Measurement framework of violence against women in the EU

Transcription

1 Measurement framework of violence against women in the EU Conference in Vilnius November 2016 Presentation: IfeS, Vertr.-Prof. Dr. Monika Schröttle, Julia Habermann 1

2 Measurement framework of violence against women in the EU Conference in Vilnius November 2016 Presentation: IfeS, Vertr.-Prof. Dr. Monika Schröttle, Julia Habermann 2

3 Content 16 th of November Introduction Political, theoretical and methodological framing Core indicators Additional indicators Discussion 3

4 6 7 8 Content 17 th of November Contextualizing factors Outlook Discussion 4

5 (1) Introduction Background: Policy-making on the basis of reliable data Proposals for different indicators by various actors Necessity: Monitoring Istanbul Convention Identification of political fields of action 5

6 (1) Introduction Aim: Develop indicators of the extent of violence against women and indicators for contextualization as a basis for monitoring violence against women. 6

7 (2.1) Political framing European Union: Directives on human trafficking, European protection orders, victims rights Necessity of (improved) data collection was highlighted E.g. Resolution by the European Parliament in (2011) and Conclusions by Council of the European Union (2014) National statistics disaggregated by sex of the victims, sex of the perpetrators, their relationship, age etc. 7

8 (2.1) Political framing Council of Europe: Istanbul Convention (2011) Conviction rates of perpetrators Number of protection orders Resolution on the systematic collection of data (2016) Calls on Council of Europe Member States to conduct regularly repeated population-based surveys Both: Data disaggregated by sex, age, relationship etc. Data collection and disaggregation as integral part of international documents 8

9 (2.2) Theoretical framing Violence against women Gender-based violence Different terms and concepts Clear to operationalize Central background: Unequal gender relations and power hierarchies Direct/interpersonal violence Indirect/structural violence 9

10 (2.3) Purpose of and criteria for an indicator (methodological framing) Purpose Summarize a complex construct User-friendly, fast and easy to interpret Evaluate the status quo and developments Reliable basis for data-based policy-making Criteria Goal-orientated Enable comparison Consider relevant dimensions of VAW Consider as few as possible and as many as necessary components Be practicable Data availability immediately, in short-term or medium-term Ideal indicators for long-termperspective 10

11 (2.4) Construction process Approximation from two sides Theoretical Preferable indicators deducted from theoretical framing and defined goals Practical Availability of data: immediately, in short-term or medium-term Analysing of previous proposals Development of own proposals Discussion with experts Final set of indicators 11

12 (3) Concept of the measurement framework Contextualizing factors Additional indicators on specific forms of VAW Core indicators on the extent of VAW One single score 12

13 (3.1) Components for Indicator(s) on VAW Indicator(s) Forms Physical violence Sexual violence Lethal violence Psychol. (incl. economic) violence Sexual harassment Stalking Human trafficking Forced marriage FGM Forced abortion, sterilization Number of indicators General composition Few Several Victim-perpetrator relationship Intimate partner Others Severity/Frequency Health consequences Long-term relevance Frequency Timeframe Last 12 months 3 or 5 years Lifetime Proportion Prevalence Incidence Age limit Lower age limit Upper age limit Further disaggregation Age Ethnicity Place of occurrence Etc.

14 (3.2) Core indicators and score Purpose: Few and central forms of VAW as basis Prevention of the emergence of a black box Forms, which can be researched well and interpreted in a comparable way Forms, which should potentially concern all women The division between core and additional indicators does not reflect their importance, seriousness or health consequences 14

15 (4.3) Core indicators and score Physical and/or sexual violence by partner(s) The proportion of women who experienced any physical and/or sexual violence by a current or former partner in the last five years/ last 12 months Physical violence by non-partner(s) The proportion women who experienced any physical violence by (a) non-partner(s) in adult life in the last five years/ last 12 months Sexual violence by non-partner(s) The proportion women who experienced any sexual violence by (a) nonpartner(s) in adult life in the last five years/ last 12 months Intentional homicide Number of women aged 15 or above who were intentionally killed by any perpetrator in the last five years/ last 12 months per 100,000 female population 15

16 (4.3) Core indicators and score Health consequences The proportion of women who had physical and/or mental health problems as a result of physical and/or sexual violence Multiple victimization The proportion of women who experienced rather frequent acts of physical and/or sexual victimization, which is defined as three or more times in the last 12 months/perhaps more than 10 in the last five years Disclose experiences of VAW Proportion of women who asses that they would not talk to others about a) physical/sexual violence experienced by a partner, b) sexual violence by non-partners, c) physical violence by non-partners 16

17 (4.3) Core indicators and score Immediate feasibility Data gaps: Intentional Homicide (Number of female victims aged 15 and above) Only available, comparable data: FRA survey (2014) Timeframe of the last five years is missing Disclosure: For the aim to correct prevalence rates, optimal question is not included In combination to timeframe (last 12 months/lifetime) problems with health consequences and multiple victimization Compromises have to be made by implementation of the proposal with existing data 17

18 (4.3) Core indicators and score Possible calculations at the moment Timeframe Since the age of 15 (last 12 months problematic because of low number of cases and identification of health consequences) Forms of violence Physical/sexual by partner Physical/sexual by non-partner 18

19 (4.3) Core indicators and score Possible calculations at the moment Additional information Health consequences How to define multiple victimization since the age of 15 with the categories never, once, 2-5 times, 6 and more times? Disclosure: Measurement through reporting to institutions and anybody else in the case of the most serious incident 19

20 (4.3) Additional indicators Purpose: Further information on specific forms and contexts of VAW Different forms of VAW need different state reaction and prevention 20

21 (4.3) Additional indicators Sexual violence Proportion of women who experienced sexual violence since the age of 15; in the last five years; in the last 12 months Disaggregated by victim-perpetrator-relationship (current or former partner, family member, others) Physical violence Proportion of women who experienced physical violence since the age of 15; in the last five years; in the last 12 months Disaggregated by victim-perpetrator-relationship (current or former partner, family member, others) 21

22 (4.3) Additional indicators Stalking Proportion of women who experienced stalking since the age of 15; in the last five years; in the last 12 months Disaggregated by victim-perpetrator-relationship (current or former partner, family member, others) Sexual harassment Proportion of women who experienced sexual harassment since the age of 15; in the last five years; in the last 12 months Disaggregated by victim-perpetrator-relationship (current or former partner, family member, others) 22

23 (4.3) Additional indicators Psychological violence Expressed as proportion of women In the last five years, last 12 months, since the age of 15 Disaggregated by Victim-perpetrator-relationship (current or former partner, family member, others) Place of occurrence (in the workplace, in education, internet elsewhere) Intentional homicide Number of women aged 15 and above per female population In the last 12 months Disaggregated by Victim-perpetrator-relationship (current or former partner, family member, others) 23

24 (4.3) Additional indicators Female genital mutilation (FGM) Forced marriage Number of women per 100,000 female population In their lifetime, while they were already living in Europe Forced sterilization Forced abortion(s) Human trafficking Number of women per 100,000 female population In their lifetime 24

25 (4.5) Data Sources in general Victimization survey: Determination of extent and consequences of VAW Need for regularly collected data across all EU Member States Administrative data: Monitoring activities of institutions Identification of political fields of action 25

26 (4.5) Data Sources Victimization survey Sexual violence Physical violence Psychological violence Stalking Sexual harassment Multiple victimization Consequences of VAW Low tendency to disclose experiences of VAW Administrative data Intentional homicides Specialized surveys/administrative data FGM Forced abortion Forced sterilization Forced marriage Human trafficking 26

27 (5) Discussion 1. What do you think of the suggested variables of the composite indicator (core set of indicators)? Would you add or exclude certain forms of violence? 27

28 (5) Discussion 2. Are you in agreement with our proposal to include an indicator on disclosure of violence? How would you suggest that to measure disclosure and or reporting in EU-28? 28

29 6 7 8 Content 17 th of November Contextualizing factors Outlook Discussion 29

30 (6.1) Contextualizing factors Contextualizing factors Additional indicators on specific forms of VAW Core indicators on the extent of VAW One single score 30

31 (6.2) Contextualizing factors Purpose: Interpretation of prevalence rates Monitoring Istanbul Convention Criteria: Regularly available Comparable between EU Member States Availability of data for the majority of MS Number should be adequate 31

32 (6.3) Contextualizing factors Identification of seven relevant dimensions: Institutional visibility Performance of law enforcement agencies Support Policies Prevention Societal framework Health system 32

33 (6.4) Contextualizing factors 1 Institutional visibility 1.1 Reporting violence to at least one institution (legal system, support services, health system) Disaggregated by institution Victimization survey 33

34 (6.5) Contextualizing factors 2 Involvement of law enforcement agencies 2.1 Reporting to the police a) sexual offences, b) physical assaults, c) intimate partner violence Crime statistics 2.2 Number of criminal convictions a) sexual offences, b) physical assaults, c) intimate partner violence, d) intentional homicide Crime and justice statistics 2.3 Number of protection orders by a) police, b) civil courts, c) criminal courts Crime and justice statistics by civil and criminal courts 34

35 (6.6) Contextualizing factors 3 Support 3.1 Number of places/beds in shelters per female population 3.2 Number of non-residential specialized support services per female population 3.3 Availability of at least one 24-hour, free of charge hotline WAVE or GREVIO 35

36 (6.7) Contextualizing factors 3 Support 3.4 Cumulative costs and/or number of equivalent fulltime-jobs in a) shelters, b) non-residential support services, c) hotlines GREVIO / Alternative state reports 3.5 Number of women with demand unmet by a) shelters, b) non-residential support services, c) hotlines GREVIO / Survey (optional) 36

37 (6.8) Contextualizing factors 4 Policies General challenges: Important work done on regional and local level Desirable to include Extent of resources (finances and stuff) which are exclusively spent in the field of VAW cannot be determined Reasonable effort for data collection 37

38 (6.9) Contextualizing factors 4 Policies 4.1 States obligations and activities Composite indicator (max. three points) Per aspect one point: Ratification of the Istanbul Convention Existence of National Action Plan (NAP) Existence of a separate department on national government level General research / GREVIO 38

39 (6.10) Contextualizing factors 5 Prevention General challenges: Decentralized programs Variety of programs Number does not reflect intensity and purview 5.1 Number of perpetrator programs per population GREVIO 39

40 (6.11) Contextualizing factors 6 Societal framework 6.1 Attitudes towards and legitimacy of VAW Proportion of population who are of opinion that violence against women is acceptable in certain situations European wide survey, e.g. Eurobarometer 6.2 Overall violence crime rates Number of violent crime per population Crime statistics 40

41 (6.12) Contextualizing factors 6 Societal framework 6.3 Gender Equality Gender Equality Index (Score + single domains) EIGE 6.4 Violence in childhood Proportion of women who experienced physical and/or sexual violence in childhood (before the age 15) One of the most important risk factors Victimization survey 41

42 (6.13) Contextualizing factors 6 Societal framework 6.5 Alcohol consumption Number of deaths due to alcohol abuse per 100,000 inhabitants disaggregated by sex Eurostat Proportion of men with high levels of alcohol consumption European Health Interview Survey (EHIS) (First wave participation of 17 EU Member States) 42

43 (6.14) Contextualizing factors 6 Societal framework 6.7 Financial situation Proportion of population that is unemployed Proportion of population that is at risk of poverty Eurostat 6.8 Divorce rate Number of divorces per 100 marriages Eurostat 43

44 (6.15) Contextualizing factors 7 Health system 7.1 Use of the health system Proportion of women who consulted the health system after violence European Survey Long-term: Advancement of administrative data collection 44

45 (7) Outlook Instrument for monitoring the extent of violence over time and across countries and contextualization Identification of fields of action for further reduction of VAW Strength of the tool can be applied when it is implemented with its single components Not yet completely realizable Regularly repeated victimization survey every five years Advancement of administrative data 45

46 (8) Discussion 1. What do you think of the suggested variables for the societal context (contextual indicators)? 46

47 (8) Discussion 2. Would you have concrete suggestions the indicators for policies, prevention and health system? 47

48 (9) Discussion 1. What do you think of the suggested options? Any preference for option a, a-1 or b? 48