Tobacco Trends 2007 A brief update on monitoring indicators

Transcription

1 Tobacco Trends 2007 A brief update on monitoring indicators

2 Citation: Ministry of Health Tobacco Trends 2007: A brief update on monitoring indicators. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Published in June 2008 by the Ministry of Health PO Box 5013, Wellington, New Zealand ISBN (online) HP 4586 This document is available on the Ministry of Health s website:

3 Author This report was written by Sharon Ponniah, Advisor (Tobacco Research), Public Health Intelligence, Ministry of Health. Tobacco Trends 2007 iii

4 Foreword Tobacco continues to be a leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in New Zealand, accountable for an estimated 5000 deaths every year. Smoking is a major contributor to health inequalities, and monitoring behaviours relating to tobacco use is vital in order to inform the development, implementation and evaluation of tobacco control policies and initiatives over time. Tobacco Trends is an annual publication reporting key indicators of tobacco use that are monitored every year. As the prevalence of smoking over 2005 and 2006 has been reported in depth in Tobacco Trends 2006 and the New Zealand Tobacco Use Survey Report 2006, these statistics will not be covered in great detail here. Instead the current publication is a brief update of indicators collected from other data sources for the prevalence of smoking, consumption and supply, and youth tobacco use. The data presented in this report have been drawn from the New Zealand Tobacco Use Survey, the New Zealand Census, Statistics New Zealand data on tobacco products released for consumption, annual tobacco returns submitted to the Ministry of Health by the tobacco industry, the Year 10 Survey and the ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd omnibus survey. Comments on this report should be sent to Public Health Intelligence, Ministry of Health, PO Box 5013, Wellington. Dr Barry Borman Manager (Epidemiologist) Public Health Intelligence iv Tobacco Trends 2007

5 Contents Executive Summary vii Prevalence of Smoking in New Zealand 1 The New Zealand Tobacco Use Survey 2006 and the New Zealand Census Changes to prevalence over time 4 Tobacco Use and Youth 6 Smoking and District Health Boards 8 Consumption and Supply 13 References 14 Appendices Appendix A: Methodology 15 Appendix B: ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd Data 17 Appendix C: Consumption and Supply 21 Tobacco Trends 2007 v

6 List of Tables Table 1: The prevalence of smoking by age group (%): Census 2006 compared with NZTUS Table 2: Prevalence of daily smoking (%) in Year 10 students, by sex and ethnicity, Table 3: Prevalence of regular smokers (%), by gender and DHB, Table 4: Prevalence of regular smokers (%), by ethnicity and DHB, Table 5: Prevalence of regular smokers (%), by age group and DHB, Table 6: Prevalence of daily smoking (%) in Year 10 students, by DHB, Table B1: Prevalence of smoking (%) (15+ years), by tobacco product category and age, 2006 and 2007 combined 17 Table B2: Prevalence of cigarette smoking (%) (15+ years), by age, sex and ethnicity, Table C1: Tobacco products released for consumption in New Zealand, Table C2: Annual tobacco returns, List of Figures Figure 1: Prevalence of current/regular smokers (%), by age group: Census 2006 compared with NZTUS Figure 2: Prevalence of current cigarette smoking in those aged 15+ years (%), Figure 3: Prevalence of daily smoking in Year 10 students, by sex, Figure 4: Tobacco consumed per adult (15+ years): tobacco products released ( ) and annual tobacco returns ( ) 13 Figure B1: Prevalence of cigarette smoking (%), by ethnicity, vi Tobacco Trends 2007

7 Executive Summary The ability to produce reliable national estimates of the prevalence of smoking in New Zealand continues to grow every year. Three national data sources were available in 2006: the New Zealand Tobacco Use Survey, ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd data on time trends and the New Zealand Census. This document provides a brief update using these data sources and others previously presented in Tobacco Trends. The 2006 Census provides the most up to date and reliable representation of smoking in New Zealand. In 2006 the prevalence of smoking from the Census for the population aged 15+ years was 20.7%. Information on time trends from 1976 indicates that overall, though the prevalence of smoking has slowed, it continues to decrease gradually over time. Smoking among Year 10 students continued to decline as well between 2005 and 2006: from 10.7% to 10.1% among girls and from 7.2% to 6.2% among boys. Compared with 2005, tobacco consumption per capita decreased by around 1.6% to 1016 cigarette equivalents per capita (in the population aged 15+ years) in The Census was a key source of information in 2006 for calculating actual population estimates and robust breakdowns by District Health Board. Analyses from the Census indicate strongly that smoking is a bigger problem in some regions than in others. Tobacco Trends 2007 vii

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9 Prevalence of Smoking in New Zealand The prevalence of smoking in New Zealand has been measured through various sources over time. In New Zealand, prevalence measures refer to smoked tobacco products only that is, manufactured cigarettes (also referred to as ready-made, tailormade and factory-made cigarettes), roll-your-own tobacco, cigars, cigarillos and pipes. In 2006 smoking prevalence was measured from three sources: the New Zealand Tobacco Use Survey (NZTUS), the New Zealand Census 2006 and the annual ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd omnibus survey. An analysis of smoking prevalence based on NZTUS data has been previously reported in depth in Tobacco Trends 2006 (Ministry of Health 2006) and the New Zealand Tobacco Use Survey Report 2007 (Ministry of Health 2007). Full copies of these reports may be downloaded from the Ministry of Health s website: The following section presents a comparison of the data from the NZTUS 2006 and the Census 2006, and an update on changes in smoking prevalence over 2006 and 2007 from the ACNielsen omnibus survey. The New Zealand Tobacco Use Survey 2006 and the New Zealand Census 2006 Both the NZTUS and the Census were conducted in The NZTUS is a face-toface computer assisted survey of New Zealanders aged 15 to 64 years that is designed to provide representative estimates of the New Zealand population. It was used in field for the first time in The Census, on the other hand, is actually representative of the New Zealand population; comparisons of NZTUS estimates with the Census enable the accuracy and robustness of the NZTUS data to be checked. Differences between the two data sources are outlined below. Variations in questions and definitions of smokers in New Zealand in particular are highlighted as these affect the rates that are reported. Data from both sources are also presented in order to illustrate how these sources can produce different smoking rates and to explain those differences. Questions and definitions Census 2006 Two questions were asked in the Census (1996, 2006) to determine smoking status. 1. Do you smoke cigarettes regularly? (Yes / No) 2. Have you ever been a regular smoker of one or more cigarettes a day? (Yes / No) Tobacco Trends

10 The Census definition of a regular smoker is someone who smokes cigarettes regularly that is, one or more cigarettes a day. An ex-smoker is defined as someone who used to smoke regularly, but no longer does. The definition for someone who never smoked regularly is a person who has never been a regular smoker. Smoking of pipes, cigars and cigarillos, use of other smoked substances such as marijuana and chewing of tobacco are not included in these definitions. NZTUS 2006 The NZTUS 2006 asks three questions to determine prevalence. 1. Have you smoked a total of 100 cigarettes in your whole life? (Yes / No) 2. How often do you now smoke? (Don t smoke now / At least once a day / At least once a week / At least once a month / Less often than once a month) 3. Did you ever smoke daily for a period of time? (Yes / No) The NZTUS definition of a current smoker is someone who currently smokes tobacco products; the definition includes daily and non-daily smokers. An ex-smoker is someone who used to smoke tobacco products daily, but no longer does so. A never smoker is someone who has never been a daily smoker and who has not smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime. Smoking of marijuana and use of non-smoked tobacco products are not included in these definitions. Differences between the Census and the NZTUS in their definitions of smoking status should be noted when interpreting data. The way smoking status is defined accounts for variations in reported smoking prevalence rates between the two data sources. A key difference between these two data sources is that the NZTUS reports current smoking as the prevalence of daily and non-daily smokers, while the Census reports smoking prevalence as daily smokers only. The second key point to note is the divergence between never smoker (NZTUS) and never smoked regularly (Census): the definition of never smoked regularly used by the Census includes non-daily smokers, while the NZTUS does not. Again, this difference in definitions accounts for discrepancies between rates. Response rates and non-response rates Census 2006 The 2006 Census reported a non-response rate of 5.2%. NZTUS 2006 The NZTUS reported a response rate of 75.4%. 2 Tobacco Trends 2007

11 A comparison of smoking prevalence Census 2006 The prevalence of smoking in the New Zealand population aged 15+ years, as reported in the 2006 Census, is as follows: regular smokers 20.7%; ex-smokers 22.1%; never smoked regularly 57.2%. NZTUS 2006 The prevalence of smoking in the New Zealand population aged years, as reported in the NZTUS 2006, is as follows: current smokers 23.5%; ex-smokers 20.1%; never smokers 52.2%. Table 1 compares smoking prevalence as reported in the NZTUS 2006 and the Census 2006, broken down by age group. The 20.7% prevalence of regular smokers aged 15+ years presented by the Census increases to 23.0% when recalculated using the age group of years. This figure is comparable with the NZTUS figure of 23.5% for current smokers and underlines the importance of using the same age range when comparing data. Essentially this comparison indicates that the prevalence of smoking among people aged over 64 years is low and that including this age group in prevalence calculations reduces the overall figure for prevalence. Table 1: The prevalence of smoking by age group (%): Census 2006 compared with NZTUS 2006 Age group Regular/current smoker Ex-smoker Never smoker Census NZTUS Census NZTUS Census NZTUS years 18.8% 26.8% 4.6% 5.5% 76.7% 70.3% years 29.8% 30.3% 11.3% 11.9% 58.8% 51.4% years 28.6% 28.7% 16.2% 9.8% 55.2% 55.7% years 25.6% 25.6% 19.1% 19.8% 55.3% 49.5% years 23.3% 22.1% 22.3% 21.6% 54.5% 51.6% years 18.7% 17.1% 27.6% 30.6% 53.7% 47.7% years 15.2% 15.6% 32.9% 39.8% 51.8% 41.6% 65+ years 8.0% N/A 35.1% N/A 56.9% N/A 15+ years 20.7% N/A 22.1% N/A 57.2% N/A years 23.0% 23.5% 19.7% 20.1% 57.3% 52.2% Source: Statistics New Zealand; NZTUS 2006 Note: The NZTUS only collects data from people aged 15 to 64 years; rates are therefore unavailable for 65+ years and 15+ years. Tobacco Trends

12 Figure 1 highlights the similarities of smoking prevalence rates coming from the Census and NZTUS 2006 across all age groups. The only major discrepancy between the two data sources is in the year group. It is unclear why this discrepancy arises. However, the NZTUS may facilitate more honest responses from young people as it allows respondents the option of entering their responses privately and away from supervising adults. This line of reasoning would suggest that the Census may underestimate the true smoking prevalence in this age group. Figure 1: Prevalence of current/regular smokers (%), by age group: Census 2006 compared with NZTUS % percentage Census NZTUS 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% years years years years years years years years age group Source: Statistics New Zealand; NZTUS 2006 Note: The final pair of bars compares the Census 2006 and NZTUS 2006 rates for the New Zealand prevalence of smoking (15 64 years). Changes to prevalence over time ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd collects information annually about the prevalence of smokers through ongoing omnibus consumer surveys. The method of data collection differs markedly from the approaches of the Census and the NZTUS (see Appendix A for further information). The key advantage of this data source is that it provides information about smoking prevalence from 1975, enabling long-term trends to be monitored. Figure 2 presents the time series for people aged 15 years and over from 1976 to the third quarter of Tobacco Trends 2007

13 Figure 2: Prevalence of current cigarette smoking in those aged 15+ years (%), Percent Year Source: Statistics New Zealand; ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd Notes: 1. In 2003 prevalence of smoking was collected for 18+ years. 2. Data for 2007 are for three quarters (January to September) only. The prevalence of smoking in 2006 was 23.6% and in 2007 was 23.0%. As an overall trend, smoking is decreasing gradually; minor variations in estimates are expected due to statistical factors. The prevalence figure for 2007 is the last data point that will be presented for this time trend as ACNielsen is no longer collecting this information through this data source. Time trends for monitoring smoking prevalence will be replaced with the NZTUS and the New Zealand Health Survey in future. Tobacco Trends

14 Tobacco Use and Youth A number of surveys in New Zealand collect information about youth and smoking. Key surveys include the NZTUS and the Year 10 survey, which is part of a collection of surveys in the New Zealand Youth Tobacco Monitor (see Ministry of Health 2006). Information about youth smoking and smoking behaviours was reported in the Tobacco Trends 2006 (Ministry of Health 2006) and the New Zealand Tobacco Use Survey Report 2006 (Ministry of Health 2007). Data from the 2006 Year 10 Survey are reported below. Information about the methodology of the Year 10 Survey is included in the Appendix A. A copy of the full report may be found on the Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) New Zealand website: Figure 3: Prevalence of daily smoking in Year 10 students, by sex, Percent Girls Boys Source: Year 10 Survey 2006 Year The Year 10 Survey indicates that over 2005 and 2006 the prevalence of smoking among Year 10 students (aged 14 to 15 years) decreased from 10.7% to 10.1% in girls and from 7.2% to 6.2% in boys (see Figure 3). This trend is consistent with an ongoing decrease in smoking prevalence in this age group since Similarly, this survey indicates a continuing decrease in smoking prevalence across all ethnic groups (see Table 2). 6 Tobacco Trends 2007

15 Table 2: Prevalence of daily smoking (%) in Year 10 students, by sex and ethnicity, Girls Māori Pacific Asian European/Other Boys Māori Pacific Asian European/Other Source: Year 10 Survey Tobacco Trends

16 Smoking and District Health Boards Information about smoking prevalence in District Health Board (DHBs) was initially reported in the New Zealand Tobacco Use Survey Report 2006 (Ministry of Health 2007). For the current report, the data from the NZTUS have been replaced with estimates from the 2006 Census (Statistics New Zealand). Estimates from the 2006 Census, broken down by DHB, are more accurate and representative of the New Zealand population. Therefore these are the rates that should be used for reference. They are presented in Tables 3 6 below. Public Health Intelligence (PHI) is currently looking into statistical modelling techniques to estimate prevalence for indicators not measured by the Census. The resulting estimates will be updated and available at PHIOnline ( Further tables with smoking prevalence broken down by DHB can be found at the Ministry of Health s website ( Table 3 presents the prevalence of regular smokers in all 21 DHBs stratified by gender. DHBs with the highest smoking prevalence rates in New Zealand are Tairawhiti (29.7%), Lakes (27.2%), Whanganui (26.3%), and Northland and West Coast (both at 25.7%). Smoking prevalence rates broken down by ethnicity and age group are presented in Tables 4 and 5. 8 Tobacco Trends 2007

17 Table 3: Prevalence of regular smokers (%), by gender and DHB, 2006 DHB Females (%) Males (%) Total (%) Auckland Bay of Plenty Canterbury Capital and Coast Counties Manukau Hawke s Bay Hutt Lakes MidCentral Nelson Marlborough Northland Otago South Canterbury Southland Tairawhiti Taranaki Waikato Wairarapa Waitemata West Coast Whanganui New Zealand Source: Statistics New Zealand Note: Total percentage presented is for population aged 15+ years. Tobacco Trends

18 Table 4: Prevalence of regular smokers (%), by ethnicity and DHB, 2006 DHB Ethnic group (%) European Māori Pacific peoples Asian MELAA Other ethnicity Total (%) Auckland Bay of Plenty Canterbury Capital and Coast Counties Manukau Hawke s Bay Hutt Lakes MidCentral Nelson Marlborough Northland Otago South Canterbury Southland Tairawhiti Taranaki Waikato Wairarapa Waitemata West Coast Whanganui New Zealand Source: Statistics New Zealand Notes: 1. The rates presented for ethnicity are prioritised response rates. 2. Total percentage presented is for population aged 15+ years. 3. MELAA stands for Middle Eastern, Latin American and African ethnic groups. 10 Tobacco Trends 2007

19 Table 5: Prevalence of regular smokers (%), by age group and DHB, 2006 DHB Age group (years) (%) Auckland Bay of Plenty Canterbury Capital and Coast Counties Manukau Hawke s Bay Hutt Lakes MidCentral Nelson Marlborough Northland Otago South Canterbury Southland Tairawhiti Taranaki Waikato Wairarapa Waitemata West Coast Whanganui New Zealand Source: Statistics New Zealand In Table 5, rates for people aged 15 to 64 years have been presented alongside rates for those aged 15+ years for comparative purposes. Of note is the general increase in prevalence across all DHBs when the 65+ age group is excluded from the calculation. Even on the basis of this analysis, however, the highest rates of smoking are still found in Tairawhiti (33.5%), Whanganui (30.5%), Lakes (30.4%) and Northland (29.3%) DHBs. Tobacco Trends

20 Table 6: Prevalence of daily smoking (%) in Year 10 students, by DHB, DHB Year (%) Auckland Bay of Plenty Canterbury Capital and Coast Counties Manukau Hawke s Bay Hutt Valley Lakes MidCentral Nelson Marlborough Northland Otago South Canterbury Southland Tairawhiti Taranaki Waikato Wairarapa Waitemata West Coast Whanganui Source: Year 10 Survey Among youth aged 14 and 15 years (Year 10), the prevalence of smoking is much lower than the prevalence among those aged years (see Table 5). The marked difference suggests a delay in smoking uptake. Table 6 highlights the general decrease in prevalence across all DHBs for the younger age group. 12 Tobacco Trends 2007

21 Consumption and Supply In New Zealand, tobacco consumption and supply are measured through annual tobacco products released (Statistics New Zealand), annual tobacco returns (Laugesen 2007) and the NZTUS. Information about the quantity of manufactured cigarettes and loose tobacco released for consumption on the New Zealand market is collected and reported annually by Statistics New Zealand. Information about the amount of tobacco products, including manufactured and loose tobacco, sold to retailers each year is reported to the Director- General of Health annually by the tobacco industry, as required by the Smoke-free Environments Act As Figure 4 indicates, the downward trend in consumption of tobacco that has been observed since the 1970s has slowed. The number of cigarette equivalents released per adult decreased by around 1.6% over 2005 to 1016 per capita (in the population aged 15+ years) in 2006, following on from a 3% increase in the previous year. See Appendix C for further data around consumption and supply. Figure 4: Tobacco consumed per adult (15+ years): tobacco products released ( ) and annual tobacco returns ( ) Cigarette equivalents per adult Tobacco products released Annual Tobacco returns Source: Statistics New Zealand; Ministry of Health Notes: 1. One cigarette equivalent equals one manufactured cigarette or one gram of loose tobacco. Year 2. The volume of cigarettes and tobacco available for consumption represents products cleared for local consumption on which duty has been paid. 3. Loose tobacco includes a small amount of pipe tobacco. Cigars are excluded. Tobacco Trends

22 References Laugesen M Tobacco Manufacturers Returns for the 2006 Calendar Year: Report to the Ministry of Health. Unpublished report to the Ministry of Health. URL: Accessed 10 October Ministry of Health Clearing the Smoke: A five-year plan for tobacco control in New Zealand Wellington: Ministry of Health. URL: Accessed 21 November Ministry of Health. 2005a. Seeing through the Smoke: Tobacco monitoring in New Zealand. Public Health Intelligence Occasional Bulletin No. 26. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Ministry of Health. 2005b. Tobacco Facts Wellington: Ministry of Health. Ministry of Health Tobacco Facts Wellington: Ministry of Health. Ministry of Health New Zealand Tobacco Use Survey Report Wellington: Ministry of Health. Scragg R Report of National Year 10 Snapshot Smoking Surveys. Unpublished report to ASH and HSC URL: Accessed 12 July Tobacco Trends 2007

23 Appendix A: Methodology A1 ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd methodology ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd administers consumer omnibus surveys annually to approximately 11,000 households. Surveys are conducted face-to-face, with one respondent per household. There are two tobacco-related questions in the survey, from which prevalence estimates are derived. Show cards itemising manufactured cigarettes, roll-your-own tobacco, pipes, cigars and cigarillos are used in conjunction with questions. Respondents are asked, Which of these products, if any, do you ever smoke? and How many manufactured/roll-your-own tobacco cigarettes do you smoke in an average day? Cigarette smokers are defined as those who smoke any manufactured or roll-your-own tobacco cigarettes. Data obtained from ACNielsen are weighted to reflect age, sex and household characteristics of the Census population. Confidence intervals are provided where possible. Data are analysed using SAS (Version 9.1). A2 Year 10 Smoking Survey methodology The Year 10 Smoking Survey is a national survey administered to Year 10 students (14- to 15-year-olds) annually. The first objective of the survey is to investigate trends in the last five years ( in relation to: adolescent smoking prevalence; parental smoking prevalence; and smoking in the home. The second objective is to provide information on sex, ethnic and socioeconomic inequalities within youth populations. Action on Smoking and Health manages data collection of this survey, utilising Research Solutions to process the data. The Year 10 Smoking Survey is funded by the Ministry of Health. In 2004 and 2005 the Health Sponsorship Council assisted with the collection of data with analytical support from the University of Auckland. Information derived from these surveys is important for initiating tobacco control programmes to reduce smoking among New Zealand youth. Participating schools receive their individual data and, if a school consents, its particular data are forwarded to its local Public Health Unit. Methods The Year 10 Smoking Survey employs a census-style approach to measure smoking prevalence and smoking-related behaviour over time. Students answer anonymous, self-administered questionnaires. Data are analysed using SAS (Version 9.1). Tobacco Trends

24 In 2005 the total number of questionnaires returned was 33,219. Of this total, 32,761 were analysed; the other questionnaires were not used due to missing variables such as sex, ethnicity and cigarette smoking information. Over the period of 1999 to 2006, a total of 214,654 Year 10 students answered an anonymous self-administered questionnaire as part of this annual survey. Note that the order of possible responses to the question, How often do you now smoke, was reversed in 2004 and Analysis of data has not shown any huge deviations as a result of this change. 16 Tobacco Trends 2007

25 Appendix B: ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd Data Table B1: Prevalence of smoking (%) (15+ years), by tobacco product category and age, 2006 and 2007 combined Age group (years) Manufactured cigarettes Roll-your-own tobacco Any cigarettes Daily cigarette smoking All smokers Total (5.7, 11.5) (12.8, 20.4) (17.1, 25.5) (16.6, 24.9) (17.5, 25.9) (15.2, 23.5) (15.9, 24.3) (29.1, 39.0) (28.1, 37.9) (29.1, 39.0) (12.1, 19.4) (17.3, 25.5) (27.4, 36.8) (26.2, 35.4) (27.4, 36.8) (12.5, 19.6) (12.6, 19.7) (22.8, 31.4) (21.9, 30.5) (23.3, 32.0) (10.6, 16.9) (12.1, 18.8) (21.9, 30.0) (21.2, 29.2) (21.9, 30.0) (10.7, 17.4) (11.6, 18.4) (22.8, 31.3) (21.9, 30.4) (23.3, 31.9) (10.8, 17.8) (9.8, 16.6) (20.2, 28.8) (18.8, 27.2) (20.7, 29.4) (11.7, 19.5) (7.9, 14.8) (20.0, 29.4) (19.4, 28.6) (21.0, 30.5) (7.8, 14.4) (5.7, 11.6) (13.7, 21.6) (12.7, 20.4) (13.9, 21.9) (6.1, 12.2) (4.5,10) (11.7, 19.2) (11.4, 18.9) (12.3, 20) (6.1, 12.4) (2.2, 6.6) (9.3, 16.5) (9.3, 16.5) (9.5, 16.8) (3.2,8.7) (1.1, 5.2) (5.5, 12.1) (5.5, 12.1) (5.9, 12.6) (2.3, 7.5) (0.0, 2.9) (3.3, 9.0) (3.3, 9.0) (3.7, 9.7) (1.3, 5.2) (0.0, 7.4) (2.9, 8.0) (2.4, 7.2) (3.6, 9.0) (11.8, 13.7) (12.2, 14.1) (21.8, 24.1) (21.0, 23.3) (22.2, 24.5) Source: ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd Notes: 1. 95% confidence intervals are presented below each rate. 2. All smokers (column 6) includes those who smoke cigars and pipes. 3. Any cigarettes (column 4) includes those who smoke less than one cigarette (but more than 0) per day. Tobacco Trends

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27 Table B2: Prevalence of cigarette smoking (%) (15+ years), by age, sex and ethnicity, (18 24 years) Year Males years years years years Total Females years years years years Total Both sexes Māori Pacific European/Other Total Source: Census of Populations and Dwellings, Statistics New Zealand; ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd Notes: 1. From July 1989 to March 1996, the youngest age group was years. Adjustment for the expected proportion of smokers aged years from those aged years has been made. 2. Annual ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd estimates have been calculated from the average of the quarterly results until From 2000 annual estimates are derived from the year s pooled data. 3. In 2003 age data were collected only for those aged 18+ years. Adjustment for the expected proportion of smokers aged years from those aged years has been made. 4. Smoking prevalence figures include the smoking of both manufactured cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco. Tobacco Trends

28 Figure B1: Prevalence of cigarette smoking (%), by ethnicity, Percent Maori Pacific peoples European/Other Year Source: ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd Notes: 1. The classification of ethnic grouping changed from 1997 onwards, so ethnic-specific data before and after 1997 may not be comparable data points represent the prevalence of cigarette smoking (%) (15+ years) data points represent the prevalence of cigarette smoking (%) (18+ years) data points represent the prevalence of cigarette smoking (%) (15+ years). 20 Tobacco Trends 2007

29 Appendix C: Consumption and Supply Table C1: Tobacco products released for consumption in New Zealand, Year Tobacco products released Number of cigarette equivalents released per adult (15+ years) Loose tobacco (tonnes) Manufactured cigarettes (millions) Loose tobacco per 15+ Manufactured cigarettes per capita Total per capita Source: Statistics New Zealand Notes: 1. One cigarette equivalent equals one manufactured cigarette or one gram of loose tobacco. 2. One tonne equals 1000 kg. 3. It is assumed that one cigarette equals one gram of loose tobacco and one tonne of loose tobacco equals one million manufactured cigarettes. 4. Calculations of cigarette equivalents are based on excise data on manufactured cigarettes and loose tobacco released for sale. 5. Per capita means for each individual (15+ years) in the population. Tobacco Trends

30 Table C2: Annual tobacco returns, Year Loose cigarette tobacco (tonnes) Manufactured cigarettes (millions) Cigar tobacco (tonnes) Pipe tobacco (tonnes) Total returns per capita Source: Statistics New Zealand; Ministry of Health Note: Per capita means for each individual (15+ years) in the population. 22 Tobacco Trends 2007