Personal Factors Influencing Operator Performance

Transcription

1 Personal Factors Influencing Operator Performance HED 302s Driver Task Analysis Dale O. Ritzel, Ph.D., FAASE Director Emeritus, Safety Center Southern Illinois University Carbondale, IL Dale O. Ritzel

2 Personal Factors Influencing Performance Long Term Dysfunctions Alcohol and Other Drugs Fatigue Sleep Needs Special Populations Aging Compensating for Dysfunctions

3 Long Term Disabilities Paraplegia Leg Dysfunctions Arm Dysfunctions Dexterity Range of Motion

4 Long Term Disabilities Quadriplegia Inability to Grasp and Turn Steering Wheel Inability to Use Standard Vehicle Controls Possible Body Balancing Problem Difficulty in Entry and Exit, Wheelchair Storage Fatigue Levels Need Consideration Inability to See Entire Field of Traffic Flow

5 Long Term Disabilities Lack Of Body Balance Danger in Falling on Sudden Turns or Stops Other Body Balancing Problems Body Size Insufficient or Too Much Height for Visibility Inability to Grasp and Turn Steering Wheel Inability to Use Standard Vehicle Controls Possible Body Balancing Problem Steering Maneuvers Difficult

6 Long Term Disabilities Muscle Weakness/Control Inability to Grasp and Turn Steering Wheel Inability to Use Brake and Clutch Difficulty Releasing Parking Brake Involuntary Movements, Spasms May Present Danger

7 Long Term Disabilities Fatigue and Lapse of Consciousness Inability to Maintain Attention Over Long Periods Potential for Serious Risk in Driving Sources: Physical Handicap Summaries, Ohio State University

8 Special Populations Non-readers Mentally Challenged Physically Challenged Emotionally Challenged

9 Do They Pack The Same Punch? [Hint: The answer is no. Search the course materials and Web sites to find out why the alcohol content of each is different {the worksheets will help shown this}] Beer Whiskey Wine Champagne COOLER Coolers B REEZER

10 Assignment: Complete the 3 worksheets that can be accessed at the following Web site. Send your responses back to the Instructor at safety@siu.edu. After completing the worksheets, go back and respond to the previous slide. Alcohol Content Worksheets

11 Elimination Rate Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC).15% STOPS.12% INTOXICATION LEVEL.15% Legal Intoxication Most States Some States.10% Legal Impairment.05%.02%.00% HOURS 9 pm 10 pm 11 pm 12 am 1 am 2 am 3 am 4 am 5 am 6 am 7 am 8 am 9 am ABSORPTION ELIMINATION

12 Relative Risk of Crash Relative Risk of Fatal Crash As a Function of BAC and Age Blood Alcohol Concentration

13 Relative Risk of Crash and Age BAC AGE BY BAC LEVEL.15 AND GREATER INCREASED RISK OF DEATH

14 Assignment Review the DUI laws in the State of Illinois Click on the following Web Site to review the current DUI laws in Illinois Rules of the Road DUI Laws

15 DRUGS CATEGORIES Nonprescription & Over the Counter Prescription Illegal or Illicit TYPES Stimulants Depressants Hallucinogens Narcotics

16 Stimulants Amphetamines Common Names Speed, footballs, ups, pep pills, bumblebees, methedrine, dexedrine, hearts, uppers, black beauties Medical Use Weight control, fatigue control, mild depression, hyperkinesis, narcolepsy Side Effects Loss of coordination, over-excitability, false sense of alertness, lack of concentration, raised blood pressure, decreased appetite

17 Stimulants Caffeine Common Names Found in coffee, tea, cola drinks Medical Use Cluster headaches and to stimulate failing heart Possible Side Effects Irritability, nervousness, tremors, heart irregularities, increased heart blood pressure and pulse rate, stomach pain

18 Stimulant Nicotine Common Names Found in tobacco Medical Use Not really Side Effects Irritability, nervousness, tremors, increased blood pressure and pulse rate, stomach pain

19 Depressants Ethyl Alcohol Common Names booze Medical Use None Side Effects Affects judgment, reactions

20 Depressants Analgesics Common Names Pain pills Medical Use Arthritis/ reeumatism Side Effects Drowsiness, inability to concentrate

21 Depressants Anti-diabetics Common Names Sugar medicine Medical Use Diabetes Side Effects Drowsiness, inability to concentrate, insulin shock and diabetic coma

22 Depressants Barbiturates Common Names downers, bards, blue devils, red devils, yellow, nembutal, seconal Medical Use High blood pressure, epilepsy, insomnia, emotional stress Side Effects Drowsiness, staggering, blurred vision, distorted reality, slurred speech, hyperactivity, excitability, unconsciousness

23 Depressants Sedatives Common Names Qualludes, ludes, sopors, valium, libruim, equanil, miltown, strains Medical Use High blood pressure, epilepsy, insomnia, emotional stress, muscle sprains Side Effects Drowsiness, staggering, blurred vision, distorted reality, slurred speech, attitudinal changes, disinterest, depression, short-term memory loss

24 Hallucinogens Cannabis Common Names Pot, grass, weed, dope, Mary Jane, sinsemila, reefer, Acapulco gold, shit, Thai sticks Medical Use Experimental- glaucoma, cancer Side Effects Anxiety, loss of concentration, time speed distortion, motivation and cognition may be altered

25 Hallucinogens Lysergic Acid Common Names LSD, acid, mcrodot, green or red dragon, white lightening, blue heaven, sugar cubes Medical Use None Side Effects Distortion, increased heart rate, raised blood pressure, hallucinations and mental lapses

26 Hallucinogens Mescaline/Peyote Common Names Mesc, button, cactus Medical Use None Side Effects Distortion, increased heart rate, raised blood pressure, hallucinations and mental lapses

27 Phencyclidien Hallucinogens Common Names PCP, angel dust, hog, love-boat, lovely, killer weed Medical Use None Side Effects Confused sensory impressions

28 Hallucinogens Psilocybine (active ingredient in wild mushrooms) Common Names shrooms, shrooming Medical Use None Side Effects Visual/auditory hallucinations

29 Hallucinogens Volatile (Deliriant and Inhalant) Common Names Fumes of gasoline, glue, lighter fluid, nail polish Medical Use None Side Effects Excitement, hallucinations, impair judgment, can permanently damage nervoussystem

30 Narcotics Cocaine (Crack, stimulant) Common Names Coke, snow, lady flake, white blow, nose candy, big C, snowbirds, crack, freebase, rocks, rock, paste basuco Medical Use Formerly a painkiller, anxiety, tactile Side Effects Hallucinations, paranoia, slurred speech, euphoria, confusion

31 Narcotics Opiates Common Names Codeine, heroin, methadone, morphine, opium, percodan, darvon Medical Use Pain killer Side Effects Drowsiness, apathy, stupor, nausea, vomiting, slowed reactions

32 Narcotics Designer Drugs Common Names Ecstasy, XTC, MDNA, MDMA Medical Use To treat depression

33 Causes of Fatigue Fatigue is that state following a period of mental or bodily activity characterized by a lessened capacity for work and reduced efficiency of accomplishment Normal Fatigue Disruption of Circadian Rhythm Sleep period danger: 12:00 am to 6:00 am Sleep period danger: 1:00 pm to 3:00 pm Emotional Fatigue Disease-induced Fatigue

34 Physical Fatigue Symptoms Tired Muscles General Body Sensation of Tiredness Sleepiness A Tired Feeling in Head

35 Physical Fatigue Symptoms Localized Pain in Back of Head Pain and Soreness in Muscles Stiffness in Joints Swelling of Hands and Feet

36 Mental Fatigue Symptoms Inability to Keep Fixed Attention Impaired Memory Failure To Grasp New Ideas Difficulty/Slowness in Reasoning

37 Delaying Fatigue Onset Avoid Long Drives Unless Fit Avoid Leaning Forward Avoid Driving Long Stretches Keep Your Eyes Moving Let In Fresh Air

38 Delaying Fatigue Symptoms Change Drivers at Regular Intervals Wear Your Safety Belt Avoid Getting Angry Proper Adjustment of HVAC

39 Drowsy Drivers Can Kill According to the United States Department of Transportation, drowsiness or fatigue plays a role in one to ten percent of the 20 million automobile accidents which occur each year in the United States. Sleep-related crashes are most common in young people (ages 18 to 25) who stay up too late, sleep too little, and drive at night. Studies suggest that 20% to 30% of those with non- traditional work schedules have had a sleep-related driving mishap within the last year. Truck drivers, who drive at night when the body is sleepiest, are especially susceptible to sleep- related crashes. Over 30 million Americans are afflicted with sleep disorders like sleep apnea, narcolepsy and chronic insomnia. All lead to excessive sleepiness. Most people with sleep disorders remain undiagnosed and are at high risk for a sleep-related accident.

40 Drowsy Drivers Can Kill Studies conducted at Stanford University's Sleep Research Center confirm that after the first sleep event drivers cannot predict the next time they will drift off the road. There is a significant chance that the second or third time a driver drifts it may be into the median -- or into another vehicle. Studies also show that it doesn't take a full night's sleep to restore some attentiveness. A 15 minute nap can sometimes restore enough alertness to safely drive for a while. Eventually though, the sleep deficit must be paid up with a full night's rest.

41 Driving and sleep Warning Signs of Fatigue while driving: Can't remember the last few miles Experience wandering or disconnected thoughts Have difficulty focusing or keeping eyes open Have trouble keeping head up Drift from the lane Yawn repeatedly If you are frequently sleepy during the day, contact your physician or sleep disorder center for diagnosis.

42 TIPS FOR AVOIDING SLEEP- RELATED ACCIDENTS: Get a good night's sleep (the average person requires 8 hours) Plan to drive long trips with a companion. Conversation Relieves tiredness and monotony, so share driving. Take a break every 2 hours or 100 miles. Get out and do some exercise or take a minute nap. Avoid alcohol and medications that could impair performance Keep the car cool and listen to lively music Watch your posture - slouching brings on fatigue

43 Unit Assignment Prepare a 2-3 page paper addressing the physiological, psychological or sociological factors that appear to influence the crash records of the various groups of persons using the HTS, giving specific attention to age and gender. Send paper to dritzel@siu.edu