns (not including the plain arch), or does not clearly fall under any of the other categories.

44 Whorls One or more cores At least two deltas

45 Whorls: 30-35% of the population has whorls: All whorl patterns must have type lines and two deltas Four major types: plain, central pocket, double loop, accidental Plain whorls must have at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit, and an imaginary line from one delta to the other must touch a whorl ridge. Central pocket whorls must have at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit, and an imaginary line from one delta to the other cannot touch a whorl ridge. Double loop is two loops combined to make one whorl. Any other types not in the three categories are called accidentals (generally, they have a whorl type pattern, which is why they are in the whorl grouping).

46 Plain Whorl Two Deltas One Core Displays a degree of symmetry

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48 Central Pocket Whorl Two Deltas One Core Lacks Symmetry A delta is often observed near the core bsapp.com

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50 Double Loop Two Deltas Two Cores Appears to have an S in the print

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52 Accidental All other prints

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54 Identify each fingerprint pattern. Left Hand Right Hand Right Hand Right Hand Left Hand

55 A Closer Look at Fingerprints

56 Ridgeology: The study of the uniqueness of friction ridge structures and their use for personal identification. The uniqueness of a fingerprint can be determined by the pattern of ridges and valleys as well as the minutiae points, which are points where the ridge structure changes.

57 Fingerprint Identification When minutiae on two different prints match, these are called points of similarity or points of identification. At this point there is no international standard for the number of points of identification required for a match between two fingerprints. However, the United Kingdom requires a minimum sixteen points while Australia requires twelve.

58 Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) AFIS is a computerized system capable of reading, classifying, matching, and storing fingerprints for criminal justice agencies. Quality latent fingerprints are entered into the AFIS for a search for possible matches against the state maintained databases for fingerprint records to help establish the identity of unknown deceased persons or suspects in a criminal case.

59 Ridge Characteristics Use these characteristics as points of identification when comparing fingerprint samples. The more points you can find in common, the better the match!

60 Ridge Characteristics Crossover Core Bifurcation (fork) Scar Ridge ending Island Delta Pore

61 How many ridge characteristics can you identify in this fingerprint?

62 Lets practice. Anyone want to volunteer to identify some parts of these next few prints?

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