Types of Drugs by Physical Effect- Narcotics

Transcription

1 Illegal Drugs

2 Types of Drugs by Physical Effect- Narcotics Narcotics depress the CNS, releive pain, produce sleep Morphine, heroin, and codeine. Morphine comes from the poppy plant Heroin is acetylated morphine and is converted to morphine immediately after injection Codeine is 1/6 as strong a morphine

3 Types of Drugs by Physical Effects -Hallucinogens Marijuana - Tetrahydrocannibol (THC) gives it its hallucinogenic properties. THC is found in the resin,flowers, and leaves THC is between 3 and 22% of marijuana preparations Hashish is the isolate resin from marijana Marijuana use is very old marijuana was noted in 2737 BC Chinese pharmacy book It was part of Hindu culture by 1000 BC By 500 BC it was in Persia In Europe by the 19 th Century

4 Types of Drugs by Physical Effects -Hallucinogens LSD- Lysergic acid diethylamide from ergot (toxic grain fungus) In 1943 Albert Hoffmann (Swiss chemist) accidentally ingested some the dosage is very low (about 0.1 mg) it has long-term effects

5 Types of Drugs by Physical Effects -Hallucinogens Psilocybin mushrooms PCP (phenyl cyclidine) STP MDMA (Ecstasy) originally an appetite suppressant later used in psychotherapy (got people to open up)

6 Types of Drugs by Physical Effects -Depressants Depress CNS function low - moderate dosages inhibit judgement and concentration moderate-high doses hinders coordination, speech, and reaction times high doses result in an irrational and emotional state

7 Types of Drugs by Physical Effects -Depressants Barbiturates - Adolf von Bayer (of aspirin fame) isolated barbituric acid Twenty five derivatives are used medicinally Tranquilizers - Valium, Librium, etc.(don t cause drowsiness or mental impairment) Inhalants - toluene the most common, causes severe brain damage

8 Types of Drugs by Physical Effects -Stimulants Amphetamines and methamphetamine Cocaine Freud was a great proponent of cocaine use the faster cocaine levels rise in the body, the greater the effect smoking (crack) raises the level very quickly

9 Phsychological vs. Physical Dependence Psychological dependence - is what most people think of when they think of dependence. It causes the incredibly strong craving for the drug Physical dependence - means that there are actual physical symptoms related to stopping the use of the drug. For example, convulsions and death result if a barbiturate addict stops cold turkey

10 Dependence caused by selected drugs Drug Psychological Physical heroin high yes barbiturates vary yes amphetamines high unknown cocaine high no marijuana low no alcohol high yes caffeine low no

11 Controlled Substances Act Schedule I Research use only permitted High potential for abuse and no currently accepted medical use heroin, marijuana, methaqualone, LSD Penalty for individual trafficking (1st offense) is 0-20 years in prison and up to a $1 million fine

12 Controlled Substances Act Schedule II Written Rxn only, no refills High potential for abuse, currently accepted medical use, but high potential for severe dependence morphine, cocaine, methadone, most amphetamines, most barbiturates, and Dronabinol (synthetic THC) Penalty for individual trafficking (1st offense) is 0-20 years in prison and up to a $1 million fine

13 Controlled Substances Act Schedule III Written or oral Rxn, up to 5 refills in 6 months Less potential for abuse, currently accepted medical use, but potential for severe psychological and/or moderate physical dependence some barbiturates, anabolic steroids Penalty for individual trafficking (1st offense) is 0-5 years in prison and up to a $250,000 fine

14 Controlled Substances Act Schedule IV Written or oral Rxn, up to 5 refills in 6 months Low potential for abuse, currently accepted medical use, low potential for psychological and/or physical dependence phenobarbital, Valium, Librium Penalty for individual trafficking (1st offense) is 0-3 years in prison and up to a $250,000 fine

15 Controlled Substances Act Schedule V Rxn or over the counter Low potential for abuse, currently accepted medical use, low potential for psychological and/or physical dependence some codeine mixes, over the counter drugs Penalty for individual trafficking (1st offense) is 0-1 year in prison and up to a $100,000 fine

16 Identification of Drugs Presumptive tests color test microcrystalline tests immunoassays Confirmatory tests chromatography spectroscopy mass spectrometry

17 Identification of Drugs -Color Tests Marquis (2% formaldehyde in sulfuric acid) turns purple in opiates turns orange-brown in amphetamines Dille-Koppanyi (a) 1% cobalt acetate in methanol) (b) 5% isopropylamine in methanol turns violet-blue in barbiturates

18 Identification of Drugs -Color Tests Duqenois-Levine (a) 2% vanillin, 1% acetaldehyde in ethanol (b) hydrochloric acid chloroform a purple color in the chloroform indicates marijuana

19 Identification of Drugs -Color Tests Scott (a) 2% cobalt (II) thiocyanate in 1:1 water/glycerine (b) hydrochloric acid (c) chloroform a blue color in the water layer indicates cocaine

20 Identification of Drugs - Immunoassay Immunoassays are used to detect the presence of a drug (usually in urine) The amount of the drug in the body usually can t be determined this way This is used in drug screenings on the job and in schools

21 Identification of Drugs - Immunoassay Antibodies

22 Identification of Drugs - Immunoassay The drug is added and it binds to the antibodies

23 Identification of Drugs - Immunoassay A reagent is added to bind to the antibodies

24 Identification of Drugs - Immunoassay Causes color change A reagent breaks apart the unbound species and a color change results

25 Confirmatory Tests Color Tests and immunoassays are presumptive tests Confirmatory tests include infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and mass specrtoscopy